Abstract
Structural biology techniques such as crystallography and cryo-EM produce high resolution snap shots of the ribosome at various stages of protein synthesis. Single molecule studies yield time-resolved measurements with low spatial resolution. Currently, there is no experimental technique capable of producing time-resolved trajectories of the ribosome with atomistic resolution. Computer simulations are critical for furthering our understanding of the ribosome because they fill this gap. We review computational studies of the ribosome, including structural modeling, normal mode calculations, coarse grain simulations, and molecular dynamics simulations. Several success stories have occurred, where predictions based on computer simulations were verified experimentally.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Auffinger P, LouiseMay S, Westhof E (1999) Molecular dynamics simulations of solvated yeast tRNA(Asp). Biophys J 76:50–64
Ban N, Nissen P, Hansen J, Moore PB, Steitz TA (2000) The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 A resolution. Science 289:905–920
Baxter-Roshek JL, Petrov AN, Dinman JD (2007) Optimization of ribosome structure and function by rRNA base modification. PLoS One 2:e174
Berk V, Zhang W, Pai RD, Cate JH (2006) Structural basis for mRNA and tRNA positioning on the ribosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:15830–15834
Berneche S, Roux B (2001) Energetics of ion conduction through the K+ channel. Nature 414:73–77
Blanchard SC (2009) Single-molecule observations of ribosome function. Curr Opin Struct Biol 19:103–109
Blanchard SC, Kim HD, Gonzalez RL Jr, Puglisi JD, Chu S (2004) tRNA dynamics on the ribosome during translation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:12893–12898
Blanchard SC, Cooperman BS, Wilson DN (2010) Probing translation with small-molecule inhibitors. Chem Biol 17:633–645
Bocharov EV, Sobol AG, Pavlov KV, Korzhnev DM, Jaravine VA, Gudkov AT, Arseniev AS (2004) From structure and dynamics of protein L7/L12 to molecular switching in ribosome. J Biol Chem 279:17697–17706
Bockmann RA, Grubmuller H (2002) Nanoseconds molecular dynamics simulation of primary mechanical energy transfer steps in F1-ATP synthase. Nat Struct Biol 9:198–202
Carter AP, Clemons WM, Brodersen DE, MorganWarren RJ, Wimberly BT, Ramakrishnan V (2000) Functional insights from the structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit and its interactions with antibiotics. Nature 407:340–348
Chacon P, Tama F, Wriggers W (2003) Mega-Dalton biomolecular motion captured from electron microscopy reconstructions. J Mol Biol 326:485–492
Connell SR, Topf M, Qin Y, Wilson DN, Mielke T, Fucini P, Nierhaus KH, Spahn CM (2008) A new tRNA intermediate revealed on the ribosome during EF4-mediated back-translocation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15:910–915
Cornish PV, Ermolenko DN, Staple DW, Hoang L, Hickerson RP, Noller HF, Ha T (2009) Following movement of the L1 stalk between three functional states in single ribosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:2571–2576
Demeshkina N, Jenner L, Yusupova G, Yusupov M (2010) Interactions of the ribosome with mRNA and tRNA. Curr Opin Struct Biol 20:325–332
Diaconu M, Kothe U, Schlunzen F, Fischer N, Harms JM, Tonevitsky AG, Stark H, Rodnina MV, Wahl MC (2005) Structural basis for the function of the ribosomal L7/12 stalk in factor binding and GTPase activation. Cell 121:991–1004
Dlugosz M, Trylska J (2009) Aminoglycoside association pathways with the 30S ribosomal subunit. J Phys Chem B 113:7322–7330
Ermolenko DN, Majumdar ZK, Hickerson RP, Spiegel PC, Clegg RM, Noller HF (2007) Observation of intersubunit movement of the ribosome in solution using FRET. J Mol Biol 370:530–540
Feldman MB, Terry DS, Altman RB, Blanchard SC (2010) Aminoglycoside activity observed on single pre-translocation ribosome complexes. Nat Chem Biol 6:244
Fischer N, Konevega AL, Wintermeyer W, Rodnina MV, Stark H (2010) Ribosome dynamics and tRNA movement by time-resolved electron cryomicroscopy. Nature 466:329–333
Fourmy D, Yoshizawa S, Puglisi JD (1998) Paromomycin binding induces a local conformational change in the A-site of 16S rRNA. J Mol Biol 277:333–345
Frank J, Agrawal RK (2000) A ratchet-like inter-subunit reorganization of the ribosome during translocation. Nature 406:318–322
Frank J, Sengupta J, Gao H, Li W, Valle M, Zavialov A, Ehrenberg M (2005) The role of tRNA as a molecular spring in decoding, accommodation, and peptidyl transfer. FEBS Lett 579:959–962
Gao H, Sengupta J, Valle M, Korostelev A, Eswar N, Stagg SM, Van Roey P, Agrawal RK, Harvey SC, Sali A, Chapman MS, Frank J (2003) Study of the structural dynamics of the E. coli 70S ribosome using real-space refinement. Cell 113:789–801
Gao YG, Selmer M, Dunham CM, Weixlbaumer A, Kelley AC, Ramakrishnan V (2009) The structure of the ribosome with elongation factor G trapped in the posttranslocational state. Science 326:694–699
Garcia AE, Sanbonmatsu KY (2001) Exploring the energy landscape of a beta hairpin in explicit solvent. Proteins 42:345–354
Ge X, Roux B (2010) Absolute binding free energy calculations of sparsomycin analogs to the bacterial ribosome. J Phys Chem B 114:9525–9539
Geggier P, Dave R, Feldman MB, Terry DS, Altman RB, Munro JB, Blanchard SC (2010) Conformational sampling of aminoacyl-tRNA during selection on the bacterial ribosome. J Mol Biol 399:576–595
Ishida H, Hayward S (2008) Path of nascent polypeptide in exit tunnel revealed by molecular dynamics simulation of ribosome. Biophys J 95:5962–5973
Karplus M, McCammon JA (2002) Molecular dynamics simulations of biomolecules. Nat Struct Biol 9:646–652
Kaul M, Pilch DS (2002) Thermodynamics of aminoglycoside-rRNA Rrecognition: the binding of neomycin-class aminoglycosides of the A site of 16S rRNA. Biochemistry 41:7695–7706
Korostelev A, Trakhanov S, Laurberg M, Noller HF (2006) Crystal structure of a 70S ribosome-tRNA complex reveals functional interactions and rearrangements. Cell 126:1065–1077
Li W, Ma B, Shapiro B (2003) Binding interactions between the core central domain of 16S rRNA and the ribosomal protein S15 determined by molecular dynamics simulations. Nucleic Acids Res 31:629–638
Lim VI, Curran JF (2001) Analysis of codon: anticodon interactions within the ribosome provides new insights into codon reading and the genetic code structure. RNA 7:942–957
Majumdar ZK, Hickerson R, Noller HF, Clegg RM (2005) Measurements of internal distance changes of the 30S ribosome using FRET with multiple donor-acceptor pairs: quantitative spectroscopic methods. J Mol Biol 351:1123–1145
Malhotra A, Tan RK, Harvey SC (1990) Prediction of the three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunit: a molecular mechanics approach. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1950–1954
Malhotra A, Tan RK, Harvey SC (1994) Modeling large RNAs and ribonucleoprotein particles using molecular mechanics techniques. Biophys J 66:1777–1795
Mankin A (2006) Antibiotic blocks mRNA path on the ribosome. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13:858–860
McCammon JA, Gelin BR, Karplus M (1977) Dynamics of folded proteins. Nature 267:585–590
Mears JA, Cannone JJ, Stagg SM, Gutell RR, Agrawal RK, Harvey SC (2002) Modeling a minimal ribosome based on comparative sequence analysis. J Mol Biol 321:215–234
Meskauskas A, Dinman JD (2007) Ribosomal protein L3: gatekeeper to the A site. Mol Cell 25:877–888
Moazed D, Noller HF (1989) Intermediate states in the movement of transfer RNA in the ribosome. Nature 342:142–148
Munro JB, Altman RB, O’Connor N, Blanchard SC (2007) Identification of two distinct hybrid state intermediates on the ribosome. Mol Cell 25:505–517
Munro JB, Altman RB, Tung CS, Cate JH, Sanbonmatsu KY, Blanchard SC (2010a) Spontaneous formation of the unlocked state of the ribosome is a multistep process. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:709–714
