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Production of Vegetable Oils from Oilseeds and Beans

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Edible Oil Processing from a Patent Perspective

Abstract

Because oilseeds can be stored, oil mills operate all year around. This makes it easier to justify investment and leads to a considerable amount of development of oil milling processes and equipment. This chapter starts by discussing the pretreatment of oilseeds and mechanical oil extraction processes. Then it discusses patents dealing with extraction solvents and solvent extraction. The section discussing solvent recovery also deals with the production of white flakes since a number of patent applications have been published in this domain. A separate section on cocoa butter concludes the chapter.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The A and L in the trade name ALCON® stand for AKZO and Lurgi, and not for Air Liquide.

  2. 2.

    During an AOCS Annual Conference, I asked Harald Boeck of the Harburg-Freudenberger Maschinenbau if he remembered what VPEX stood for. He thought VorPressung/Extraktion.

  3. 3.

    This is a quotation from Niels Bohr (1885–1962).

  4. 4.

    A most valuable aspect of this article is its list of 122 literature references.

  5. 5.

    In my opinion, the latest edition of Bailey’s Industrial Oil & Fat Products, F. Shahidi (ed.), suffers from this drawback, which is one of the reasons I did not purchase this handbook; price is another.

  6. 6.

    Yes, Givens et al. and Moses assigned their invention to the same company (Crown Iron Works), and both patents have been drafted by the same patent office (Nawrocki, Rooney & Sivertson). Hence the same jargon and the use of the word “stave,” for instance. This also holds for three ­further patents (Moses 1991; Anderson et al. 1998; Anderson 2002b) to be discussed next.

  7. 7.

    This manual can be consulted at the USPTO website, but understanding it fully requires specialist knowledge.

  8. 8.

    The text probably refers to Fetzer  (1987) but does not say so in so many words.

  9. 9.

    This is part of the main claim and the abstract.

  10. 10.

    This company was well known for its sunflower seed dehulling equipment. This company now forms part of the CPM Group that also owns Crown Iron Works, which company recently took over the solvent extraction technology from Harburg Freudenberger Maschinenbau GmbH.

  11. 11.

    That is assuming that the results as reported can be repeated.

  12. 12.

    I saw in the AOCS 2009 Directory that the first inventor was a member, so I sent him an e-mail to tell him that I was interested in his process, but I did not receive a reply. In the 2010 Directory, his name was no longer mentioned.

  13. 13.

    The fact that there was a hit proves that the search worked. Since it did not reveal any articles by the inventors, it indicates that there are none.

  14. 14.

    This information originates from the file wrapper I could access from my desk.

  15. 15.

    I use a shorthand notation here that is also used by the USPTO in its Office Actions.

  16. 16.

    http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/official-journal/ac-decisions/archive/20101029.html

  17. 17.

    This reminds me of the peanuts served during a cross-Atlantic flight. They were also trans-free. Quite some years ago, I was served “cholesterol-free” peanuts on a similar occasion.

  18. 18.

    I thought that all distillations were physical.

  19. 19.

    This must be phosphatidylcholine (trivial name lecithin), since this phosphatide is ethanol-soluble. Phosphatidylinositol does not dissolve in ethanol.

  20. 20.

    In most patents, dependent claims indicate their dependence by stating, for instance, “Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein….” This patent application uses a different way of expressing the same: “Apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein.…”

  21. 21.

    This patent has only been published in German.

  22. 22.

    This European publication is in French. and the only other family member is a French patent.

  23. 23.

    This patent was published as WO 97/43113 and has also been granted in Germany as DE 697  01  151 T2. Accordingly, in addition to a French text, a German text is also available.

  24. 24.

    Figure 2 in the application is a very beautiful exploded view of the equipment.

  25. 25.

    This patent has only been applied for in Belgium and the text is in Dutch.

  26. 26.

    There is a typing error in this main claim as well. It specifies –80°C rather than just 80°C. Time for a reissue?

  27. 27.

    Not surprisingly, the patent has been applied for by a manufacturer of screw presses.

  28. 28.

    Yes, this application also originates from an equipment manufacturer.

  29. 29.

    The oilseeds are peanuts, which, given the location of the assignee (Atlanta), is not that surprising.

  30. 30.

    Given the presumed favorable connotation of the word “organic,” I think industry has missed an opportunity by not highlighting the fact that n-hexane is organic rather than inorganic.

  31. 31.

    There is only one equivalent, which is Italian.

  32. 32.

    According to the INPADOC Register, “Examination is in progress. Database last updated on 06.12.2011.”

  33. 33.

    The applications published in Australia and Canada are deemed to have been withdrawn.

  34. 34.

    In turn, Danisco has now been taken over by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.

  35. 35.

    This company was formerly Röhm GmbH. Together with MetallgesellschaftAG, it applied for the Enzymax® enzymatic degumming patent (Aalrust et al. 1992).

  36. 36.

    This patent has been assigned to SKW Trostberg (Süddeutsche Kalkstickstoff Werke), whereas patent Heidlas et al. (2005), which has the same inventor, has been assigned to Degussa (Deutsche Gold- und Silber Scheideanstalt), a company that merged with SKW Trostberg in 2001.

  37. 37.

    The US application writes Wiesmüller without umlaut mark.

  38. 38.

    This patent (Franke 2001b) has only been granted in the US.

  39. 39.

    The text also provides a great historical survey of oilseed extraction processes, starting with the Bollmann extractor (1922) and the Hildebrand extractor (1934) and mentioning the rotary Blaw-Knox extractors (Karnofsky 1957) and many more recent extractors.

  40. 40.

    I said that I was not going to discuss protein concentrates and isolates, but since I wrote this application myself, I make an exception.

  41. 41.

    Also published as US Patent No. 7,767,836 B2.

  42. 42.

    Karitene is not a compound in the chemical sense but a mixture of unsaturated hydrocarbons present in crude shea butter, Butyrospermum parkii, now called Vitellaria paradoxa. This wild fat is called beurre de karité in French, hence the name karitene.

  43. 43.

    The inventor lives in Hawaii, in the US, but the only application has been filed in Germany.

  44. 44.

    See also http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/processing/solventextract/index.htm

  45. 45.

    The inventor also wrote a journal article (Coenen et al. 1989) about his process.

  46. 46.

    This raises the question of whether the patent concerned would qualify for a reissue ☺.

  47. 47.

    The German text also mentions Schwingzentrifugen, so I went to the German Google to try and find out what type of equipment was meant by this. Lo and behold, I arrived at the main claim of Tydiks (1996) and a tentative translation into “oscillating centrifuge,” whatever that might be.

  48. 48.

    In fact, Pieter Maes and I tried a whole range of centrifugal equipment, including decanters, pusher centrifuges, and basket centrifuges, before arriving at the conical sieve centrifuge with co-rotating scroll.

  49. 49.

    In English, we normally talk about extracting oilseeds, but the abstract talks about extracting vegetable oils. In fact, this is more logical. We go to the dentist to have a tooth extracted and not to have our jaw extracted.

  50. 50.

    It mentions raw stuff (raw material), concomitant substances (impurities), extractor of the submersible type (immersion extractor), overheated (superheated), sockets of input the solvent (solvent entry ports), drop catcher (demister?), etc. So it is possible to grasp more or less what is meant; finally discovering what is meant is fun, but it takes time. Is this translation the result of a mechanical translation? It could be since a spell checker would not find anything to correct. But translation programs always remind me of the instance when the expression “out of sight, out of mind” was translated into Russian by machine. The Russian output was then fed into a machine to be translated into English. Out came “invisible idiot.”

  51. 51.

    American authors tend to confuse phosphorus, the element, with phosphorous, which in Webster is defined as “of, relating to or containing phosphorus, esp. with a valence lower than in phosphoric compounds.”

  52. 52.

    See also http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/processing/desolvent/index.htm.

  53. 53.

    During a Short Course held in Kuala Lumpur on 5–6 March 2010, D. Anderson of CPM-Crown Iron Works recommended this system especially for the desolventization of palm kernel meal.

  54. 54.

    This jargon shows that the cocoa world is a world of its own. Soybeans are dried and dehulled before being separated into hulls and meats or cotyledons. Cocoa beans are roasted and winnowed before being separated into shells and nibs.

  55. 55.

    This process is also referred to as “dutching.” It was developed by the Dutchman Coenraad van Houten in 1828.

  56. 56.

    This is the Portuguese spelling of the plant.

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    Albert J. Dijkstra

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Dijkstra, A.J. (2013). Production of Vegetable Oils from Oilseeds and Beans. In: Edible Oil Processing from a Patent Perspective. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3351-4_4

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