Abstract
Integration of visual and auditory cues during perception provides us with redundant information that greatly facilitates processing. Hearing loss affects access to the acoustic cues essential to accurate perception of speech and emotion, potentially impacting audiovisual integration. This chapter explores the various factors that may impact auditory processing in persons with hearing loss, including communication environment, modality preferences, and the use of hearing aids versus cochlear implants. Audiovisual processing of both speech and emotion by children with hearing loss is also discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Bahrick, L. E., & Lickliter, R. (2000). Intersensory redundancy guides attentional selectivity and perceptual learning in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 36(2), 190–201.
Banks, M. S., & Salapatek, P. (1983). Infant visual perception. In M. M. Haith & J. H. Campos (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Infancy and developmental psychobiology (Vol. 2). New York: Wiley.
Bergeson, T. R., Houston, D. M., & Miyamoto, R. T. (2010). Effects of congenital hearing loss and cochlear implantation on audiovisual speech perception in infants and children. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 28, 157–165.
Bergeson, T. R., Pisoni, D. B., & Davis, R. A. O. (2003). A longitudinal study of audiovisual speech perception by children who have hearing loss who have cochlear implants. The Volta Review, 103(4), 347–370.
Bergeson, T. R., Pisoni, D. B., & Davis, R. A. O. (2005). Development of audiovisual comprehension skills in prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants. Ear and Hearing, 26, 149–164.
Bernstein, L. E., Demorest, M. E., & Tucker, P. E. (2000). Speech perception without hearing. Perception & Psychophysics, 62, 233–252.
Besle, J., Fort, A., Delpuech, C., & Giard, M. (2004). Bimodal speech: Early suppressive visual effects in human auditory cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 2225–2234.
Blamey, P. J., Sarant, J. Z., Paatsch, L. E., Barry, J. G., Bow, C. P., Wales, R. J., et al. (2001). Relationships among perception, production, language, hearing loss, and age in children with hearing impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, 264–285.
Brancazio, L., & Miller, J. L. (2005). Use of visual information in speech perception: Evidence for a visual rate effect both with and without a McGurk effect. Perception & Psychophysics, 67(5), 759–769.
Burkhardt, F., & Sendlmeier, W. F. (2000). Verification of acoustical correlates of emotional speech using formant-synthesis. Paper presented at the ISCA Workshop on Speech and Emotion, Northern Ireland.
Capek, C. M., MacSweeney, M., Woll, B., Waters, D., McGuire, P. K., David, A. S., et al. (2008). Cortical circuits for silent speechreading in deaf and hearing people. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1233–1241.
Champoux, F., Lepore, F., Gagne, J., & Theoret, H. (2009). Visual stimuli can impair auditory processing in cochlear implant users. Neuropsychologia, 47, 17–22.
Chatterjee, M., & Peng, S. (2008). Processing F0 with cochlear implants: Modulation frequency discrimination and speech intonation recognition. Hearing Research, 235, 143–156.
Collignon, O., Girard, S., Gosselin, F., Roy, S., Saint-Amour, D., Lassonde, M., et al. (2008). Audio-visual integration of emotional expression. Brain Research, 1242, 126–135.
Compton, M. V., & Niemeyer, J. A. (1994). Expression of affection in young children with sensory impairments: A research agenda. Education and Treatment of Children, 17(1), 68–85.
de Gelder, B., & Vroomen, J. (2000). The perception of emotions by ear and by eye. Cognition and Emotion, 14(3), 289–311.
Dyck, M. J., & Denver, E. (2003). Can the emotion recognition ability of deaf children be enhanced? A pilot study. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 8(3), 348–356.
Elfenbein, H. A., Marsh, A., & Ambady, N. (2002). Emotional intelligence and the recognition of emotion from the face. In L. F. Barrett & P. Salovey (Eds.), The wisdom of feelings: Processes underlying emotional intelligence (pp. 37–59). New York: Guilford.
Erber, N. P. (1972). Auditory, visual, and auditory-visual recognition of consonants by children with normal and impaired hearing. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 15, 413–422.
Eskritt, M., & Lee, K. (2003). Do actions speak louder than words? Preschool children’s use of the verbal-nonverbal consistency principle during inconsistent communication. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27(1), 25–41.
Faulkner, A., Rosen, S., & Smith, C. (2000). Effects of the salience of pitch and periodicity information on the intelligibility of four-channel vocoded speech: Implications for cochlear implants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108(4), 1877–1887.
Fitzpatrick, E., Angus, D., Durieux-Smith, A., Graham, I. D., & Coyle, D. (2008). Parents’ needs following identification of childhood hearing loss. American Journal of Audiology, 17, 38–49.
Friend, M. (2000). Developmental changes in sensitivity to vocal paralanguage. Developmental Science, 3(2), 148–162.
Friesen, L. M., Shannon, R. V., Baskent, D., & Wang, X. (2001). Speech recognition in noise as a function of the number of spectral channels: Comparison of acoustic hearing and cochlear implants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110(2), 1150–1163.
Fu, Q., & Shannon, R. V. (1999). Phoneme recognition by cochlear implant users as a function of signal-to-noise ratio and nonlinear amplitude mapping. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106(2), 18–23.
Gantz, B. J., Turner, C., Gfeller, K. E., & Lowder, M. W. (2005). Preservation of hearing in cochlear implant surgery: Advantages of combined electrical and acoustical speech processing. The Laryngoscope, 115, 796–802.
Geers, A., & Brenner, C. (1994). Speech perception results: Audition and lipreading enhancement. The Volta Review, 96, 97–108.
Geers, A., Brenner, C., & Davidson, L. (2003). Factors associated with development of speech perception skills in children implanted by age five. Ear and Hearing, 24(1), 24–35.
Geurts, L., & Wouters, J. (2001). Coding of the fundamental frequency in continuous interleaved sampling processors for cochlear implants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109(2), 713–726.
Giezen, M. R., Escudero, P., & Baker, A. (2010). Use of acoustic cues by children with cochlear implants. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53, 1440–1457.
Giraud, A., Price, C. J., Graham, J. M., Truy, E., & Frackowiak, S. J. (2001). Cross-modal plasticity underpins language recovery after cochlear implantation. Neuron, 30, 657–663.
Giraud, A., & Truy, E. (2002). The contribution of visual areas to speech comprehension: A PET study in cochlear implants patients and normal-hearing subjects. Neuropsychologia, 40, 1562–1569.
Grant, K. W., & Seitz, P. F. (2000). The use of visible speech cues for improving auditory detection of spoken sentences. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108(3), 1197–1208.
Grant, K. W., Walden, B. E., & Seitz, P. F. (1998). Auditory-visual speech recognition by hearing-impaired subjects: Consonant recognition, sentence recognition, and auditory-visual integration. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 103(5), 2677–2690.
Gravel, J. S., & O’Gara, J. (2003). Communication options for children with hearing loss. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 9, 243–251.
Green, T., Faulkner, A., Rosen, S., & Macherey, O. (2005). Enhancement of temporal periodicity cues in cochlear implants: Effects on prosodic perception and vowel identification. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118(1), 375–385.
Grimwade, J. C., Walker, D. W., Bartlett, M., Gordon, S., & Wood, C. (1971). Human fetal heart rate change and movement in response to sound and vibration. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 109(1), 86–90.
Harrison, R., Gordon, K., & Mount, R. (2005). Is there a critical period of congenitally deaf children? Analyses of hearing and speech perception performance after implantation. Developmental Psychobiology, 46(3), 252–261.
Hay-McCutcheon, M. J., Pisoni, D. B., & Kirk, K. I. (2005). Audiovisual speech perception in elderly cochlear implant recipients. The Laryngoscope, 115, 1887–1894.
Healy, E. W., & Bacon, S. P. (2002). Across-frequency comparison of temporal speech information by listeners with normal and impaired hearing. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 1262–1275.
Henning, R. L. W., & Bentler, R. A. (2008). The effects of hearing aid compression parameters on the short-term dynamic range of continuous speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51, 471–484.
Hietanen, J., Leppanen, J., Illi, M., & Surakka, V. (2004). Evidence for the integration of audiovisual emotional information at the perceptual level of processing. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16(6), 769–790.
Holt, R. F., Kirk, K. I., Eisenberg, L. S., Martinez, A. S., & Campbell, W. (2005). Spoken word recognition development in children with residual hearing using cochlear implants and hearing aids in opposite ears. Ear and Hearing, 26(4), 82–91.
Hopyan-Misakyan, T. M., Gordon, K., Dennis, M., & Papsin, B. (2009). Recognition of affective speech prosody and facial affect in deaf children with unilateral right cochlear implants. Child Neuropsychology, 15(2), 136–146.
Hosie, J. A., Gray, C. D., Russell, P. A., Scott, C., & Hunter, N. (1998). The matching of facial expressions by deaf and hearing children and their production and comprehension of emotion labels. Motivation and Emotion, 22(4), 293–313.
Houston, D. M., Pisoni, D. B., Kirk, K. I., Ying, E. A., & Miyamoto, R. T. (2003). Speech perception skills of deaf infants following cochlear implantation: A first report. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 67(479–495).
Jenstad, L. M., Pumford, J., Seewald, R. C., & Cornelisse, L. E. (2000). Comparison of linear gain and wide dynamic range compression hearing aid circuits II: Aided loudness measures. Ear and Hearing, 21(1), 32–44.
Kaiser, A. R., Kirk, K. I., Lachs, L., & Pisoni, D. B. (2003). Talker and lexical effects on audiovisual word recognition by adults with cochlear implants. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46, 390–404.
Kirk, K. I., Hay-McCutcheon, M. J., Holt, R. F., Gao, S., Qi, R., & Gerlain, B. L. (2007). Audiovisual spoken word recognition by children with cochlear implants. Audiological Medicine, 5, 250–261.
Knutson, J. F., Boyd, R. C., Reid, J. B., Mayne, T., & Fetrow, R. (1997). Observational assessments of the interaction of implant recipients with family and peers: Preliminary findings. Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, 117(3), 196–207.
Kong, Y., Stickney, G. S., & Zeng, F. (2005). Speech and melody recognition in binaurally combined acoustic and electric hearing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(3), 1351–1361.
Kurtzer-White, E., & Luterman, D. (2003). Families and children with hearing loss: Grief and coping. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 9, 232–235.
Lachs, L., Pisoni, D. B., & Kirk, K. I. (2001). Use of audiovisual information in speech perception by prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants: A first report. Ear and Hearing, 22(3), 236–251.
Ling, D. (1989). Foundations of spoken language for hearing-impaired children. Washington, DC: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf.
Loizou, P. C., Dorman, M., & Fitzke, J. (2000). The effect of reduced dynamic range on speech understanding: Implications for patients with cochlear implants. Ear and Hearing, 21(1), 25–31.
Loizou, P. C., Poroy, O., & Dorman, M. (2000). The effect of parametric variations of cochlear implant processors on speech understanding. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108(2), 790–802.
Marschark, M. (Ed.). (1993). Psychological development of deaf children. New York: Oxford University Press.
Massaro, D. W. (1999). Speechreading: Illusion or window into pattern recognition. Trends in Cognitive Science, 3(8), 310–317.
Massaro, D. W., & Cohen, M. M. (1999). Speech perception in perceivers with hearing loss: Synergy of multiple modalities. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 21–41.
Massaro, D. W., & Egan, P. (1996). Perceiving affect from the voice and face. Pscyhonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 215–221.
Massaro, D. W., & Light, J. (2004). Using visible speech to train perception and production of speech for individuals with hearing loss. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42(2), 304–320.
Maxim, L. A., & Nowicki, S. J., Jr. (2003). Developmental associations between nonverbal ability and social competence. Facta Universitatis, 2(10), 745–758.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15(3), 197–215.
McGurk, H., & MacDonald, J. (1976). Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature, 264, 746–748.
