Abstract
Every year many people worldwide die because of assault, and many more become victims of aggressive behavior including terrorism and hooliganism. Although aggression is an adaptive response to social challenges of the environment, pathological forms, mostly associated with other psychological disturbances, are highly destructive. Several brain regions (like hypothalamic attach are, medial amygdala, periaqueductal gray) and several molecules (testosterone, serotonin, vasopressin, etc.) are involved in the development of this behavior, but one of the most important determinants is the behavior of the encounter. Therefore, it is not surprising that epigenetic changes, connecting environment with gene activation, could be highly involved in fine-tuning the brain structures and molecular network taking part in aggression. In the last few decades, a lot of knowledge accumulated about epigenetic modification during development and in cancer formation; however, little is known about the role of epigenetic changes in mature cells. In this chapter, we summarize the available evidence on connection between aggression and genetic and epigenetic modification. One of the main determinants of this behavior, testosterone acts—at least partly—on epigenome. Other important contributors, like parts of the serotonergic system, vasopressin, and neurotrophins, underwent epigenetic regulations. Moreover, inhibition of histone deacetylase influences the aggressive behavior of animals. All the reviewed studies support the importance of genetic and epigenetic changes in the development of aggression.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsAbbreviations
- 5-HT-R:
-
Serotonin receptor
- 5-HTT:
-
Serotonin transporter
- ACTH:
-
Adrenocorticotropin
- ADX:
-
Adrenalectomy
- ANP:
-
Atrial natriuretic peptide
- AR:
-
Androgen receptor
- AVP:
-
Arginine vasopressin
- BDNF:
-
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BNST:
-
Bed nucleus of stria terminalis
- CaMK:
-
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase
- CeA:
-
Central amygdala
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- COMT:
-
Catechol-O-methyltransferase
- CpG:
-
Cytosine–guanine dinucleotide
- CRH:
-
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
- D2-R:
-
Dopamine D2-receptor
- DBH:
-
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
- DNMT:
-
DNA methyltransferase
- ER:
-
Estrogen receptor
- ERα:
-
Estrogen receptor-α
- GABA:
-
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
- GR:
-
Glucocorticoid receptor
- HAA:
-
Hypothalamic attack area
- HAT:
-
Histone acetyltransferase
- HDAC:
-
Histone deacetylase
- HPA axis:
-
Hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical axis
- IL-6:
-
Interleukin-6
- KO:
-
Knockout
- L:
-
Long variant of the 5-HTT
- MAO:
-
Monoamine oxidase
- MeA:
-
Medial amygdala
- met:
-
Methionine
- MPOA:
-
Medial preoptic area
- MTHFR:
-
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
- NA:
-
Noradrenaline
- NCAM:
-
Neural cell adhesion molecule
- NGF:
-
Nerve growth factor
- NK1:
-
Neurokinin1, the receptor for substance P
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NOS:
-
Nitric oxide synthase
- OT:
-
Oxytocin
- PAG:
-
Periaqueductal gray
- PFC:
-
Prefrontal cortex
- POMC:
-
Proopiomelanocortin
- PVN:
-
Nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami
- S:
-
Short variant of the 5-HTT
- sc:
-
Subcutaneous
- SER:
-
Serotonin
- SON:
-
Supraoptic nucleus
- TGFα:
-
Transforming growth factor-α
- TH:
-
Tryptophan hydroxylase
- V1a-R:
-
Vasopressin V1a receptor valValine
- VMH:
-
Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
- VPA:
-
Valproate
References
Akbarian, S. & Huang, H. S. (2009). Epigenetic regulation in human brain-focus on histone lysine methylation. Biol Psychiatry 65, 198–203.
Albers, H. E. & Bamshad, M. (1998). Role of vasopressin and oxytocin in the control of social behavior in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Prog Brain Res 119, 395–408.
Albert, D. J., Dyson, E. M., Walsh, M. L. & Gorzalka, B. B. (1987). Intermale social aggression in rats: suppression by medial hypothalamic lesions independently of enhanced defensiveness or decreased testicular testosterone. Physiol Behav 39, 693–698.
Albert, D. J. & Wong, R. C. (1978). Hyperreactivity, muricide, and intraspecific aggression in the rat produced by infusion of local anesthetic into the lateral septum or surrounding areas. J Comp Physiol Psychol 92, 1062–1073.
Alleva, E. & Aloe, L. (1989). Physiological roles of nerve growth factor in adult rodents: a biobehavioral perspective. Int J Comp Psychol 2, 147–163.
Alleva, E., Aloe, L. & Bigi, S. (1993). An updated role for nerve growth factor in neurobehavioural regulation of adult vertebrates. Rev Neurosci 4, 41–62.
Alleva, E., Cirulli, F., Bianchi, M., Bondiolotti, G. P., Chiarotti, F., De Acetis, L. & Panerai, A. E. (1998). Behavioural characterization of interleukin-6 overexpressing or deficient mice during agonistic encounters. Eur J Neurosci 10, 3664–3672.
Alleva, E. & Santucci, D. (2001). Psychosocial vs. “physical” stress situations in rodents and humans: role of neurotrophins. Physiol Behav 73, 313–320.
Aloe, L., Alleva, E., Bohm, A. & Levi-Montalcini, R. (1986). Aggressive behavior induces release of nerve growth factor from mouse salivary gland into the bloodstream. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83, 6184–6187.
Aloe, L., Alleva, E. & Fiore, M. (2002). Stress and nerve growth factor: findings in animal models and humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 73, 159–166.
Aloe, L., Bracci-Laudiero, L., Alleva, E., Lambiase, A., Micera, A. & Tirassa, P. (1994a). Emotional stress induced by parachute jumping enhances blood nerve growth factor levels and the distribution of nerve growth factor receptors in lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91, 10440–10444.
Aloe, L. & Levi-Montalcini, R. (1979). Nerve growth factor-induced transformation of immature chromaffin cells in vivo into sympathetic neurons: effect of antiserum to nerve growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76, 1246–1250.
Aloe, L. & Levi-Montalcini, R. (1980). Comparative studies on testosterone and L-thyroxine effects on the synthesis of nerve growth factor in mouse submaxillary salivary glands. Exp Cell Res 125, 15–22.
Aloe, L., Skaper, S. D., Leon, A. & Levi-Montalcini, R. (1994b). Nerve growth factor and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 19, 141–150.
Aloe, L., Tuveri, M. A., Guerra, G., Pinna, L., Tirassa, P., Micera, A. & Alleva, E. (1996). Changes in human plasma nerve growth factor level after chronic alcohol consumption and withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20, 462–465.
Andersen, M. L., Bignotto, M., Machado, R. B. & Tufik, S. (2004). Different stress modalities result in distinct steroid hormone responses by male rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 37, 791–797.
Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L. R., Johnson, J. D., Linz, D., Malamuth, N. M. & Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychol Sci Public Interest 4, 81–110.
Ansorge, M. S., Morelli, E. & Gingrich, J. A. (2008). Inhibition of serotonin but not norepinephrine transport during development produces delayed, persistent perturbations of emotional behaviors in mice. J Neurosci 28, 199–207.
Antoni, F. A. (1993). Vasopressinergic control of pituitary adrenocorticotropin secretion comes of age. Front Neuroendocrinol 14, 76–122.
Archer, J. (2006). Testosterone and human aggression: an evaluation of the challenge hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30, 319–345.
Arletti, R., Bazzani, C., Castelli, M. & Bertolini, A. (1985). Oxytocin improves male copulatory performance in rats. Horm Behav 19, 14–20.
Arnold, A. P. (1996). Genetically triggered sexual differentiation of brain and behavior. Horm Behav 30, 495–505.
Auger, C. J., Coss, D., Auger, A. P. & Forbes-Lorman, R. M. (2011). Epigenetic control of vasopressin expression is maintained by steroid hormones in the adult male rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108, 4242–4247.
Aujard, F. & Perret, M. (1998). Age-related effects on reproductive function and sexual competition in the male prosimian primate, Microcebus murinus. Physiol Behav 64, 513–519.
Axelrod, J. & Reisine, T. D. (1984). Stress hormones: their interaction and regulation. Science 224, 452–459.
Bac, P., Pages, N., Herrenknecht, C., Dupont, C., Maurois, P., Vamecq, J. & Durlach, J. (2002). THC aggravates rat muricide behavior induced by two levels of magnesium deficiency. Physiol Behav 77, 189–195.
Bai, S., Ghoshal, K., Datta, J., Majumder, S., Yoon, S. O. & Jacob, S. T. (2005). DNA methyltransferase 3b regulates nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of PC12 cells by recruiting histone deacetylase 2. Mol Cell Biol 25, 751–766.
Bales, K. L. & Carter, C. S. (2003). Developmental exposure to oxytocin facilitates partner preferences in male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Behav Neurosci 117, 854–859.
Bandtlow, C. E., Heumann, R., Schwab, M. E. & Thoenen, H. (1987). Cellular localization of nerve growth factor synthesis by in situ hybridization. EMBO J 6, 891–899.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Barde, Y. A. (1990). The nerve growth factor family. Prog Growth Factor Res 2, 237–248.
Barr, C. S., Newman, T. K., Becker, M. L., Champoux, M., Lesch, K. P., Suomi, S. J., Goldman, D. & Higley, J. D. (2003). Serotonin transporter gene variation is associated with alcohol sensitivity in rhesus macaques exposed to early-life stress. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27, 812–817.
Bartolomeos, K., Brown, D., Butchart, A., Harvey, A., Meddings, D. & Sminkey, L. (2007). Third milestones of a global campaign for violence prevention report 2007: scaling up. Geneva: WHO. Global campaign for violence prevention.
Beauchaine, T. P., Gartner, J. & Hagen, B. (2000). Comorbid depression and heart rate variability as predictors of aggressive and hyperactive symptom responsiveness during inpatient treatment of conduct-disordered, ADHD boys. Aggress Behav 26, 425–441.
Beaver, K. M., Wright, J. P., DeLisi, M., Walsh, A., Vaughn, M. G., Boisvert, D. & Vaske, J. (2007). A gene x gene interaction between DRD2 and DRD4 is associated with conduct disorder and antisocial behavior in males. Behav Brain Funct 3:30.
Beiderbeck, D. I., Neumann, I. D. & Veenema, A. H. (2007). Differences in intermale aggression are accompanied by opposite vasopressin release patterns within the septum in rats bred for low and high anxiety. Eur J Neurosci 26, 3597–3605.
Beitchman, J. H., Baldassarra, L., Mik, H., De Luca, V., King, N., Bender, D., Ehtesham, S. & Kennedy, J. L. (2006). Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and persistent, pervasive childhood aggression. Am J Psychiatry 163, 1103–1105.
Belozertseva, I. V. & Andreev, B. V. (1997). [A pharmaco-ethological study of the GABA-ergic mechanisms regulating the depression-like behavior of mice]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 47, 1024–1031.
Bennett, A. J., Lesch, K. P., Heils, A., Long, J. C., Lorenz, J. G., Shoaf, S. E., Champoux, M., Suomi, S. J., Linnoila, M. V. & Higley, J. D. (2002). Early experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primate CNS function. Mol Psychiatry 7, 118–122.
Berdyshev, G. D., Korotaev, G. K., Boiarskikh, G. V. & Vanyushin, B. F. (1967). [Nucleotide composition of DNA and RNA from somatic tissues of humpback and its changes during spawning]. Biokhimiia 32, 988–993.
Bernhardt, P. C., Dabbs, J. M., Jr., Fielden, J. A. & Lutter, C. D. (1998). Testosterone changes during vicarious experiences of winning and losing among fans at sporting events. Physiol Behav 65, 59–62.
Bester-Meredith, J. K. & Marler, C. A. (2001). Vasopressin and aggression in cross-fostered California mice (Peromyscus californicus) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). Horm Behav 40, 51–64.
Bester-Meredith, J. K., Young, L. J. & Marler, C. A. (1999). Species differences in paternal behavior and aggression in peromyscus and their associations with vasopressin immunoreactivity and receptors. Horm Behav 36, 25–38.
Bestor, T. H. (1998). Gene silencing. Methylation meets acetylation. Nature 393, 311–312.
Bibancos, T., Jardim, D. L., Aneas, I. & Chiavegatto, S. (2007). Social isolation and expression of serotonergic neurotransmission-related genes in several brain areas of male mice. Genes Brain Behav 6, 529–539.
Bird, A. (2002). DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes Dev 16, 6–21.
Bird, A. (2007). Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature 447, 396–398.
Bird, A. P. (1986). CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature 321, 209–213.
Bird, A. P. & Wolffe, A. P. (1999). Methylation-induced repression--belts, braces, and chromatin. Cell 99, 451–454.
Bjork, J. M., Moeller, F. G., Kramer, G. L., Kram, M., Suris, A., Rush, A. J. & Petty, F. (2001). Plasma GABA levels correlate with aggressiveness in relatives of patients with unipolar depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 101, 131–136.
Bjorkqvist, K. (2001). Social defeat as a stressor in humans. Physiol Behav 73, 435–442.
Bjornsson, H. T., Sigurdsson, M. I., Fallin, M. D., Irizarry, R. A., Aspelund, T., Cui, H., Yu, W., Rongione, M. A., Ekstrom, T. J., Harris, T. B., Launer, L. J., Eiriksdottir, G., Leppert, M. F., Sapienza, C., Gudnason, V. & Feinberg, A. P. (2008). Intra-individual change over time in DNA methylation with familial clustering. JAMA 299, 2877–2883.
Blair, R. J. (2001). Neurocognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders, and psychopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71, 727–731.
Blair, R. J., Morris, J. S., Frith, C. D., Perrett, D. I. & Dolan, R. J. (1999). Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger. Brain 122, 883–893.
Blanchard, R. J., Griebel, G., Farrokhi, C., Markham, C., Yang, M. & Blanchard, D. C. (2005). AVP V1b selective antagonist SSR149415 blocks aggressive behaviors in hamsters. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 80, 189–194.
Book, A. S., Starzyk, K. B. & Quinsey, V. L. (2001). The relationship between testosterone and aggression: a meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior 6, 579–599.
Bou-Flores, C. & Hilaire, G. (2000). 5-Hydroxytryptamine(2A) and 5-hydroxytryptamine(1B) receptors are differently affected by the monoamine oxidase A-deficiency in the Tg8 transgenic mouse. Neurosci Lett 296, 141–144.
Boulle, F., van den Hove, D. L., Jakob, S. B., Rutten, B. P., Hamon, M., van Os, J., Lesch, K. P., Lanfumey, L., Steinbusch, H. W. & Kenis, G. (2011). Epigenetic regulation of the BDNF gene: implications for psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.107.
Brain, P. F. (1972). Mammalian behavior and the adrenal cortex. A review. Behav Biol 7, 453–477.
Branchi, I., Francia, N. & Alleva, E. (2004). Epigenetic control of neurobehavioural plasticity: the role of neurotrophins. Behav Pharmacol 15, 353–362.
Broidy, L. M., Nagin, D. S., Tremblay, R. E., Bates, J. E., Brame, B., Dodge, K. A., Fergusson, D., Horwood, J. L., Loeber, R., Laird, R., Lynam, D. R., Moffitt, T. E., Pettit, G. S. & Vitaro, F. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: a six-site, cross-national study. Dev Psychol 39, 222–245.
Brot, M. D., De Vries, G. J. & Dorsa, D. M. (1993). Local implants of testosterone metabolites regulate vasopressin mRNA in sexually dimorphic nuclei of the rat brain. Peptides 14, 933–940.
Brown, G. L., Goodwin, F. K., Ballenger, J. C., Goyer, P. F. & Major, L. F. (1979). Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites. Psychiatry Res 1, 131–139.
Bruniquel, D. & Schwartz, R. H. (2003). Selective, stable demethylation of the interleukin-2 gene enhances transcription by an active process. Nat Immunol 4, 235–240.
Brunner, D. & Hen, R. (1997). Insights into the neurobiology of impulsive behavior from serotonin receptor knockout mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 836, 81–105.
Brunner, H. G., Nelen, M., Breakefield, X. O., Ropers, H. H. & van Oost, B. A. (1993). Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science 262, 578–580.
Brutus, M., Shaikh, M. B., Edinger, H. & Siegel, A. (1986). Effects of experimental temporal lobe seizures upon hypothalamically elicited aggressive behavior in the cat. Brain Res 366, 53–63.
Butter, C. M. & Snyder, D. R. (1972). Alterations in aversive and aggressive behaviors following orbital frontal lesions in rhesus monkeys. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 32, 525–565.
Cardinal, R. N., Winstanley, C. A., Robbins, T. W. & Everitt, B. J. (2004). Limbic corticostriatal systems and delayed reinforcement. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1021, 33–50.
Cases, O., Seif, I., Grimsby, J., Gaspar, P., Chen, K., Pournin, S., Muller, U., Aguet, M., Babinet, C., Shih, J. C. &. (1995). Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science 268, 1763–1766.
Cases, O., Vitalis, T., Seif, I., De Maeyer, E., Sotelo, C. & Gaspar, P. (1996). Lack of barrels in the somatosensory cortex of monoamine oxidase A-deficient mice: role of a serotonin excess during the critical period. Neuron 16, 297–307.
Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A. & Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297, 851–854.
Castro, R., Rivera, I., Ravasco, P., Camilo, M. E., Jakobs, C., Blom, H. J. & de Almeida, I. T. (2004). 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C-->T and 1298A-->C mutations are associated with DNA hypomethylation. J Med Genet 41, 454–458.
Castro, W. L. & Matt, K. S. (1997). Neuroendocrine correlates of separation stress in the Siberian dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus). Physiol Behav 61, 477–484.
Caughey, S. D., Klampfl, S. M., Bishop, V. R., Pfoertsch, J., Neumann, I. D., Bosch, O. J. & Meddle, S. L. (2011). Changes in the intensity of maternal aggression and central oxytocin and vasopressin v1a receptors across the peripartum period in the rat. J Neuroendocrinol 23, 1113–1124.
Cavigelli, S. A. & Pereira, M. E. (2000). Mating season aggression and fecal testosterone levels in male ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Horm Behav 37, 246–255.
Challman, T. D. & Lipsky, J. J. (2000). Methylphenidate: its pharmacology and uses. Mayo Clin Proc 75, 711–721.
Champagne, D. L., Bagot, R. C., van Hasselt, F., Ramakers, G., Meaney, M. J., de Kloet, E. R., Joels, M. & Krugers, H. (2008). Maternal care and hippocampal plasticity: evidence for experience-dependent structural plasticity, altered synaptic functioning, and differential responsiveness to glucocorticoids and stress. J Neurosci 28, 6037–6045.
Champagne, F. A., Chretien, P., Stevenson, C. W., Zhang, T. Y., Gratton, A. & Meaney, M. J. (2004). Variations in nucleus accumbens dopamine associated with individual differences in maternal behavior in the rat. J Neurosci 24, 4113–4123.
Champagne, F. A., Weaver, I. C., Diorio, J., Dymov, S., Szyf, M. & Meaney, M. J. (2006). Maternal care associated with methylation of the estrogen receptor-alpha1b promoter and estrogen receptor-alpha expression in the medial preoptic area of female offspring. Endocrinology 147, 2909–2915.
Champoux, M., Bennett, A., Shannon, C., Higley, J. D., Lesch, K. P. & Suomi, S. J. (2002). Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, differential early rearing, and behavior in rhesus monkey neonates. Mol Psychiatry 7, 1058–1063.
Chandrasekaran, S., Ament, S. A., Eddy, J. A., Rodriguez-Zas, S. L., Schatz, B. R., Price, N. D. & Robinson, G. E. (2011). Behavior-specific changes in transcriptional modules lead to distinct and predictable neurogenomic states. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108, 18020–18025.
Chen, Y. L., Law, P. Y. & Loh, H. H. (2008). NGF/PI3K signaling-mediated epigenetic regulation of delta opioid receptor gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 368, 755–760.
Cherek, D. R. & Lane, S. D. (2001). Acute effects of D-fenfluramine on simultaneous measures of aggressive escape and impulsive responses of adult males with and without a history of conduct disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 157, 221–227.
Cherek, D. R., Roache, J. D., Egli, M., Davis, C., Spiga, R. & Cowan, K. (1993). Acute effects of marijuana smoking on aggressive, escape and point-maintained responding of male drug users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 111, 163–168.
Chiavegatto, S., Dawson, V. L., Mamounas, L. A., Koliatsos, V. E., Dawson, T. M. & Nelson, R. J. (2001). Brain serotonin dysfunction accounts for aggression in male mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 1277–1281.
Chiavegatto, S. & Nelson, R. J. (2003). Interaction of nitric oxide and serotonin in aggressive behavior. Horm Behav 44, 233–241.
Chichinadze, K. & Chichinadze, N. (2008). Stress-induced increase of testosterone: contributions of social status and sympathetic reactivity. Physiol Behav 94, 595–603.
Cho, M. M., DeVries, A. C., Williams, J. R. & Carter, C. S. (1999). The effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on partner preferences in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Behav Neurosci 113, 1071–1079.
Cirulli, F., Francia, N., Berry, A., Aloe, L., Alleva, E. & Suomi, S. J. (2009). Early life stress as a risk factor for mental health: role of neurotrophins from rodents to non-human primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33, 573–585.
Cirulli, F., Pistillo, L., De Acetis, L., Alleva, E. & Aloe, L. (1998). Increased number of mast cells in the central nervous system of adult male mice following chronic subordination stress. Brain Behav Immun 12, 123–133.
Clement, J., Simler, S., Ciesielski, L., Mandel, P., Cabib, S. & Puglisi-Allegra, S. (1987). Age-dependent changes of brain GABA levels, turnover rates and shock-induced aggressive behavior in inbred strains of mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 26, 83–88.
Cloud, J. (2010). Why your DNA isn’t your destiny. Time Magazine 175, 49–53.
Coccaro, E. F., Silverman, J. M., Klar, H. M., Horvath, T. B. & Siever, L. J. (1994). Familial correlates of reduced central serotonergic system function in patients with personality disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51, 318–324.
Congdon, E., Lesch, K. P. & Canli, T. (2008). Analysis of DRD4 and DAT polymorphisms and behavioral inhibition in healthy adults: implications for impulsivity. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B, 27–32.
Cooke, B., Hegstrom, C. D., Villeneuve, L. S. & Breedlove, S. M. (1998). Sexual differentiation of the vertebrate brain: principles and mechanisms. Front Neuroendocrinol 19, 323–362.
Craig, I. W. & Halton, K. E. (2009). Genetics of human aggressive behaviour. Hum Genet 126, 101–113.
Crawley, J. N., Schleidt, W. M. & Contrera, J. F. (1975). Does social environment decrease propensity to fight in male mice? Behav Biol 15, 73–83.
Cummins, M. S. & Suomi, S. J. (1976). Long-Term Effects of Social Rehabilitation in Rhesus Monkeys. Primates 17, 43–51.
Cushing, B. S. & Kramer, K. M. (2005). Mechanisms underlying epigenetic effects of early social experience: the role of neuropeptides and steroids. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29, 1089–1105.
Dabbs, J. M. & Hargrove, M. F. (1997). Age, testosterone, and behavior among female prison inmates. Psychosom Med 59, 477–480.
Datla, K. P. & Bhattacharya, S. K. (1990). Effect of selective monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors on footshock induced aggression in paired rats. Indian J Exp Biol 28, 742–745.
David, J. T., Cervantes, M. C., Trosky, K. A., Salinas, J. A. & Delville, Y. (2004). A neural network underlying individual differences in emotion and aggression in male golden hamsters. Neuroscience 126, 567–578.
Davidson, R. J., Putnam, K. M. & Larson, C. L. (2000). Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation--a possible prelude to violence. Science 289, 591–594.
Day, H. D., Seay, B. M., Hale, P. & Hendricks, D. (1982). Early social deprivation and the ontogeny of unrestricted social behavior in the laboratory rat. Dev Psychobiol 15, 47–59.
de Almeida, R. M., Faccidomo, S., Fish, E. & Miczek, K. A. (2001). Inhibition of alcohol-heightened aggression by action at post-synaptic 5-HT1b receptors in male mice. Aggress Behav 27, 234–235.
de Almeida, R. M., Ferrari, P. F., Parmigiani, S. & Miczek, K. A. (2005). Escalated aggressive behavior: dopamine, serotonin and GABA. Eur J Pharmacol 526, 51–64.
de Almeida, R. M. & Miczek, K. A. (2002). Aggression escalated by social instigation or by discontinuation of reinforcement (“frustration”) in mice: inhibition by anpirtoline: a 5-HT1B receptor agonist. Neuropsychopharmacology 27, 171–181.
de Boer, S. F., van der Vegt, B. J. & Koolhaas, J. M. (2003). Individual variation in aggression of feral rodent strains: a standard for the genetics of aggression and violence? Behav Genet 33, 485–501.
De Felipe, C., Herrero, J. F., O’Brien, J. A., Palmer, J. A., Doyle, C. A., Smith, A. J., Laird, J. M., Belmonte, C., Cervero, F. & Hunt, S. P. (1998). Altered nociception, analgesia and aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P. Nature 392, 394–397.
De Simone, R., Alleva, E., Tirassa, P. & Aloe, L. (1990). Nerve growth factor released into the bloodstream following intraspecific fighting induces mast cell degranulation in adult male mice. Brain Behav Immun 4, 74–81.
De Vries, G. J., Buijs, R. M., Van Leeuwen, F. W., Caffe, A. R. & Swaab, D. F. (1985). The vasopressinergic innervation of the brain in normal and castrated rats. J Comp Neurol 233, 236–254.
De Vries, G. J. & Villalba, C. (1997). Brain sexual dimorphism and sex differences in parental and other social behaviors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 807, 273–286.
De Vries, G. J., Wang, Z., Bullock, N. A. & Numan, S. (1994). Sex differences in the effects of testosterone and its metabolites on vasopressin messenger RNA levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of rats. J Neurosci 14, 1789–1794.
Delville, Y., Mansour, K. M. & Ferris, C. F. (1996). Serotonin blocks vasopressin-facilitated offensive aggression: interactions within the ventrolateral hypothalamus of golden hamsters. Physiol Behav 59, 813–816.
Delville, Y., Melloni, R. H., Jr. & Ferris, C. F. (1998). Behavioral and neurobiological consequences of social subjugation during puberty in golden hamsters. J Neurosci 18, 2667–2672.
DeMar, J. C., Ma, K., Bell, J. M., Igarashi, M., Greenstein, D. & Rapoport, S. I. (2006). One generation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation increases depression and aggression test scores in rats. J Lipid Res 47, 172–180.
Demas, G. E., Eliasson, M. J., Dawson, T. M., Dawson, V. L., Kriegsfeld, L. J., Nelson, R. J. & Snyder, S. H. (1997). Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase increases aggressive behavior in mice. Mol Med 3, 610–616.
Demas, G. E., Kriegsfeld, L. J., Blackshaw, S., Huang, P., Gammie, S. C., Nelson, R. J. & Snyder, S. H. (1999). Elimination of aggressive behavior in male mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Neurosci 19:RC30.
Denenberg, V. H., Hudgens, G. A. & Zarrow, M. X. (1964). Mice reared with rats: Modification of behavior by early experience with another species. Science 143, 380–381.
Denenberg, V. H., Schell, S. F., Karas, G. G. & Haltmeyer, G. C. (1966). Comparison of background stimulation and handling as forms of infantile stimulation. Psychol Rep 19, 943–948.
Dennis, R. L. & Cheng, H. W. (2011). The dopaminergic system and aggression in laying hens. Poult Sci 90, 2440–2448.
Devlin, A. M., Brain, U., Austin, J. & Oberlander, T. F. (2010). Prenatal exposure to maternal depressed mood and the MTHFR C677T variant affect SLC6A4 methylation in infants at birth. PLoS ONE 5, e12201.
Diamond, J., Coughlin, M., Macintyre, L., Holmes, M. & Visheau, B. (1987). Evidence that endogenous beta nerve growth factor is responsible for the collateral sprouting, but not the regeneration, of nociceptive axons in adult rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84, 6596–6600.
Diederich, N. J., Moore, C. G., Leurgans, S. E., Chmura, T. A. & Goetz, C. G. (2003). Parkinson disease with old-age onset: a comparative study with subjects with middle-age onset. Arch Neurol 60, 529–533.
Dierick, H. A. & Greenspan, R. J. (2006). Molecular analysis of flies selected for aggressive behavior. Nat Genet 38, 1023–1031.
DiMascio, A. (1973). The effects of benzodiazepines on aggression: reduced or increased? Psychopharmacologia 30, 95–102.
Donaldson, Z. R. & Young, L. J. (2008). Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality. Science 322, 900–904.
Dong, Q., Salva, A., Sottas, C. M., Niu, E., Holmes, M. & Hardy, M. P. (2004). Rapid glucocorticoid mediation of suppressed testosterone biosynthesis in male mice subjected to immobilization stress. J Androl 25, 973–981.
Dougherty, D. D., Shin, L. M., Alpert, N. M., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Lasko, M., Macklin, M. L., Fischman, A. J. & Rauch, S. L. (1999). Anger in healthy men: a PET study using script-driven imagery. Biol Psychiatry 46, 466–472.
Ehret, M., Cash, C. D., Hamon, M. & Maitre, M. (1989). Formal demonstration of the phosphorylation of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. J Neurochem 52, 1886–1891.
Elman, I., Goldstein, D. S., Adler, C. M., Shoaf, S. E. & Breier, A. (2001). Inverse relationship between plasma epinephrine and testosterone levels during acute glucoprivation in healthy men. Life Sci 68, 1889–1898.
Engelmann, M., Landgraf, R. & Wotjak, C. T. (2004). The hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis under stress: an old concept revisited. Front Neuroendocrinol 25, 132–149.
Ferguson, J. N., Aldag, J. M., Insel, T. R. & Young, L. J. (2001). Oxytocin in the medial amygdala is essential for social recognition in the mouse. J Neurosci 21, 8278–8285.
Ferrari, P. F., van Erp, A. M., Tornatzky, W. & Miczek, K. A. (2003). Accumbal dopamine and serotonin in anticipation of the next aggressive episode in rats. Eur J Neurosci 17, 371–378.
Ferris, C. F. (2000). Adolescent stress and neural plasticity in hamsters: a vasopressin-serotonin model of inappropriate aggressive behaviour. Exp Physiol 85, 85S–90S.
Ferris, C. F. & Potegal, M. (1988). Vasopressin receptor blockade in the anterior hypothalamus suppresses aggression in hamsters. Physiol Behav 44, 235–239.
Ferris, C. F., Stolberg, T. & Delville, Y. (1999). Serotonin regulation of aggressive behavior in male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Behav Neurosci 113, 804–815.
Fiore, M., Amendola, T., Triaca, V., Tirassa, P., Alleva, E. & Aloe, L. (2003). Agonistic encounters in aged male mouse potentiate the expression of endogenous brain NGF and BDNF: possible implication for brain progenitor cells’ activation. Eur J Neurosci 17, 1455–1464.
Fish, E. W., Faccidomo, S. & Miczek, K. A. (1999). Aggression heightened by alcohol or social instigation in mice: reduction by the 5-HT(1B) receptor agonist CP-94,253. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 146, 391–399.
Fitzgerald, P. (1999). Long-acting antipsychotic medication, restraint and treatment in the management of acute psychosis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 33, 660–666.
Florvall, L., Ask, A. L., Ogren, S. O. & Ross, S. B. (1978). Selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors. 1. Compounds related to 4-aminophenethylamine. J Med Chem 21, 56–63.
Foley, D. L., Pickles, A., Maes, H. M., Silberg, J. L. & Eaves, L. J. (2004). Course and short-term outcomes of separation anxiety disorder in a community sample of twins. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43, 1107–1114.
Fone, K. C. & Porkess, M. V. (2008). Behavioural and neurochemical effects of post-weaning social isolation in rodents-relevance to developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32, 1087–1102.
Fraga, M. F., Agrelo, R. & Esteller, M. (2007). Cross-talk between aging and cancer: the epigenetic language. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1100, 60–74.
Friedel, R. O. (2004). Dopamine dysfunction in borderline personality disorder: a hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 1029–1039.
Friso, S., Choi, S. W., Girelli, D., Mason, J. B., Dolnikowski, G. G., Bagley, P. J., Olivieri, O., Jacques, P. F., Rosenberg, I. H., Corrocher, R. & Selhub, J. (2002). A common mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene affects genomic DNA methylation through an interaction with folate status. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, 5606–5611.
Frosst, P., Blom, H. J., Milos, R., Goyette, P., Sheppard, C. A., Matthews, R. G., Boers, G. J., den Heijer, M., Kluijtmans, L. A., van den Heuvel, L. P. &. (1995). A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat Genet 10, 111–113.
Fuchs, S. A., Edinger, H. M. & Siegel, A. (1985a). The organization of the hypothalamic pathways mediating affective defense behavior in the cat. Brain Res 330, 77–92.
Fuchs, S. A., Edinger, H. M. & Siegel, A. (1985b). The role of the anterior hypothalamus in affective defense behavior elicited from the ventromedial hypothalamus of the cat. Brain Res 330, 93–107.
Fuke, C., Shimabukuro, M., Petronis, A., Sugimoto, J., Oda, T., Miura, K., Miyazaki, T., Ogura, C., Okazaki, Y. & Jinno, Y. (2004). Age related changes in 5-methylcytosine content in human peripheral leukocytes and placentas: an HPLC-based study. Ann Hum Genet 68, 196–204.
Fuller, J. L. & Hahn, M. E. (1976). Issues in the genetics of social behavior. Behav Genet 6, 391–406.
Gao, B., Fritschy, J. M., Benke, D. & Mohler, H. (1993). Neuron-specific expression of GABAA-receptor subtypes: differential association of the alpha 1- and alpha 3-subunits with serotonergic and GABAergic neurons. Neuroscience 54, 881–892.
Giammanco, M., Tabacchi, G., Giammanco, S., Di Majo, D. & La Guardia, M. (2005). Testosterone and aggressiveness. Med Sci Monit 11, RA136–RA145.
Giegling, I., Rujescu, D., Mandelli, L., Schneider, B., Hartmann, A. M., Schnabel, A., Maurer, K., De Ronchi, D., Moller, H. J. & Serretti, A. (2007). Tachykinin receptor 1 variants associated with aggression in suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144B, 757–761.
Glazer, W. M. & Dickson, R. A. (1998). Clozapine reduces violence and persistent aggression in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 59 Suppl 3, 8–14.
Gobrogge, K. L., Liu, Y., Young, L. J. & Wang, Z. (2009). Anterior hypothalamic vasopressin regulates pair-bonding and drug-induced aggression in a monogamous rodent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106, 19144–19149.
Gogos, J. A., Morgan, M., Luine, V., Santha, M., Ogawa, S., Pfaff, D. & Karayiorgou, M. (1998). Catechol-O-methyltransferase-deficient mice exhibit sexually dimorphic changes in catecholamine levels and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, 9991–9996.
Goridis, C. & Brunet, J. F. (1992). NCAM: structural diversity, function and regulation of expression. Semin Cell Biol 3, 189–197.
Gorman, J. M., Kent, J. M., Sullivan, G. M. & Coplan, J. D. (2000). Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. Am J Psychiatry 157, 493–505.
Gozes, