Abstract
The method of site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) uses electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to monitor behaviors of a stable nitroxide radical attached at specific sites within an RNA or other biomacromolecules. Parameters obtained from EPR measurements, such as inter-nitroxide distances and descriptions of rotational motions of a nitroxide, can provide unique information on the local environment of the macromolecule. The SDSL strategy is capable of studying high-molecular-weight systems under physiological conditions. It serves as a unique biophysical tool for monitoring site-specific structural and dynamic features of RNA. This chapter summarizes the use of SDSL in mapping RNA conformations as well as in investigating conformational transitions during RNA folding.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Altenbach C, Flitsch SL, Khorana HG, Hubbell WL (1989) Structural studies on transmembrane proteins. 2. Spin labeling of bacteriorhodopsin mutants at unique cysteines. Biochemistry 28:7806–7812
Barhate N, Cekan P, Massey Archna P, Sigurdsson Snorri T (2007) A nucleoside that contains a rigid nitroxide spin label: A fluorophore in disguise. Angew chem Int Ed 46(15):2655–2658
Berliner LJ (ed) (1976) Spin Labeling: Theory and Applications. Academic, New York
Bonora M, Pornsuwan S, Saxena S (2004) Nitroxide spin-relaxation over the entire motional range. J Phys Chem B 108:4196–4198
Borbat PP, Costa-Filho AJ, Earle KA, Moscicki JK, Freed JH (2001) Electron spin resonance in studies of membranes and proteins. Science 291:266–269
Borbat PP, Freed JH (2000) Double-quantum ESR and distance measurements. In: Berliner LJ, Eaton GR, Eaton SS (eds) Biological magnetic resonance: Distance measurements in biological systems by EPR, vol 19. Kluwer, New York, pp 383–459
Butcher SE, Dieckmann T, Feigon J (1997) Solution structure of a GAAA tetraloop receptor RNA. EMBO J 16:7490–7499
Cai Q, Kusnetzow AK, Hideg K, Price EA, Haworth IS, Qin PZ (2007) Nanometer distance measurements in RNA using site-directed spin labeling. Biophys J 93(6):2110–2117
Cai Q, Kusnetzow AK, Hubbell WL, Haworth IS, Gacho GPC, Van Eps N, Hideg K, Chambers EJ, Qin PZ (2006) Site-directed spin labeling measurements of nanometer distances in nucleic acids using a sequence-independent nitroxide probe. Nucl Acids Res 34:4722–4734
Cate JH, Gooding AR, Podell E, Zhou K, Golden BL, Kundrot CE, Cech TR, Doudna JA (1996) Crystal structure of a group I ribozyme domain: principles of RNA packing. Science 273(5282):1678–1685
Columbus L, Hubbell WL (2002) A new spin on protein dynamics. Trends Biochem Sci 27:288–295
Columbus L, Hubbell WL (2004) Mapping backbone dynamics in solution with site-directed spin labeling: GCN4-58 bZip free and bound to DNA. Biochemistry 43:7273–7287
Davis JH, Tonelli M, Scott LG, Jaeger L, Williamson JR, Butcher SE (2005) RNA helical packing in solution: NMR structure of a 30 kDa GAAA tetraloop-receptor complex. J Mol Biol 351(2):371–382
de Lange G, Wang ZH, Riste D, Dobrovitski VV, Hanson R (2010) Universal dynamical decoupling of a single solid-state spin from a spin bath. Science 330(6000):60–63
Duchardt-Ferner E, Weigand JE, Ohlenschläger O, Schmidtke SR, Suess B, Wöhnert J (2010) Highly modular structure and ligand binding by conformational capture in a minimalistic riboswitch. Angew Chem Int Ed 49(35):6216–6219
Earle KA, Budil DE (2006) Calculating slow-motion ESR spectra of spin-labeled polymers. In: schlick S (ed) Advanced ESR methods in polymer reaserch. John wiley and sons, New York, pp 53–83
Eaton GR, Eaton SS, Berliner LJ (eds) (2000) Distance measurements in biological systems by EPR, vol 19. Biol. Mag. Res, Kluwer, New York, NY
Edwards TE, Okonogi TM, Sigurdsson ST (2002) Investigation of RNA-protein and RNA-metal ion interactions by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy: The HIV TAR-Tat motif. Chem Biol 9:699–706
Edwards TE, Robinson BH, Sigurdsson ST (2005) Identification of amino acids that promote specific and rigid TAR RNA-Tat protein complex formation. Chem Biol 12:329–337
Edwards TE, Sigurdsson ST (2007) Site-specific incorporation of nitroxide spin-labels into 2′-positions of nucleic acids. Nat Protoc 2:1954–1962
Fajer PG (2000) Electron spin resonance spectroscopy labeling in proteins and peptides analysis. In: Meyers R (ed) Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp 5725–5761
Fanucci GE, Cafiso DS (2006) Recent Advances and applications of site-directed spin labeling. Curr Opin Struct Biol 16:644–653
Gannett PM, Darian E, Powell J, Johnson EM, Mundoma C, Greenbaum NL, Ramsey CM, Dalal NS, Budil DE (2002) Probing triplex formation by EPR spectroscopy using a newly synthesized spin label for oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 30:5328–5337
Gesteland RF, Atkins JF, Cech TR (eds) (2006) RNA world, 3rd edn. Cold spring harbor laboratory press, cold spring harbor, New York
Grant GPG, Boyd N, Herschlag D, Qin PZ (2009) Motions of the substrate recognition duplex in a group I intron assessed by site-directed apin labeling. J Am Chem Soc 131(9):3136–3137. doi:doi:10.1021/ja808217s
Grant GPG, Qin PZ (2007) A facile method for attaching nitroxide spin labels at the 5′ terminus of nucleic acids. Nucl Acids Res 35(10):e77
Hubbell WL, Altenbach C (1994) Investigation of structure and dynamics in membrane proteins using site-directed spin labeling. Curr Opin Struct Biol 4:566–573
Hunsicker-Wang L, Vogt M, Derose VJ (2009) EPR methods to study specific metal-ion binding sites in RNA. Methods Enzymol 468:335–367
Hustedt EJ, Beth AH (1999) Nitroxide spin-spin interactions: Applications to protein structure and dynamics. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 28:129–153
Hustedt EJ, Beth AH (2000) Structural information from CW-EPR spectra of dipolar coupled nitroxide spin labels. In: Berliner LJ, Eaton GR, Eaton SS (eds) Biological magnetic resonance: Distance measurements in biological systems by EPR, vol 19. Kluwer, New York, pp 155–184
Jakobsen U, Shelke SA, Vogel S, Sigurdsson ST (2010) Site-directed spin-labeling of nucleic acids by click chemistry: detection of abasic sites in duplex DNA by EPR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 132(30):10424–10428
Jeschke G, Polyhach Y (2007) Distance measurements on spin-labelled biomacromolecules by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 9(16):1895–1910. doi:DOI: 10.1039/b614920k
Keyes RS, Bobst AM (1998) Spin-labeled nucleic acids. In: Berliner LJ (ed) Biological magnetic resonance, vol 14. Plenum Press, New York, pp 283–338
Kim N, Murali A, DeRose VJ (2004) A distance ruler for RNA using EPR and site-directed spin labeling. Chem Biol 11:939–948
Kim NK, Bowman MK, DeRose VJ (2010) Precise mapping of RNA tertiary structure via nanometer distance measurements with double electron–electron resonance spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 132(26):8882–8884
Kim NK, Murali A, DeRose VJ (2005) Separate metal requirements for loop interactions and catalysis in the extended hammerhead ribozyme. J Am Chem Soc 127:14134–14135
Klug CS, Feix JB (2008) Methods and applicants of site-directed spin labeling EPR spectroscopy. Methods Cell Biol 84:617–658
Krstic I, Frolow O, Sezer D, Endeward B, Weigand JE, Suess B, Engels JW, Prisner TF (2010) PELDOR spectroscopy reveals preorganization of the neomycin-responsive riboswitch tertiary structure. J Am Chem Soc 132(5):1454–1455
Krstic I, Hansel R, Romainczyk O, Engels JW, Dotsch V, Prisner TF (2011) Long-range distance measurements on nucleic acids in cells by pulsed EPR spectroscopy. Angew chem Int Ed 50(22):5070–5074
Leulliot V, Quevillon-Cheruel S, Graille M, van Tilbeurgh H, Leeper TC, Godin KS, Edwards TE, Sigurdsson ST, Rozenkrants N, Nagel RJ, Ares MJ, Varani G (2004) A new alpha-helical extension promotes RNA binding by the dsRBD of Rnt1p RNAse III. EMBO J 23:2468–2477
Macosko JC, Pio MS, Tinoco I Jr, Shin Y-K (1999) A novel 5′ displacement spin-labeling technique for electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of RNA. RNA 5:1158–1166
Makinen MW, Mustafi D, Kasa S (1998) ENDOR of spin labels for structure determination: from small molecules to enzyme reaction intermediates. In: Berliner LJ (ed) Biological Magnetic Resonance, vol 14, biological magnetic resonance. Springer-verlag New York, LLC, pp 181–249
Marsh D (1981) Electron spin resonance: Spin labels. Mol Biol Biochem Biophys 31:51–142
Mchaourab HS, Lietzow MA, Hideg K, Hubbell WL (1996) Motion of spin-labeled side chains in T4 lysozyme. Correlation with protein structure and dynamics. Biochemistry 35:7692–7704
McHaourab HS, Perozo E (2000) Determination of protein folds and conformational dynamics using spin-labeling EPR spectroscopy. In: Berliner LJ, Eaton SS, Eaton GR (eds) Biol. Mag. Res, vol 19. Kluwer, New York, pp 185–248
Miller TR, Alley SC, Reese AW, Solomon MS, McCallister WV, Mailer C, Robinson BH, Hopkins PB (1995) A probe for sequence-dependent nucleic acid dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 117(36):9377–9378
Moro G, Freed JH (1980) Efficient computation of magnetic resonance spectra and related correlation functions from stochastic Liouville equations. J Phys Chem 84:2837–2840
Nguyen P, Qin PZ (2012) RNA dynamics: perspectives from spin labels. WIREs: RNA 3:62–72
Piton N, Mu Y, Stock G, Prisner TF, Schiemann O, Engels JW (2007) Base-specific spin-labeling of RNA for structure determination. Nucl Acids Res 35(9):3128–3143
Price EA, Sutch BT, Cai Q, Qin PZ, Haworth IS (2007) Computation of nitroxide-nitroxide distances for spin-labeled DNA duplexes. Biopolymers 87:40–50
Qin PZ, Butcher SE, Feigon J, Hubbell WL (2001) Quantitative analysis of the GAAA tetraloop/receptor interaction in solution: A site-directed spin labeling study. Biochemistry 40:6929–6936
Qin PZ, Dieckmann T (2004) Application of NMR and EPR methods to the study of RNA. Curr Opin Struct Biol 14:350–359
Qin PZ, Feigon J, Hubbell WL (2005) Site-directed spin labeling studies reveal solution conformational changes in a GAAA tetraloop receptor upon Mg2+-dependent docking of a GAAA tetraloop. J Mol Biol 351:1–8
Qin PZ, Haworth IS, Cai Q, Kusnetzow AK, Grant GPG, Price EA, Sowa GZ, Popova A, Herreros B, He H (2007) Measuring nanometer distances in nucleic acids using a sequence-independent nitroxide probe. Nat Protocols 2(10):2354–2365
Qin PZ, Hideg K, Feigon J, Hubbell WL (2003) Monitoring RNA base structure and dynamics using site-directed spin labeling. Biochemistry 42:6772–6783
Ramos A, Varani G (1998) A new method to detect long-range protein-RNA contacts: NMR detection of electron-proton relaxation induced by nitroxide spin-labeled RNA. J Am Chem Soc 120:10992–10993
Schiemann O (2009) Mapping Global Folds of Oligonucleotides by Pulsed Electron–electron Double Resonance. Methods Enzymol 469:329–351
Schiemann O, Cekan P, Margraf D, Prisner TF, Sigurdsson ST (2009) Relative orientation of rigid nitroxides by PELDOR: beyond distance measurements in nucleic acids. Angew Chem Int Ed 48(18):3292–3295
Schiemann O, Piton N, Mu Y, Stock G, Engels JW, Prisner TF (2004) A PELDOR based nanometer distance ruler for oligonucleotides. J Am Chem Soc 126:5722–5729
Schiemann O, Piton N, Plackmeyer J, Bode BE, Prisner TF, Engels JW (2007) Spin labeling of oligonucleotides with the nitroxide TPA and use of PELDOR, a pulse EPR method, to measure intramolecular distances. Nat Protoc 2(4):904–923
Schiemann O, Prisner TF (2007) Long-range distance determinations in biomacromolecules by EPR spectroscopy. Q Rev Biophys 40:1–53
Schiemann O, Weber A, Edwards TE, Prisner TF, Sigurdsson ST (2003) Nanometer distance measurements on RNA using PELDOR. J Am Chem Soc 125:3334–3335
Schweiger A, Jeschke G (2001) Principles of pulse electron paramagnetic resonance. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Scott WG, Martick M, Chi Y-I (2009) Structure and function of regulatory RNA elements: Ribozymes that regulate gene expression. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) 1789(9–10):634–641
Serganov A (2009) The long and the short of riboswitches. Curr Opin Struct Biol 19(3):251–259
Shelke SA, Sigurdsson ST (2010) Noncovalent and site-directed spin labeling of nucleic acids. Angew Chem Int Ed 49(43):7984–7986
Shin YK, Hubbell WL (1992) Determination of electrostatic potentials at biological interfaces using electron–electron double resonance. Biophys J 61:1443–1453
Sicoli G, Wachowius F, Bennati M, Hobartner C (2010) Probing secondary structures of spin-labeled RNA by pulsed EPR spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed 49(36):6443–6447
Sigurdsson ST (2011) EPR spectroscopy for the study of RNA-ligand interactions. In: Wanunu M, Tor Y (eds.), Methods for Studying Nucleic Acid/Drug Interactions. Francis and Taylor, 223–240
Sowa GZ, Qin PZ (2008) Site-directed spin labeling studies on nucleic acid structure and dynamics. Prog Nucleic Acids Res Mol Biol 82:147–197
Spaltenstein A, Robinson BH, Hopkins PB (1988) A rigid and nonperturbing probe for duplex DNA motion. J Am Chem Soc 110(4):1299–1301. doi:10.1021/ja00212a053
Ward R, Keeble DJ, El-Mkami H, Norman DG (2007) Distance determination in heterogeneous DNA model systems by pulsed EPR. Chembiochem 8:1957–1964
Wu Q, Huang L, Zhang Y (2009) The structure and function of catalytic RNAs. Sci China C Life Sci 52(3):232–244
Wunnicke D, Strohbach D, Weigand JE, Appel B, Feresin E, Suess B, Muller S, Steinhoff HJ (2011) Ligand-induced conformational capture of a synthetic tetracycline riboswitch revealed by pulse EPR. RNA 17(1):182–188
Xi X, Sun Y, Karim CB, Grigoryants VM, Scholes CP (2008) HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein NCp7 and Its RNA Stem Loop 3 Partner: Rotational Dynamics of Spin-Labeled RNA Stem Loop 3. Biochemistry 47(38):10099–10110
Xiao W, Shin Y-K (2000) EPR spectroscopic ruler: the method and its applications. In: Berliner LJ, Eaton GR, Eaton SS (eds) Biological magnetic resonance: Distance measurements in biological systems by EPR, vol 19. Kluwer, New York, pp 249–276
Zhang X, Cekan P, Sigurdsson ST, Qin PZ (2009) Studying RNA using site-directed spin-labeling and continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Method Enzymol 469:303–328
Zhang X, Lee SW, Zhao L, Xia T, Qin PZ (2010a) Conformational distributions at the N-peptide/boxB RNA interface studied using site-directed spin labeling. RNA 16:2474–2483
Zhang X, Tung C-S, Sowa GZ, Hatmal MM, Haworth IS, Qin PZ (2012) Global structure of a three-way junction in a phi29 packaging RNA dimer determined using site-directed spin labeling. J Am Chem Soc 134(5):2644–2652
Zhang Z, Fleissner MR, Tipikin DS, Liang Z, Moscicki JK, Earle KA, Hubbell WL, Freed JH (2010b) Multifrequency Electron Spin Resonance Study of the Dynamics of Spin Labeled T4 Lysozyme. J Phys Chem B 114(16):5503–5521
Zhang Z, Xi X, Scholes CP, Karim CB (2008) Rotational dynamics of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein NCp7 as probed by a spin label attached by peptide synthesis. Biopolymers 89(12):1125–1135
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge support from the National Institute of Health (GM069557) and the National Science Foundation (MCB 054652).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhang, X., Qin, P.Z. (2013). Studying RNA Folding Using Site-Directed Spin Labeling. In: Russell, R. (eds) Biophysics of RNA Folding. Biophysics for the Life Sciences, vol 3. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4954-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4954-6_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-4953-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-4954-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)