Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anterior Segment Neovascularization in Retinal Vein Occlusion

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Retinal Vein Occlusions

  • 1130 Accesses

Abstract

Anterior segment neovascularization, like posterior segment neovascularization, is a consequence of retinal ischemia mediated by increased intraocular levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It differs in that it generally requires higher levels of VEGF to induce anterior segment neovascularization than to induce posterior segment neovascularization. Because levels of VEGF correlate with area of retinal ischemia, it is rare for anterior segment neovascularization (ASNV) to arise after branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). It can be seen occasionally after hemispheric BRVO, but is never seen after macular BRVO. Therefore, this chapter mostly concerns central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Abbreviations commonly used in discussing ASNV are listed in Table 11.1. Each abbreviation will be spelled out at its first occurrence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Adamis AP, Shima DT, Tolentino MJ, Gragoudas ES, Ferrara N, Folkman J, D’Amore PA, Miller JW. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor prevents retinal ischemia-associated iris neovascularization in a nonhuman primate. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:66–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Aiello LP, Arrigg PG, Keyt BA, Jampel HD, Shah ST, Pasquale LR, Thieme H, Iwamoto MA, Park JE. Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1480–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ambati J, Chalam KV, Chawla DK, D’Angio CT, Guillet EG, Rose SJ, Vanderlinde RE, Ambati BK. Elevated gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:1161–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Anderson DM, Morin JD, Hunter WS. Rubeosis iridis. Can J Ophthalmol. 1971;6:183–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Avery RL. Regression of retinal and iris neovascularization after intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) treatment. Retina. 2006;26:352–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bandello F, Brancato R, Lattanzio R, Falcomata B, Malegori A. Biomicroscopy versus fluorescein angiography of the iris in the detection of diabetic iridopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1993;231:444–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bandello F, Brancato R, Lattanzio R, Galdini M, Falcomata B. Relation between iridopathy and retinopathy in diabetes. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:542–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Batioglu F, Astam N, Ozmert E. Rapid improvement of retinal and iris neovascularization after a single intravitreal bevacizumab injection in a patient with central retinal vein occlusion and neovascular glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol. 2008;28:59–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Boyd SR, Zachary I, Chakravarthy U, Allen GJ, Wisdom GB, Cree IA, Martin JF, Hykin PG. Correlation of increased vascular endothelial growth factor with neovascularization and permeability in ischemic central vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:1644–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Browning DJ, Rotberg MH. The relationship of diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. In: Browning DJ, editor. Diabetic retinopathy: evidence based management. New York: Springer; 2010. p. 325–47.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Browning DJ, Scott AQ, Peterson CB, Warnock J, Zhang Z. The risk of missing angle neovascularization by omitting screening gonioscopy in acute central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:776–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Chan CK, Ip MS, VanVeldhuisen PC, Score Study Group, et al. Score study report #11: incidents of neovascular events in eyes with retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:1364–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Coleman SL, Green WR, Patz A. Vascular tufts of the pupillary margin of the iris. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977;83:881–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dahlmann AH, Benson MT. Spontaneous hyphema secondary to iris vascular tufts. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Davidorf FH, Mouser JG, Derick RJ. Rapid improvement of rubeosis iridis from a single bevacizumab (avastin) injection. Retina. 2006;26:354–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Davies N. Letter. Eye. 2001;15:688–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Elman MJ. Thrombolytic therapy for central retinal vein occlusion: results of a pilot study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1996;94:471–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Evans K, Wishart PK, McGalliard JN. Neovascular complications after central retinal vein occlusion. Eye. 1993;7:520–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fong ACO, Schatz H, McDonald HR, Burton TC, Maberley AL, Joffe L, Zegarra H, Nadel AJ, Johnson RN. Central retinal vein occlusion in young adults (papillophlebitis). Retina. 1992;12:3–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fuller JJ, Mason III JO, White Jr MF, McGwin Jr G, Emond TL, Feist RM. Retinochoroidal collateral veins protect against anterior segment neovascularization after central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:332–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Mimura T, Noma H, Nakamura S, Hori S. Risk evaluation of outcome of vitreous surgery based on vitreous levels of cytokines. Eye. 2007;21:377–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gartner S, Henkind P. Neovascularization of the iris (rubeosis iridis). Surv Ophthalmol. 1978;22:291–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gutman FA. Discussion. Ophthalmology. 1982;89:783–4.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hamanaka T, Akabane N, Yajima T, Takahashi T, Tanabe A. Retinal ischemia and angle neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132:648–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hayreh SS. Retinal vein occlusion. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1994;42:109–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hayreh SS. Evidence-based recommendations for neovascular glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hayreh SS, Hayreh MS. Hemi-central retinal vein occlusion: pathogenesis, clinical features, and natural history. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:798–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hayreh SS, Klugman MR, Beri M, Kimura AE, Podhajsky P. Differentiation of ischemic from non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion during the early phase. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1990;228:201–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman MB. Natural history of visual outcome in central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:119–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hayreh SS, Rojas P, Podhajsky P, Montague P, Woolson RF. Ocular neovascularization with retinal vascular occlusion-III: incidence of ocular neovascularization with retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:488–506.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hayreh SS, Rubenstein L, Podhajsky P. Argon laser photocoagulation in treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion. A prospective clinical trial. Ophthalmologica. 1993;206:1–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hikichi T, Konno S, Trempe CL. Role of the vitreous in central retinal vein occlusion. Retina. 1995;15:29–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hvarfner C, Larsson J. Is optic nerve head swelling of prognostic value in central retinal vein occlusion? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003;241:463–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Jensen VA, Lundbaek K. Fluorescence angiography of the iris in recent and long-term diabetics. Acta Ophthalmol. 1968;46:584–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. John T, Sassani JW, Eagle RC. The myofibroblastic component of rubeosis iridis. Ophthalmology. 1983;1983:721–8.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Keenan JM, Dodson PM, Kritzinger EE. Are there medical conditions specifically underlying the development of rubeosis in central retinal vein occlusion? Eye. 1993;7:407–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kottow MH. Iris neovascular tufts. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:2084.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kubota T, Tawara A, Hata T, Khalil A, Inomata H. Neovascular tissue in the intertrabecular spaces in eyes with neovascular glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:750–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Laatikainen L. Preliminary report on effect of retinal panphotocoagulation on rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1977;61:278–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Laatikainen L, Blach RK. Behavior of the iris vasculature in central retinal vein occlusion: a fluorescein angiographic study of the vascular response of the retina and the iris. Br J Ophthalmol. 1977;61:272–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Laatikainen L, Kohner EM, Khoury D, Blach RK. Panretinal photocoagulation in central retinal vein occlusion: a randomized controlled clinical study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1977;61:741–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lattanzio R, Gimeno AT, Parodi MB, Bandello F. Retinal vein occlusion: current treatment. Ophthalmologica. 2011;225:135–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lindblom B. Fluorescein angiography of the iris in the management of eyes with central retinal vein occlusion. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1998;76:188–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Little HL, Rosenthal AR, Dellaporta A, Jacobson DR. The effect of panretinal photocoagulation on rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;81:804–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Magargal LE, Brown GC, Augsburger JJ, Donoso LA. Efficacy of panretinal photocoagulation in preventing neovascular glaucoma following ischemic central retinal vein obstruction. Ophthalmology. 1982;89:780–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Magargal LE, Brown GC, Augsburger JJ, Parrish RK. Neovascular glaucoma following central retinal vein obstruction. Ophthalmology. 1981;88:1095–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Magargal LE, Donoso LA, Sanborn GE. Retinal ischemia and risk of neovascularization following central retinal vein obstruction. Ophthalmology. 1982;89:1241–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Malecaze F, Clamens S, Simorre-Pinnatel V, Mathis A, Chollet P, Favard C, Bayard F, Plouet J. Detection of vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA and vascular endothelial growth factor-like activity in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:1476–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Mason G. Iris neovascular tufts. Ann Ophthalmol. 1980;12:420–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. May DR, Klein ML, Peyman G, Raichand M. Xenon arc panretinal photocoagulation for central retinal vein occlusion: a randomized prospective study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63:725–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Nomura T, Furukawa H, Kurinoto S. Development and classification of neovascular glaucoma in diabetic eye disease: histopathological study. Acta Ophthalmol Soc Jpn. 1976;86:166–75.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Nork TM, Tso MOM, Duvall J, Hayreh SS. Cellular mechanisms of iris neovascularization secondary to retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:581–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ohnishi Y, Ishibashi T, Sagawa T. Fluorescein gonioangiography in diabetic neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1994;232:199–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ohrt V. Rubeosis iridis diabetica. Acta Ophthalmol. 1958;36:556–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Parodi MB, Friberg TR, Pedio M, Fiotti N, Di Stefano G, Ravalico G. Panretinal photocoagulation and photodynamic therapy for anterior segment neovascularization secondary to ischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2007;38:94–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Quinlan P, Elman MJ, Bhatt AK, Mardesich P, Enger C. The natural course of central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;110:118–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Recchia FM, Carvalho-Recchia CA, Hassan TS. Clinical course of younger patients with central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:317–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Roth SM, Brown GC. The diagnosis and management of rubeosis iridis. Clin Signs Ophthalmol. 1989;10:1–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Sanborn GE, Symes DJ, Magaragal LE. Fundus-iris fluorescein angiography: evaluation of its use in the diagnosis of rubeosis iridis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1986;18:52–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Sanborn GE, Magargal LE. Characteristics of the hemispheric retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:1616–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Schulze RR. Rubeosis iridis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;63:487–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Servais GE, Thompson HS, Hayreh SS. Relative afferent pupillary defect in central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:301–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sinclair SH, Gragoudas ES. Prognosis for rubeosis iridis following central retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63:735–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Sivalingam A, Kenney J, Brown GC, Benson WE, Donoso L. Basic fibroblast growth factor levels in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:869–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Steel DHW, Habib MS, Park S, Hildreth AJ, Owen RI. Entry site neovascularization and vitreous cavity hemorrhage after diabetic vitrectomy the predictive value of inner sclerostomy site ultrasonography. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:525–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Tauber J, Lahav M, Erzurum SA. New clinical classification for iris neovascularization. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:542–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Teich SA, Walsh JB. A grading system for iris neovascularization-prognostic implications for treatment. Ophthalmology. 1981;88:1102–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Terasaki H, Miyake Y, Awaya S. Fluorescein angiography of peripheral retina and pars plana during vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;123:370–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. Baseline and early natural history report. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:1087–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. Evaluation of grid pattern photocoagulation for macular edema in central vein occlusion, the central vein occlusion study group M report. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1425–33.

    Google Scholar 

  71. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. Natural history and clinical management of central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:486–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group N Report. A randomized clinical trial of early panretinal photocoagulation for ischemic central vein occlusion. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1434–44.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Tolentino MJ, McLeod DS, Taomoto M, Otsuji T, Adamis AP, Lutty GA. Pathologic features of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced retinopathy in the nonhuman primate. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133:373–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Tolentino MJ, Miller JW, Gragoudas ES, Chatzistefanou K, Ferrara N, Adamis AP. Vascular endothelial growth factor is sufficient to produce iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma in a nonhuman primate. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:964–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tripathi RC, Li J, Tripathi BJ, Chalam KV, Adamis AP. Increased level of vascular endothelial growth factor in aqueous humor of patients with neovascular glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:232–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Vadala G, Zanini A, Favero C, Brogliatti B, Boles Carenini B. Evaluation of the clinical course of central retinal vein occlusion in eyes with and without glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1997;75(S224):16–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Vannas A. Fluorescein angiography of the vessels of the iris. Acta Ophthalmol. 1969;105:1–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Wand M, Dueker DK, Aiello LM, Grant WM. Effects of panretinal photocoagulation on rubeosis iridis, angle neovascularization, and neovascular glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;86:332–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Weiss DI, Gold D. Neofibrovascularization of iris and anterior chamber angle: a clinical classification. Ann Ophthalmol. 1978;10:488–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Weiter JJ, Zuckerman R. The influence of the photoreceptor-RPE complex on the inner retina. Ophthalmology. 1980;87:1133–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Williamson T, Rumley A, Lowe GDO. Blood viscosity, coagulation, and activated protein C resistance in central retinal vein occlusion: a population controlled study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:203–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Williamson TH, Baxter GM. Central retinal vein occlusion, an investigation by color Doppler imaging. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:1362–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Zegarra H, Gutman FA, Conforto J. The natural course of central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 1979;86:1931–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA

    David J. Browning MD, PhD

Authors
  1. David J. Browning MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Browning, D.J. (2012). Anterior Segment Neovascularization in Retinal Vein Occlusion. In: Retinal Vein Occlusions. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3439-9_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3439-9_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3438-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3439-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation