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Environmental Comparative Pharmacology: Theory and Application

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Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

Part of the book series: Emerging Topics in Ecotoxicology ((ETEP,volume 4))

Abstract

Ecotoxicity data is still scarce for most pharmaceuticals. The vast knowledge base derived from mammalian studies during drug development could, however, provide insights into possible effects of residual pharmaceuticals in exposed nontarget species. In this chapter, we start from a theoretical point-of-view and discuss ways to predict the conservation of proteins and pathways known to be affected by drugs in model species and in the human body. We also describe different databases where relevant pharmacological data is easily accessible and what type of data is suitable for large-scale comparisons. We believe high-throughput comparative efforts can aid in the prioritization of which drugs need further assessment of their environmental risks, assist in the selection of appropriate test organisms and endpoints and identify limitations with species extrapolations. Without any attempt to be comprehensive, we also give some selected examples on both theoretically and empirically derived pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic data in nontarget species.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the two anonymous reviewers for valuable ­comments and the Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (MISTRA) and the Swedish Research Council (VR) for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 434, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden

    Lina Gunnarsson, Erik Kristiansson & D. G. Joakim Larsson

  2. Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden

    Erik Kristiansson

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  1. Lina Gunnarsson
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Correspondence to Lina Gunnarsson .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Baylor University, 1 Bear Place, Waco, 76798, Texas, USA

    Bryan W. Brooks

  2. University of North Texas, N/A, Denton, 76203, Texas, USA

    Duane B. Huggett

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Gunnarsson, L., Kristiansson, E., Larsson, D.G.J. (2012). Environmental Comparative Pharmacology: Theory and Application. In: Brooks, B., Huggett, D. (eds) Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. Emerging Topics in Ecotoxicology, vol 4. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3473-3_5

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