Meyer, T. A., Svirsky, M. A., Kirk, K. I., & Miyamoto, R. T. (1998). Improvements in speech perception by children with profound prelingual hearing loss: Effects of device, communication mode, and chronological age. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 846–858.
Mitchell, R. E., & Karchmer, M. A. (2004). Chasing the mythical ten percent: Parental hearing status of deaf and hard of hearing students in the United States. Sign Language Studies, 4, 138–163.
Mitchell, T. V., & Maslin, M. T. (2007). How vision matters for individuals with hearing loss. International Journal of Audiology, 46, 500–511.
Morton, J. B., & Trehub, S. E. (2001). Children’s understanding of emotions in speech. Child Development, 72(3), 834–843.
Most, T., & Aviner, C. (2009). Auditory, visual, and auditory-visual perception of emotions by individuals with cochlear implants, hearing aids, and normal hearing. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 14(4), 449–464.
Most, T., Weisel, A., & Zaychik, A. (1993). Auditory, visual and auditory-visual identification of emotions by hearing and hearing-impaired adolescents. British Journal of Audiology, 27, 247–253.
Napolitano, A. C., & Sloutsky, V. M. (2004). Is a picture worth a thousand words? The flexible nature of modality dominance in young children. Child Development, 75(6), 1850–1870.
O’Donoghue, G. M., Nikolopoulos, T. P., & Archbold, S. M. (2000). Determinants of speech perception in children after cochlear implantation. The Lancet, 356, 466–468.
Oster, A. M., & Risberg, A. (1986). The identification of the mood of a speaker by hearing-impaired listeners. SLT-Quarterly Progress Status Report, 4, 79–90.
Pell, M. (2005). Nonverbal emotion priming: Evidence from the ‘facial affect decision task’. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 29(1), 45–73.
Peng, S., Tomblin, J. B., & Turner, C. W. (2008). Production and perception of speech intonation in pediatric cochlear implant recipients and individuals with normal hearing. Ear and Hearing, 29(3), 336–351.
Peters, K., Remmel, E., & Richards, D. (2009). Language, mental state vocabulary, and false belief understanding in children with cochlear implants. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 40(3), 245–255.
Power, D. J., & Hyde, M. B. (1997). Multisensory and unisensory approaches to communicating with deaf children. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 12(4), 449–464.
Rieffe, C., & Terwogt, M. M. (2000). Deaf children’s understanding of emotions: Desires take precedence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 601–608.
Robbins, A. M., Koch, D. B., Osberger, M. J., Zimmerman-Phillips, S., & Kishon-Rabin, L. (2004). Effect of age at cochlear implantation on auditory skill development in infants and toddlers. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, 130, 570–574.
Robinson, C. W., & Sloutsky, V. M. (2004). Auditory dominance and its change in the course of development. Child Development, 75(5), 1387–1401.
Sadato, N., Yamada, H., Okada, T., Yoshida, M., Hasegawa, T., Matsuki, K., et al. (2004). Age-dependent plasticity in the superior temporal sulcus in deaf humans: A functional fMRI study. BMC Neuroscience, 5(56), 1–6.
Sarant, J. Z., Blamey, P. J., Dowell, R. C., Clark, G. M., & Gibson, W. P. R. (2001). Variation in speech perception scores among children with cochlear implants. Ear and Hearing, 22(1), 18–28.
Scherer, K. R. (2003). Vocal communication of emotion: A review of research paradigms. Speech Communication, 40, 227–256.
Schorr, E. A., Fox, N. A., van Wassenhove, V., & Knudsen, E. I. (2005). Auditory-visual fusion in speech perception in children with cochlear implants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(51), 18748–18750.
Schorr, E. A., Roth, F. P., & Fox, N. A. (2009). Quality of life for children with cochlear implants: Perceived benefits and problems and the perception of single words and emotional sounds. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, 141–152.
Seewald, R. C., Ross, M., Giolas, T. G., & Yonovitz, A. (1985). Primary modality for speech perception in children with normal and impaired hearing. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 28, 36–46.
Shannon, R. V. (2002). The relative importance of amplitude, temporal, and spectral cues for cochlear implant processor design. American Journal of Audiology, 11, 124–127.
Sharma, A., Dorman, M. F., & Spahr, A. J. (2002). A sensitive period for the development of the central auditory system in children with cochlear implants: Implications for age of implantation. Ear and Hearing, 6, 532–539.
Sininger, Y., Grimes, A., & Christensen, E. (2010). Auditory development in early amplified children: Factors influencing auditory-based communication outcomes in children with hearing loss. Ear and Hearing, 31(2), 166–185.
Sloutsky, V. M., & Napolitano, A. C. (2003). Is a picture worth a thousand words? Preference for auditory modality in young children. Child Development, 74(3), 822–833.
Snik, A. F. M., Makhdooum, M. J. A., Vermeulen, A. M., Brokx, J. P. L., & van den Broek, P. (1997). The relation between age at the time of cochlear implantation and long-term speech perception abilities in congenitally deaf subjects. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 41, 121–131.
Sommers, M. S., Tye-Murray, N., & Spehar, B. (2005). Auditory-visual speech perception and auditory-visual enhancement in normal-hearing younger and older adults. Ear and Hearing, 26(3), 263–275.
Staller, S. J., Dowell, R. C., Beiter, A. L., & Brimacombe, J. A. (1991). Perceptual abilities of children with the Nucleus 22-Channel cochlear implant. Ear and Hearing, 12(4), 34–47.
Stelmachowicz, P. G., Pittman, A. L., Hoover, B. M., & Lewis, D. E. (2001). Effect of stimulus bandwidth on the perception of /s/ in normal- and hearing-impaired children and adults. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110(4), 2183–2190.
Stelmachowicz, P. G., Pittman, A. L., Hoover, B. M., Lewis, D. E., & Moeller, M. P. (2004). The importance of high-frequency audibility in the speech and language development of children with hearing loss. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, 130, 556–562.
Strelnikov, K., Rouger, J., Barone, P., & Deguine, O. (2009). Role of speechreading in audiovisual interactions during the recovery of speech comprehension in deaf adults with cochlear implants. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(5), 437–444.
Svirsky, M. A., Robbins, A. M., Kirk, K. I., Pisoni, D. B., & Miyamoto, R. T. (2000). Language development in profoundly deaf children with cochlear implants. Psychological Science, 11(2), 153–158.
Turner, C. W., Chi, S., & Flock, S. (1999). Limiting spectral resolution in speech for listeners with sensorineural hearing loss. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 773–784.
Turner, C. W., Souza, P. E., & Forget, L. N. (1995). Use of temporal envelope cues in speech recognition by normal and hearing-impaired listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 2568–2576.
Tye-Murray, N., Sommers, M., & Spehar, B. (2007). Auditory and visual lexical neighborhoods in audiovisual speech perception. Trends in Amplification, 11(4), 233–242.
Vandell, D. L., & George, L. B. (1981). Social interaction in hearing and deaf preschoolers: Successes and failures in initiations. Child Development, 52(2), 627–635.
Wie, O. B. (2010). Language development in children after receiving bilateral cochlear implants between 5 and 18 months. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 74(11), 1258–1266.
Zupan, B., Neumann, D., Babbage, D. R., & Willer, B. (2009). The importance of vocal affect to bimodal processing of emotion: Implications for individuals with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Communication Disorders, 42, 1–17.
Zupan, B., & Sussman, J. E. (2009). Auditory preferences of young children with and without hearing loss for meaningful auditory-visual compound stimuli. Journal of Communication Disorders, 42, 381–396.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
1 Electronic Supplementary material
An example of an incongruent audiovisual emotional stimulus would be combining an angry facial expression with a sad vocal expression. (2 MB)
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zupan, B. (2013). The Role of Audition in Audiovisual Perception of Speech and Emotion in Children with Hearing Loss. In: Belin, P., Campanella, S., Ethofer, T. (eds) Integrating Face and Voice in Person Perception. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3585-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3585-3_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3584-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3585-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)