Munro JB, Altman RB, Tung CS, Sanbonmatsu KY, Blanchard SC (2010b) A fast dynamic mode of the EF-G-bound ribosome. EMBO J 29:770–781
Noel JK, Whitford PC, Sanbonmatsu KY, Onuchic JN (2010) SMOG@ctbp: simplified deployment of structure-based models in GROMACS. Nucleic Acids Res 38(Suppl):W657–W661
Ogle JM, Brodersen DE, Clemons WM Jr, Tarry MJ, Carter AP, Ramakrishnan V (2001) Recognition of cognate transfer RNA by the 30S ribosomal subunit. Science 292:897–902
Pioletti M, Schlunzen F, Harms J, Zarivach R, Gluhmann M, Avila H, Bashan A, Bartels H, Auerbach T, Jacobi C, Hartsch T, Yonath A, Franceschi F (2001) Crystal structures of complexes of the small ribosomal subunit with tetracycline; edeine and IF3. EMBO J 20:1829–1839
Ratje R et al (2010) Head swivel on the ribosome facillitates translocation via intra-subunit tRNA hybrid sites. Nature 468:713–716
Razga F, Spackova N, Reblova K, Koca J, Leontis NB, Sponer J (2004) Ribosomal RNA kink-turn motif–a flexible molecular hinge. J Biomol Struct Dyn 22:183–194
Razga F, Koca J, Sponer J, Leontis NB (2005) Hinge-like motions in RNA kink-turns: the role of the second a-minor motif and nominally unpaired bases. Biophys J 88:3466–3485
Sanbonmatsu KY (2006) Energy landscape of the ribosomal decoding center. Biochimie 88:1053–1059
Sanbonmatsu KY, Garcia AE (2002) Structure of Met-enkephalin in explicit aqueous solution using replica exchange molecular dynamics. Proteins 46:225–234
Sanbonmatsu KY, Joseph S (2003) Understanding discrimination by the ribosome: stability testing and groove measurement of codon-anticodon pairs. J Mol Biol 328:33–47
Sanbonmatsu KY, Joseph S, Tung CS (2005) Simulating movement of tRNA into the ribosome during decoding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:15854–15859
Schluenzen F, Tocilj A, Zarivach R, Harms J, Gluehmann M, Janell D, Bashan A, Bartels H, Agmon I, Franceschi F, Yonath A (2000) Structure of functionally activated small ribosomal subunit at 3.3 angstrom resolution. Cell 102:615–623
Schlunzen F, Zarivach R, Harms R, Bashan A, Tocilj A, Albrecht R, Yonath A, Franceschi F (2001) Structural basis for the interaction of antibiotics with the peptidyl transferase centre in eubacteria. Nature 413:814–821
Schuwirth BS, Borovinskaya MA, Hau CW, Zhang W, Vila-Sanjurjo A, Holton JM, Cate JH (2005) Structures of the bacterial ribosome at 3.5 A resolution. Science 310:827–834
Selmer M, Dunham CM, Murphy FVt, Weixlbaumer A, Petry S, Kelley AC, Weir JR, Ramakrishnan V (2006) Structure of the 70S ribosome complexed with mRNA and tRNA. Science 313:1935–1942
Shoemaker BA, Portman JJ, Wolynes PG (2000) Speeding molecular recognition by using the folding funnel: the fly-casting mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:8868–8873
Sporlein S, Carstens H, Satzger H, Renner C, Behrendt R, Moroder L, Tavan P, Zinth W, Wachtveitl J (2002) Ultrafast spectroscopy reveals subnanosecond peptide conformational dynamics and validates molecular dynamics simulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:7998–8002
Tama F, Valle M, Frank J, Brooks CL 3rd (2003) Dynamic reorganization of the functionally active ribosome explored by normal mode analysis and cryo-electron microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:9319–9323
Trabuco LG, Schreiner E, Eargle J, Cornish P, Ha T, Luthey-Schulten Z, Schulten K (2010a) The role of L1 stalk-tRNA interaction in the ribosome elongation cycle. J Mol Biol 402:741–760
Trabuco LG, Harrison CB, Schreiner E, Schulten K (2010b) Recognition of the regulatory nascent chain TnaC by the ribosome. Structure 18:627–637
Trylska J, Konecny R, Tama F, Brooks CL 3rd, McCammon JA (2004) Ribosome motions modulate electrostatic properties. Biopolymers 74:423–431
Vaiana AC, Sanbonmatsu KY (2009) Stochastic gating and drug-ribosome interactions. J Mol Biol 386:648–661
Valle M, Sengupta J, Swami NK, Grassucci RA, Burkhardt N, Nierhaus KH, Agrawal R, Frank J (2002) Cryo-EM reveals an active role for aminoacyl-tRNA in the accommodation process. EMBO J 21:3557–3567
Valle M, Zavialov A, Li W, Stagg SM, Sengupta J, Nielsen RC, Nissen P, Harvey SC, Ehrenberg M, Frank J (2003) Incorporation of aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosome as seen by cryo-electron microscopy. Nat Struct Biol 10:899–906
Van Der Spoel D, Lindahl E, Hess B, Groenhof G, Mark AE, Berendsen HJ (2005) GROMACS: fast, flexible, and free. J Comput Chem 26:1701–1718
VanLoock MS, Easterwood TR, Harvey SC (1999) Major groove binding of the tRNA/mRNA complex to the 16S ribosomal RNA decoding site. J Mol Biol 285:2069–2078
VanLoock MS, Agrawal RK, Gabashvili IS, Qi L, Frank J, Harvey SC (2000) Movement of the decoding region of the 16S ribosomal RNA accompanies tRNA translocation. J Mol Biol 304:507–515
Vicens Q, Westhof E (2003) Crystal structure of geneticin bound to a bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA A site oligonucleotide. J Mol Biol 326:1175–1188
Villa E, Sengupta J, Trabuco LG, LeBarron J, Baxter WT, Shaikh TR, Grassucci RA, Nissen P, Ehrenberg M, Schulten K, Frank J (2009) Ribosome-induced changes in elongation factor Tu conformation control GTP hydrolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:1063–1068
Voorhees RM, Weixlbaumer A, Loakes D, Kelley AC, Ramakrishnan V (2009) Insights into substrate stabilization from snapshots of the peptidyl transferase center of the intact 70S ribosome. Nat Struct Mol Biol 16:528–533
Wang Y, Rader AJ, Bahar I, Jernigan RL (2004) Global ribosome motions revealed with elastic network model. J Struct Biol 147:302–314
Whitford PC, Noel JK, Gosavi S, Schug A, Sanbonmatsu KY, Onuchic JN (2009a) An all-atom structure-based potential for proteins: bridging minimal models with all-atom empirical forcefields. Proteins 75:430–441
Whitford PC, Schug A, Saunders J, Hennelly SP, Onuchic JN, Sanbonmatsu KY (2009b) Nonlocal helix formation is key to understanding S-adenosylmethionine-1 riboswitch function. Biophys J 96:L7–L9
Whitford PC, Geggier P, Altman RB, Blanchard SC, Onuchic JN, Sanbonmatsu KY (2010a) Accommodation of aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosome involves reversible excursions along multiple pathways. RNA 16:1196–1204
Whitford PC, Onuchic JN, Sanbonmatsu KY (2010b) Connecting energy landscapes with experimental rates for aminoacyl-tRNA accommodation in the ribosome. J Am Chem Soc 132:13170–13171
Wintermeyer W, Peske F, Beringer M, Gromadski KB, Savelsbergh A, Rodnina MV (2004) Mechanisms of elongation on the ribosome: dynamics of a macromolecular machine. Biochem Soc Trans 32:733–737
Young MA, Gonfloni S, Superti-Furga G, Roux B, Kuriyan J (2001) Dynamic coupling between the SH2 and SH3 domains of c-Src and Hck underlies their inactivation by C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation. Cell 105:115–126
Yusupova G, Jenner L, Rees B, Moras D, Yusupov M (2006) Structural basis for messenger RNA movement on the ribosome. Nature 444:391–394
Zhang W, Kimmel M, Spahn CM, Penczek PA (2008) Heterogeneity of large macromolecular complexes revealed by 3D cryo-EM variance analysis. Structure 16:1770–1776
Zhang W, Dunkle JA, Cate JH (2009) Structures of the ribosome in intermediate states of ratcheting. Science 325:1014–1017
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sanbonmatsu, K.Y., Blanchard, S.C., Whitford, P.C. (2012). Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Ribosome. In: Dinman, J. (eds) Biophysical approaches to translational control of gene expression. Biophysics for the Life Sciences, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3991-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3991-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3990-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3991-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)