Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Essential Tremor and Other Forms of Kinetic Tremor

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mechanisms and Emerging Therapies in Tremor Disorders

Part of the book series: Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience ((CCNE))

Abstract

Kinetic tremor is a tremor (i.e., a rhythmic and oscillatory movement) that occurs during guided voluntary movements like writing or touching finger to nose. As such, it is a type of action tremor, that is, tremor that occurs during voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle. It may be distinguished from rest tremor, which occurs when a limb is fully relaxed, and intention tremor, which is present with visually guided movement and increases in amplitude with approach of the target. A broad range of kinetics tremors occurs and these may be divided into those that are normal vs. pathological. Physiological or enhanced physiological tremor is the most common form of normal tremor (Elble 1998a, b, 2003; Louis et al. 1998a, b, c) and essential tremor (ET) is the most common pathological form of tremor (Louis and Ferreira 2010). Other pathological tremors include dystonic tremor, orthostatic tremor, drug-induced tremor, and several other conditions. The focus of this chapter is the pathological forms of kinetic tremor, and we will begin with ET, which is the most common of these.

Support: R01 NS39422 and R01 NS42859 (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aguilar D, Sigford KE, et al. A quantitative assessment of tremor and ataxia in FMR1 premutation carriers using CATSYS. Am J Med Genet A. 2008;146A(5):629–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agundez JA, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, et al. CYP2D6 polymorphism is not associated with essential tremor. Eur Neurol. 1997;38(2):99–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aiyesimoju AB, Osuntokun BO, et al. Hereditary neurodegenerative disorders in Nigerian Africans. Neurology. 1984;34(3):361–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso-Navarro H, Martinez C, et al. CYP2C19 polymorphism and risk for essential tremor. Eur Neurol. 2006;56(2):119–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso-Navarro H, Fernandez-Diaz A, et al. Tremor associated with chronic inflammatory demyelinating peripheral neuropathy: treatment with pregabalin. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2008;31(4): 241–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antonini A, Moresco RM, et al. The status of dopamine nerve terminals in Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor: a PET study with the tracer [11-C]FE-CIT. Neurol Sci. 2001;22(1):47–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aridon P, Ragonese P, et al. Further evidence of genetic heterogeneity in familial essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(1):15–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashenhurst EM. The nature of essential tremor. Can Med Assoc J. 1973;109(9):876–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avanzino L, Bove M, et al. Cerebellar involvement in timing accuracy of rhythmic finger movements in essential tremor. Eur J Neurosci. 2009;30(10):1971–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrad JE, Louis ED, et al. Reduced purkinje cell number in essential tremor: a postmortem study. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(1):101–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bain PG. Task-specific tremor. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011;100:711–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bain PG, Findley LJ, et al. A study of hereditary essential tremor. Brain. 1994;117(Pt 4):805–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bain PG, Findley LJ, et al. Primary writing tremor. Brain. 1995;118(Pt 6):1461–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bain PG, Britton TC, et al. Tremor associated with benign IgM paraproteinaemic neuropathy. Brain. 1996;119(Pt 3):789–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldereschi M, Inzitari M, et al. Pesticide exposure might be a strong risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2008;63(1):128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbieri F, Filla A, et al. Evidence that Charcot-Marie-tooth disease with tremor coincides with the Roussy-Levy syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci. 1984;11(4 Suppl):534–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bares M, Lungu OV, et al. Predictive motor timing performance dissociates between early diseases of the cerebellum and Parkinson’s disease. Cerebellum. 2010;9(1):124–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baurle J, Grusser-Cornehls U. Axonal torpedoes in cerebellar Purkinje cells of two normal mouse strains during aging. Acta Neuropathol. 1994;88(3):237–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayreuther C, Delmont E, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus for severe tremor in anti-MAG neuropathy. Mov Disord. 2009;24(14):2157–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benabid AL, Pollak P, et al. Chronic VIM thalamic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor and extra-pyramidal dyskinesias. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1993;58:39–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benito-Leon J, Louis ED. Essential tremor: emerging views of a common disorder. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2006;2(12):666–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benito-Leon J, Louis ED. Clinical update: diagnosis and treatment of essential tremor. Lancet. 2007;369(9568):1152–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benito-Leon J, Bermejo-Pareja F, et al. Incidence of essential tremor in three elderly populations of central Spain. Neurology. 2005;64(10):1721–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benito-Leon J, Louis ED, et al. Elderly-onset essential tremor is associated with dementia. Neurology. 2006a;66(10):1500–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benito-Leon J, Louis ED, et al. Population-based case-control study of cognitive function in essential tremor. Neurology. 2006b;66(1):69–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benito-Leon J, Louis ED, Bermejo-Pareja F. Risk of incident Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonism in essential tremor: a population-based study. Neurology. 2008a;70 Suppl 1:A191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benito-Leon J, Louis ED, et al. Population-based case-control study of cigarette smoking and essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2008b;23(2):246–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benito-Leon J, Alvarez-Linera J, et al. Brain structural changes in essential tremor: voxel-based morphometry at 3-Tesla. J Neurol Sci. 2009;287(1–2):138–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bermejo-Pareja F. Essential tremor–a neurodegenerative disorder associated with cognitive defects? Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7(5):273–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bermejo-Pareja F, Louis ED, et al. Risk of incident dementia in essential tremor: a population-based study. Mov Disord. 2007;22(11):1573–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berry-Kravis E, Abrams L, et al. Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: clinical features, genetics, and testing guidelines. Mov Disord. 2007;22(14):2018–30. Quiz 2140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair MA, Ma S, et al. Reappraisal of the role of the DRD3 gene in essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(6):471–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breit S, Wachter T, et al. Effective thalamic deep brain stimulation for neuropathic tremor in a patient with severe demyelinating neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(2):235–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan KC, Jurewicz EC, et al. Is essential tremor predominantly a kinetic or a postural tremor? A clinical and electrophysiological study. Mov Disord. 2002;17(2):313–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer GJ. Neurologically presenting Wilson’s disease: epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(3):185–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brin MF, Koller W. Epidemiology and genetics of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 1998;13 Suppl 3:55–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks DJ, Playford ED, et al. Isolated tremor and disruption of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: an 18 F-dopa PET study. Neurology. 1992;42(8):1554–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucher SF, Seelos KC, et al. Activation mapping in essential tremor with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol. 1997;41(1):32–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budak F, Alemdar M, et al. Tremor in idiopathic distal acquired demyelinating symmetric neuropathy. Mov Disord. 2005;20(11):1529–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buzsaki G, Draguhn A. Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. Science. 2004;304(5679): 1926–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardoso FE, Jankovic J. Hereditary motor-sensory neuropathy and movement disorders. Muscle Nerve. 1993;16(9):904–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerasa A, Messina D, et al. Cerebellar atrophy in essential tremor using an automated segmentation method. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(6):1240–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee A, Jurewicz EC, et al. Personality in essential tremor: further evidence of non-motor manifestations of the disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(7):958–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri KR, Buxton-Thomas M, et al. Long duration asymmetrical postural tremor is likely to predict development of Parkinson’s disease and not essential tremor: clinical follow up study of 13 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(1):115–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark LN, Park N, et al. Replication of the LINGO1 gene association with essential tremor in a North American population. Eur J Hum Genet. 2010;18(7):838–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen LG, Hallett M, et al. A single family with writer’s cramp, essential tremor, and primary writing tremor. Mov Disord. 1987;2(2):109–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen O, Pullman S, et al. Rest tremor in patients with essential tremor: prevalence, clinical ­correlates, and electrophysiologic characteristics. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(3):405–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colebatch JG, Findley LJ, et al. Preliminary report: activation of the cerebellum in essential tremor. Lancet. 1990;336(8722):1028–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Critchley M. Observations of essential (heredofamilial) tremor. Brain. 1949;72:113–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Critchley E. Clinical manifestations of essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1972;35(3): 365–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalakas MC, Teravainen H, et al. Tremor as a feature of chronic relapsing and dysgammaglobulinemic polyneuropathies. Incidence and management. Arch Neurol. 1984;41(7):711–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das SK, Banerjee TK, et al. Prevalence of essential tremor in the city of Kolkata, India: a house-to-house survey. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(7):801–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davous P, Juntas Morales R, et al. Fragile X premutation presenting as postural tremor and ataxia (FXTAS syndrome). Rev Neurol (Paris). 2007;163(11):1091–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLong MR. Possible involvement of central pacemakers in clinical disorders of movement. Fed Proc. 1978;37(8):2171–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deng H, Xie WJ, et al. Genetic analysis of the GABRA1 gene in patients with essential tremor. Neurosci Lett. 2006;401(1–2):16–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deng H, Le W, et al. Genetics of essential tremor. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 6):1456–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deng H, Gu S, et al. LINGO1 variants in essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;125(1):1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deuschl G, Elble RJ. The pathophysiology of essential tremor. Neurology. 2000;54(11 Suppl 4): S14–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deuschl G, Elble R. Essential tremor – Neurodegenerative or nondegenerative disease towards a working definition of ET. Mov Disord. 2009;24(14):2033–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deuschl G, Bain P, et al. Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee. Mov Disord. 1998;13 Suppl 3:2–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deuschl G, Wenzelburger R, et al. Essential tremor and cerebellar dysfunction clinical and kinematic analysis of intention tremor. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 8):1568–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dick FD. Parkinson’s disease and pesticide exposures. Br Med Bull. 2006;79–80:219–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dogu O, Sevim S, et al. Prevalence of essential tremor: door-to-door neurologic exams in Mersin Province, Turkey. Neurology. 2003;61(12):1804–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dogu O, Louis ED, et al. Clinical characteristics of essential tremor in Mersin, Turkey–a population-based door-to-door study. J Neurol. 2005;252(5):570–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dogu O, Louis ED, et al. Elevated blood lead concentrations in essential tremor: a case-control study in Mersin, Turkey. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(11):1564–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dotchin CL, Walker RW. The prevalence of essential tremor in rural northern Tanzania. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(10):1107–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duane DD, Vermilion KJ. Cognitive deficits in patients with essential tremor. Neurology. 2002;58(11):1706. author reply 1706.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dupuis MJ, Delwaide PJ, et al. Homolateral disappearance of essential tremor after cerebellar stroke. Mov Disord. 1989;4(2):183–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elble RJ. Animal models of action tremor. Mov Disord. 1998a;13 Suppl 3:35–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elble RJ. Tremor in ostensibly normal elderly people. Mov Disord. 1998b;13(3):457–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elble RJ. Diagnostic criteria for essential tremor and differential diagnosis. Neurology. 2000;54(11 Suppl 4):S2–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elble RJ. Essential tremor is a monosymptomatic disorder. Mov Disord. 2002;17(4):633–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elble RJ. Characteristics of physiologic tremor in young and elderly adults. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(4):624–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elble RJ, Moody C, et al. Primary writing tremor. A form of focal dystonia? Mov Disord. 1990;5(2):118–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elble RJ, Higgins C, et al. Longitudinal study of essential tremor. Neurology. 1992;42(2):441–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elble RJ, Higgins C, et al. Factors influencing the amplitude and frequency of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 1994;9(6):589–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson-Davis CR, Faust PL, et al. “Hairy baskets” associated with degenerative Purkinje cell changes in essential tremor. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2010;69(3):262–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farkas Z, Szirmai I, et al. Impaired rhythm generation in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2006;21(8):1196–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrara J, Jankovic J. Epidemiology and management of essential tremor in children. Paediatr Drugs. 2009;11(5):293–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Findley LJ. Expanding clinical dimensions of essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(7):948–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foley TH, Marsden CD, et al. Evidence for a direct peripheral effect of adrenaline on physiological tremor in man. J Physiol. 1967;189(2):65P–6P.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foote SL, Bloom FE, et al. Nucleus locus ceruleus: new evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity. Physiol Rev. 1983;63(3):844–914.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forssberg H, Ingvarsson PE, et al. Action tremor during object manipulation in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2000;15(2):244–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritschy JM, Grzanna R. Immunohistochemical analysis of the neurotoxic effects of DSP-4 identifies two populations of noradrenergic axon terminals. Neuroscience. 1989;30(1):181–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frucht S, Sun D, et al. Arm tremor secondary to Wilson’s disease. Mov Disord. 1998;13(2): 351–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gasparini M, Bonifati V, et al. Frontal lobe dysfunction in essential tremor: a preliminary study. J Neurol. 2001;248(5):399–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelenberg AJ, Jefferson JW. Lithium tremor. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56(7):283–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorell JM, Johnson CC, et al. Occupational exposures to metals as risk factors for Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1997;48(3):650–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorell JM, Johnson CC, et al. The risk of Parkinson’s disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living. Neurology. 1998;50(5):1346–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorell JM, Johnson CC, et al. Occupational exposure to manganese, copper, lead, iron, mercury and zinc and the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoxicology. 1999;20(2–3):239–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goto S, Yamada K. Combination of thalamic Vim stimulation and GPi pallidotomy synergistically abolishes Holmes’ tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(8):1203–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grignon S, Bruguereolle B. Cerebellar lithium toxicity: a review of recent literature and tentative pathophysiology. Therapie. 1996;51:101–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcher JR, Jonsson P, et al. Mapping of a familial essential tremor gene, FET1, to chromosome 3q13. Nat Genet. 1997;17(1):84–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haerer AF, Anderson DW, et al. Prevalence of essential tremor. Results from the Copiah County study. Arch Neurol. 1982;39(12):750–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Handforth A, Krahl SE. Suppression of harmaline-induced tremor in rats by vagus nerve stimulation. Mov Disord. 2001;16(1):84–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardesty DE, Maraganore DM, et al. Increased risk of head tremor in women with essential tremor: longitudinal data from the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Mov Disord. 2004;19(5):529–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helmchen C, Hagenow A, et al. Eye movement abnormalities in essential tremor may indicate cerebellar dysfunction. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 6):1319–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks TP, Locock RA, et al. Is octopamine a ‘false transmitter’? Regional distribution and serial changes in octopamine and noradrenaline following locus coeruleus lesions. Brain Res. 1987;421(1–2):315–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins JJ, Pho LT, et al. A gene (ETM) for essential tremor maps to chromosome 2p22-p25. Mov Disord. 1997;12(6):859–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins JJ, Loveless JM, et al. Evidence that a gene for essential tremor maps to chromosome 2p in four families. Mov Disord. 1998;13(6):972–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins JJ, Jankovic J, et al. Haplotype analysis of the ETM2 locus in familial essential tremor. Neurogenetics. 2003;4(4):185–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins JJ, Lombardi RQ, et al. Integrated physical map of the human essential tremor gene region (ETM2) on chromosome 2p24.3-p24.2. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2004a;127(1):128–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins JJ, Lombardi RQ, et al. Haplotype analysis at the ETM2 locus in a Singaporean sample with familial essential tremor. Clin Genet. 2004b;66(4):353–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins JJ, Lombardi RQ, et al. A variant in the HS1-BP3 gene is associated with familial essential tremor. Neurology. 2005;64(3):417–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins JJ, Lombardi RQ, et al. HS1-BP3 gene variant is common in familial essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2006;21(3):306–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology. 1967;17(5): 427–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffer BJ, Siggins GR, et al. Activation of the pathway from locus coeruleus to rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons: pharmacological evidence of noradrenergic central inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1973;184(3):553–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Homberg V, Hefter H, et al. Differential effects of changes in mechanical limb properties on physiological and pathological tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1987;50(5):568–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hornabrook RW, Nagurney JT. Essential tremor in Papua, New Guinea. Brain. 1976;99(4): 659–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubble JP, Busenbark KL, et al. Clinical expression of essential tremor: effects of gender and age. Mov Disord. 1997;12(6):969–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inzelberg R, Mazarib A, et al. Essential tremor prevalence is low in Arabic villages in Israel: door-to-door neurological examinations. J Neurol. 2006;253(12):1557–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jain S, Lo SE, et al. Common misdiagnosis of a common neurological disorder: how are we misdiagnosing essential tremor? Arch Neurol. 2006;63(8):1100–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic J, Schwartz KS, et al. Re-emergent tremor of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67(5):646–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic J, Madisetty J, et al. Essential tremor among children. Pediatrics. 2004;114(5):1203–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins IH, Bain PG, et al. A positron emission tomography study of essential tremor: evidence for overactivity of cerebellar connections. Ann Neurol. 1993;34(1):82–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kachi T, Rothwell JC, et al. Writing tremor: its relationship to benign essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48(6):545–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamei H, Nishimaru K, et al. A case of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN type 2) with bilateral recurrent nerve palsy. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1993;33(9):957–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiriyama T, Hirano M, et al. A case of chemotherapy-responsive paraneoplastic rubral tremor. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2011;113(8):693–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klebe S, Stolze H, et al. Influence of alcohol on gait in patients with essential tremor. Neurology. 2005;65(1):96–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein JC, Lorenz B, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of white matter involvement in essential tremor. Hum Brain Mapp. 2011;32(6):896–904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koller WC, Martyn B. Writing tremor: its relationship to essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49(2):220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koller WC, Rubino FA. Combined resting-postural tremors. Arch Neurol. 1985;42(7):683–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koller WC, Vetere-Overfield B, et al. Tremors in early Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1989;12(4):293–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koller WC, Busenbark K, et al. The relationship of essential tremor to other movement disorders: report on 678 patients. Essential Tremor Study Group. Ann Neurol. 1994;35(6):717–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koster B, Deuschl G, et al. Essential tremor and cerebellar dysfunction: abnormal ballistic movements. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(4):400–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kovach MJ, Ruiz J, et al. Genetic heterogeneity in autosomal dominant essential tremor. Genet Med. 2001;3(3):197–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krahl SE, Martin FC, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits harmaline-induced tremor. Brain Res. 2004;1011(1):135–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kronenbuerger M, Konczak J, et al. Balance and motor speech impairment in essential tremor. Cerebellum. 2009;8(3):389–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo SH, Erickson-Davis C, et al. Increased number of heterotopic Purkinje cells in essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82(9):1038–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lacritz LH, Dewey Jr R, et al. Cognitive functioning in individuals with “benign” essential tremor. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8(1):125–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lance JW, Schwab RS, et al. Action tremor and the cogwheel phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 1963;86:95–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson T, Sjogren T. Essential tremor: a clinical and genetic population study. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1960;36(144):1–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leegwater-Kim J, Louis ED, et al. Intention tremor of the head in patients with essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2006;21(11):2001–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leehey MA. Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: clinical phenotype, diagnosis, and treatment. J Investig Med. 2009;57(8):830–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leehey MA, Berry-Kravis E, et al. Progression of tremor and ataxia in male carriers of the FMR1 premutation. Mov Disord. 2007;22(2):203–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li WC, Roberts A, et al. Specific brainstem neurons switch each other into pacemaker mode to drive movement by activating NMDA receptors. J Neurosci. 2010;30(49):16609–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liou LM, Shih PY. Successful treatment of rubral tremor by high-dose trihexyphenidyl: a case report. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2006;22(3):149–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Llinas R, Volkind RA. The olivo-cerebellar system: functional properties as revealed by harmaline-induced tremor. Exp Brain Res. 1973;18(1):69–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loesch DZ, Litewka L, et al. Tremor/ataxia syndrome and fragile X premutation: diagnostic caveats. J Clin Neurosci. 2007;14(3):245–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lombardi WJ, Woolston DJ, et al. Cognitive deficits in patients with essential tremor. Neurology. 2001;57(5):785–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz D, Deuschl G. Update on pathogenesis and treatment of essential tremor. Curr Opin Neurol. 2007;20(4):447–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz D, Frederiksen H, et al. High concordance for essential tremor in monozygotic twins of old age. Neurology. 2004;62(2):208–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz D, Schwieger D, et al. Quality of life and personality in essential tremor patients. Mov Disord. 2006;21(8):1114–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorincz MT. Neurologic Wilson’s disease. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010;1184:173–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lou JS, Jankovic J. Essential tremor: clinical correlates in 350 patients. Neurology. 1991;41(2 Pt 1):234–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED. Clinical practice. Essential tremor. N Engl J Med. 2001a;345(12):887–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED. Etiology of essential tremor: should we be searching for environmental causes? Mov Disord. 2001b;16(5):822–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED. Behavioral symptoms associated with essential tremor. Adv Neurol. 2005a;96: 284–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED. Essential tremor. Lancet Neurol. 2005b;4(2):100–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED. Environmental epidemiology of essential tremor. Neuroepidemiology. 2008;31(3): 139–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED. Essential tremors: a family of neurodegenerative disorders? Arch Neurol. 2009;66(10): 1202–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED. Essential tremor: evolving clinicopathological concepts in an era of intensive ­post-mortem enquiry. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(6):613–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED. Essential tremor. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011;100:433–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Dogu O. Does age of onset in essential tremor have a bimodal distribution? Data from a tertiary referral setting and a population-based study. Neuroepidemiology. 2007;29(3–4): 208–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Ferreira JJ. How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2010;25(5):534–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Okun MS. It is time to remove the ‘benign’ from the essential tremor label. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(7):516–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Ottman R. How familial is familial tremor? The genetic epidemiology of essential tremor. Neurology. 1996;46(5):1200–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Ottman R. Study of possible factors associated with age of onset in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2006;21(11):1980–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Vonsattel JP. The emerging neuropathology of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2007;23(2):174–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Marder K, et al. Differences in the prevalence of essential tremor among elderly African Americans, whites, and Hispanics in northern Manhattan, NY. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(12): 1201–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Klatka LA, et al. Comparison of extrapyramidal features in 31 pathologically confirmed cases of diffuse Lewy body disease and 34 pathologically confirmed cases of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1997a;48(2):376–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Ottman R, et al. The Washington Heights-Inwood Genetic Study of Essential Tremor: methodologic issues in essential-tremor research. Neuroepidemiology. 1997b;16(3):124–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Ford B, et al. How normal is ‘normal’? Mild tremor in a multiethnic cohort of normal subjects. Arch Neurol. 1998a;55(2):222–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Ford B, et al. Clinical characteristics of essential tremor: data from a community-based study. Mov Disord. 1998b;13(5):803–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Ottman R, et al. How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Estimates of the prevalence of essential tremor throughout the world. Mov Disord. 1998c;13(1):5–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Ford B, et al. Clinical subtypes of essential tremor. Arch Neurol. 2000;57(8):1194–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Barnes L, et al. Correlates of functional disability in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2001a;16(5):914–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Dure LS, et al. Essential tremor in childhood: a series of nineteen cases. Mov Disord. 2001b;16(5):921–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Ford B, et al. Risk of tremor and impairment from tremor in relatives of patients with essential tremor: a community-based family study. Ann Neurol. 2001c;49(6):761–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Levy G, et al. Clinical correlates of action tremor in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2001d;58(10):1630–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Shungu DC, et al. Metabolic abnormality in the cerebellum in patients with essential tremor: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Neurosci Lett. 2002a;333(1): 17–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Zheng W, et al. Elevation of blood beta-carboline alkaloids in essential tremor. Neurology. 2002b;59(12):1940–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Ford B, et al. Factors associated with increased risk of head tremor in essential tremor: a community-based study in northern Manhattan. Mov Disord. 2003a;18(4):432–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Jurewicz EC, et al. Association between essential tremor and blood lead concentration. Environ Health Perspect. 2003b;111(14):1707–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Jurewicz EC, et al. Community-based data on associations of disease duration and age with severity of essential tremor: implications for disease pathophysiology. Mov Disord. 2003c;18(1):90–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Levy G, et al. Risk of action tremor in relatives of tremor-dominant and postural ­instability gait disorder PD. Neurology. 2003d;61(7):931–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Applegate LM, et al. Essential tremor: occupational exposures to manganese and organic solvents. Neurology. 2004;63(11):2162–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Applegate L, et al. Interaction between blood lead concentration and delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase gene polymorphisms increases the odds of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2005a;20(9):1170–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Fernandez-Alvarez E, et al. Association between male gender and pediatric essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2005b;20(7):904–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Honig LS, et al. Essential tremor associated with focal nonnigral Lewy bodies: a clinicopathologic study. Arch Neurol. 2005c;62(6):1004–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Factor-Litvak P, et al. Organochlorine pesticide exposure in essential tremor: a case-control study using biological and occupational exposure assessments. Neurotoxicology. 2006a;27(4):579–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Rios E, et al. Jaw tremor: prevalence and clinical correlates in three essential tremor case samples. Mov Disord. 2006b;21(11):1872–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Vonsattel JP, et al. Essential tremor associated with pathologic changes in the cerebellum. Arch Neurol. 2006c;63(8):1189–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Vonsattel JP, et al. Neuropathologic findings in essential tremor. Neurology. 2006d; 66(11):1756–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Benito-Leon J, et al. Self-reported depression and anti-depressant medication use in essential tremor: cross-sectional and prospective analyses in a population-based study. Eur J Neurol. 2007a;14(10):1138–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Faust PL, et al. Neuropathological changes in essential tremor: 33 cases compared with 21 controls. Brain. 2007b;130(Pt 12):3297–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Benito-Leon J, et al. Philadelphia Geriatric Morale Scale in essential tremor: a population-based study in three Spanish communities. Mov Disord. 2008a;23(10):1435–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Benito-Leon J, et al. Population-based prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of incident essential tremor. Neurology. 2008b;70(19):1682–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Broussolle E, et al. Historical underpinnings of the term essential tremor in the late 19th century. Neurology. 2008c;71(11):856–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Jiang W, et al. Elevated blood harmane (1-methyl-9 H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) concentrations in essential tremor. Neurotoxicology. 2008d;29(2):294–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Pellegrino KM, et al. Unawareness of head tremor in essential tremor: a study of three samples of essential tremor patients. Mov Disord. 2008e;23(16):2423–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Pullman SL, et al. Re-emergent tremor without accompanying rest tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008f;35(4):513–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Benito-Leon J, et al. Population-based study of baseline ethanol consumption and risk of incident essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009a;80(5):494–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Faust PL, et al. Older onset essential tremor: more rapid progression and more degenerative pathology. Mov Disord. 2009b;24(11):1606–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Faust PL, et al. Torpedoes in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, essential tremor, and control brains. Mov Disord. 2009c;24(11):1600–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Frucht SJ, et al. Intention tremor in essential tremor: prevalence and association with disease duration. Mov Disord. 2009d;24(4):626–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Thawani SP, et al. Prevalence of essential tremor in a multiethnic, community-based study in northern Manhattan, New York, NY. Neuroepidemiology. 2009e;32(3):208–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Yi H, et al. Structural study of Purkinje cell axonal torpedoes in essential tremor. Neurosci Lett. 2009f;450(3):287–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Erickson-Davis C, et al. Essential tremor with ubiquitinated Purkinje cell intranuclear inclusions. Acta Neuropathol. 2010a;119(3):375–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Rios E, et al. Tandem gait performance in essential tremor: clinical correlates and association with midline tremors. Mov Disord. 2010b;25(11):1633–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Agnew A, Gillman A, Gerbin M, Viner AS. Estimating annual rate of decline: Prospective, longitudinal data on arm tremor severity in two groups of essential tremor cases. J Neurology Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011a;82(7):761–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Asabere N, et al. Rest tremor in advanced essential tremor: a post-mortem study of nine cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011b;82(3):261–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Faust PL, et al. Purkinje cell loss is a characteristic of essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011c;17(6):406–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Hafeman D, et al. Prevalence of essential tremor in Araihazar, Bangladesh: a population-based study. Neuroepidemiology. 2011d;36(2):71–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma S, Davis TL, et al. Familial essential tremor with apparent autosomal dominant inheritance: should we also consider other inheritance modes? Mov Disord. 2006;21(9):1368–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machado A, Chien HF, et al. Neurological manifestations in Wilson’s disease: report of 119 cases. Mov Disord. 2006;21(12):2192–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maier SE, West JR. Alcohol and nutritional control treatments during neurogenesis in rat brain reduce total neuron number in locus coeruleus, but not in cerebellum or inferior olive. Alcohol. 2003;30(1):67–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mak CM, Lam CW. Diagnosis of Wilson’s disease: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2008;45(3):263–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall J. Observations on essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1962;25:122–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin FC, Handforth A. Carbenoxolone and mefloquine suppress tremor in the harmaline mouse model of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2006;21(10):1641–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin FC, Le Thu A, et al. Harmaline-induced tremor as a potential preclinical screening method for essential tremor medications. Mov Disord. 2005;20(3):298–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinelli P, Gabellini AS, et al. Different clinical features of essential tremor: a 200-patient study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1987;75(2):106–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez C, Garcia-Martin E, et al. Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 genotype and allelic variants are not associated with the risk for essential tremor. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2007;30(4):196–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez C, Garcia-Martin E, et al. Glutathione-S-transferase P1 polymorphism and risk for essential tremor. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15(3):234–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mavridis M, Degryse AD, et al. Effects of locus coeruleus lesions on parkinsonian signs, striatal dopamine and substantia nigra cell loss after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in monkeys: a possible role for the locus coeruleus in the progression of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience. 1991;41(2–3):507–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMaster J, Gibson G, et al. Neurosurgical treatment of tremor in anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein neuropathy. Neurology. 2009;73(20):1707–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller KM, Okun MS, et al. Depression symptoms in movement disorders: comparing Parkinson’s disease, dystonia, and essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2007;22(5):666–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minen MT, Louis ED. Emergence of Parkinson’s disease in essential tremor: a study of the clinical correlates in 53 patients. Mov Disord. 2008;23(11):1602–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizushima S. An ultrastructural observation of torpedoes in the human degenerative cerebellum.”. J Clin Electron Microscopy. 1976;9:672–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moises HC, Woodward DJ. Potentiation of GABA inhibitory action in cerebellum by locus coeruleus stimulation. Brain Res. 1980;182(2):327–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moises HC, Waterhouse BD, et al. Locus coeruleus stimulation potentiates Purkinje cell responses to afferent input: the climbing fiber system. Brain Res. 1981;222(1):43–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morahan JM, Yu B, et al. Genetic susceptibility to environmental toxicants in ALS. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007;144(7):885–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan JC, Sethi KD. Drug-induced tremors. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(12):866–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mossuto-Agatiello L, Puccetti G, et al. ‘Rubral’ tremor after thalamic haemorrhage. J Neurol. 1993;241(1):27–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak B, Hodak SP. Hyperthyroidism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007;36(3):617–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicoletti G, Manners D, et al. Diffusion tensor MRI changes in cerebellar structures of patients with familial essential tremor.”. Neurology. 2010;74(12):988–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nygaard B. Hyperthyroidism. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76(7):1014–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oder W, Grimm G, et al. Neurological and neuropsychiatric spectrum of Wilson’s disease: a ­prospective study of 45 cases. J Neurol. 1991;238(5):281–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson L, Fuxe K. On the projections from the locus coeruleus noradrealine neurons: the cerebellar innervation. Brain Res. 1971;28(1):165–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pagan FL, Butman JA, et al. Evaluation of essential tremor with multi-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurology. 2003;60(8):1344–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parisi SL, Heroux ME, et al. Functional mobility and postural control in essential tremor. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(10):1357–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen SF, Pullman SL, et al. Physiological tremor analysis of patients with anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein associated neuropathy and tremor. Muscle Nerve. 1997;20(1):38–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perl DP. Relationship of aluminum to Alzheimer’s disease. Environ Health Perspect. 1985;63: 149–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters N, Kamm C, et al. Intrafamilial variability in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Mov Disord. 2006;21(1):98–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer RF. Wilson’s disease. Semin Neurol. 2007;27(2):123–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poston KL, Rios E, et al. Action tremor of the legs in essential tremor: prevalence, clinical correlates, and comparison with age-matched controls. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15(8):602–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Putzke JD, Whaley NR, et al. Essential tremor: predictors of disease progression in a clinical cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77(11):1235–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quattrone A, Cerasa A, et al. Essential head tremor is associated with cerebellar vermis atrophy: a volumetric and voxel-based morphometry MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(9):1692–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Racette BA, McGee-Minnich L, et al. Welding-related parkinsonism: clinical features, treatment, and pathophysiology. Neurology. 2001;56(1):8–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raethjen J, Lindemann M, et al. Multiple oscillators are causing parkinsonian and essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2000;15(1):84–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raethjen J, Lemke MR, et al. Amitriptyline enhances the central component of physiological tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(1):78–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raethjen J, Govindan RB, et al. Cortical involvement in the generation of essential tremor. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97(5):3219–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajput AH, Offord KP, et al. Epidemiology of parkinsonism: incidence, classification, and mortality. Ann Neurol. 1984;16(3):278–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajput AH, Rozdilsky B, et al. Occurrence of resting tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1991a;41(8):1298–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajput AH, Rozdilsky B, et al. Clinicopathologic observations in essential tremor: report of six cases. Neurology. 1991b;41(9):1422–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajput AH, Rozdilsky B, et al. Significance of parkinsonian manifestations in essential tremor. Can J Neurol Sci. 1993;20(2):114–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajput A, Robinson CA, et al. Essential tremor course and disability: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Neurology. 2004;62(6):932–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajput AH, Maxood K, et al. Classic essential tremor changes following cerebellar hemorrhage. Neurology. 2008;71(21):1739–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajput AH, Robinson CA, et al. Cerebellar Purkinje cell loss is not pathognomonic of essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(1):16–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao AK, Gillman A, Louis ED. Quantitative gait analysis in essential tremor reveals impairments that are maintained into advanced age. Gait Posture. 2011;34(1):65–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rautakorpi I. Essential tremor. An epidemiological, clinical and genetic study. Turku: Academic Dissertation University of Turku; 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rautakorpi I, Takala J, et al. Essential tremor in a Finnish population. Acta Neurol Scand. 1982;66(1):58–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritz B, Yu F. Parkinson’s disease mortality and pesticide exposure in California 1984-1994. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29(2):323–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robain O, Lanfumey L, et al. Developmental changes in the cerebellar cortex after locus ceruleus lesion with 6-hydroxydopamine in the rat. Exp Neurol. 1985;88(1):150–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocca WA, Bower JH, et al. Increased risk of essential tremor in first-degree relatives of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(11):1607–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers J, Zornetzer SF, et al. Senescent pathology of cerebellum: Purkinje neurons and their parallel fiber afferents. Neurobiol Aging. 1981;2(1):15–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross GW, Dickson D, Cerosimo M, et al. Pathological investigation of essential tremor. Neurology. 2004;62 Suppl 5:A537–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruzicka E, Jech R, et al. VIM thalamic stimulation for tremor in a patient with IgM paraproteinaemic demyelinating neuropathy. Mov Disord. 2003;18(10):1192–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rybicki BA, Johnson CC, et al. Parkinson’s disease mortality and the industrial use of heavy metals in Michigan. Mov Disord. 1993;8(1):87–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Said G, Bathien N, et al. Peripheral neuropathies and tremor. Neurology. 1982;32(5):480–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saito T. Presenting symptoms and natural history of Wilson disease. Eur J Pediatr. 1987;146(3):261–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saito Y, Ruberu NN, et al. Lewy body-related alpha-synucleinopathy in aging. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2004;63(7):742–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salemi G, Aridon P, et al. Population-based case-control study of essential tremor. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1998;19(5):301–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samie MR, Selhorst JB, et al. Post-traumatic midbrain tremors. Neurology. 1990;40(1):62–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saverino A, Solaro C, et al. Tremor associated with benign IgM paraproteinaemic neuropathy successfully treated with gabapentin. Mov Disord. 2001;16(5):967–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sazci A, Ergul E, et al. Association of the C677T and A1298C polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene in patients with essential tremor in Turkey. Mov Disord. 2004;19(12):1472–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneier FR, Barnes LF, et al. Characteristics of social phobia among persons with essential tremor. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(5):367–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schrag A, Muenchau A, et al. Overdiagnosis of essential tremor. Lancet. 1999;353(9163): 1498–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schrag A, Munchau A, et al. Essential tremor: an overdiagnosed condition? J Neurol. 2000; 247(12):955–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuurman PR, Bosch DA, et al. A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(7):461–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semchuk KM, Love EJ, et al. Parkinson’s disease and exposure to agricultural work and pesticide chemicals. Neurology. 1992;42(7):1328–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahed J, Jankovic J. Exploring the relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007;13(2):67–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shatunov A, Sambuughin N, et al. Genomewide scans in North American families reveal genetic linkage of essential tremor to a region on chromosome 6p23. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 9):2318–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shcherbatykh I, Carpenter DO. The role of metals in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2007;11(2):191–205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi M, Huber BR, et al. Biomarkers for cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Brain Pathol. 2010;20(3):660–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shill HA, Adler CH, et al. Pathologic findings in prospectively ascertained essential tremor subjects. Neurology. 2008;70(16 Pt 2):1452–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin DH, Han BS, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with essential tremor. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(1):151–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sievers J, Klemm HP. Locus coeruleus – cerebellum: interaction during development. Bibl Anat. 1982;23:56–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sievers J, Berry M, et al. The role of noradrenergic fibres in the control of post-natal cerebellar development. Brain Res. 1981;207(1):200–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer C, Sanchez-Ramos J, et al. Gait abnormality in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 1994;9(2): 193–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinton CM, Krosser BI, et al. The effectiveness of different isomers of octanol as blockers of harmaline-induced tremor. Pflugers Arch. 1989;414(1):31–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soltanzadeh A, Soltanzadeh P, et al. Wilson’s disease: a great masquerader. Eur Neurol. 2007;57(2):80–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Starosta-Rubinstein S, Young AB, et al. Clinical assessment of 31 patients with Wilson’s disease. Correlations with structural changes on magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol. 1987;44(4):365–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stefansson H, Steinberg S, et al. Variant in the sequence of the LINGO1 gene confers risk of essential tremor. Nat Genet. 2009;41(3):277–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stolze H, Petersen G, et al. The gait disorder of advanced essential tremor. Brain. 2001;124(Pt 11):2278–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stremmel W, Meyerrose KW, et al. Wilson disease: clinical presentation, treatment, and survival. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115(9):720–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan H, Turanli G, et al. Rubral tremor after thalamic infarction in childhood. Pediatr Neurol. 2001;25(5):409–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan EK, Fook-Chong S, et al. Non-motor manifestations in essential tremor: use of a validated instrument to evaluate a wide spectrum of symptoms. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2005a;11(6): 375–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan LC, Venketasubramanian N, et al. Prevalence of essential tremor in Singapore: a study on three races in an Asian country. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2005b;11(4):233–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan EK, Lum SY, et al. Clinical features of childhood onset essential tremor. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(12):1302–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan EK, Lee SS, et al. Evidence of increased odds of essential tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23(7):993–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner CM, Goldman SM, et al. Essential tremor in twins: an assessment of genetic vs environmental determinants of etiology. Neurology. 2001;57(8):1389–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trillenberg P, Fuhrer J, et al. Eye-hand coordination in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2006;21(3): 373–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Troster AI, Woods SP, et al. Neuropsychological deficits in essential tremor: an expression of cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathophysiology? Eur J Neurol. 2002;9(2):143–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vermilion K, Stone A, et al. Cognition and affect in idiopathic essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2001;16(S30).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vilarino-Guell C, Wider C, et al. LINGO1 and LINGO2 variants are associated with essential tremor and Parkinson disease. Neurogenetics. 2010;11(4):401–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walshe JM, Yealland M. Wilson’s disease: the problem of delayed diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(8):692–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Freund RK, et al. Potentiation of ethanol effects in cerebellum by activation of endogenous noradrenergic inputs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;288(1):211–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wills AJ, Jenkins IH, et al. Red nuclear and cerebellar but no olivary activation associated with essential tremor: a positron emission tomographic study. Ann Neurol. 1994;36(4):636–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wills AJ, Jenkins IH, et al. A positron emission tomography study of cerebral activation associated with essential and writing tremor. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(3):299–305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao Y, Zhang BS. Association of the polymorphism in alpha-2 macroglobulin gene with essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi. 2006;23(1):84–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yahr MD, Orosz D, et al. Co-occurrence of essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease: clinical study of a large kindred with autopsy findings. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2003;9(4):225–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang YW, Chang FC, et al. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging manifestations of Holmes tremor. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2005;14(1):9–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zago S, Poletti B, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (ALS-FTD). Arch Ital Biol. 2011;149(1):39–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit 198, Neurological Institute, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA

    Elan D. Louis M.D., M.Sc.

  2. GH Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Elan D. Louis M.D., M.Sc.

  3. Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Elan D. Louis M.D., M.Sc.

  4. Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Elan D. Louis M.D., M.Sc.

  5. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Elan D. Louis M.D., M.Sc.

Authors
  1. Elan D. Louis M.D., M.Sc.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elan D. Louis M.D., M.Sc. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Unité d'Etude due Mouvement (UEM), Neurologie ULB Erasme, N/A, Bruxelles, N/A, Belgium

    Giuliana Grimaldi

  2. route de Lennik 808, Bruxelles, 1070, Belgium

    Mario Manto

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Louis, E.D. (2013). Essential Tremor and Other Forms of Kinetic Tremor. In: Grimaldi, G., Manto, M. (eds) Mechanisms and Emerging Therapies in Tremor Disorders. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4027-7_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation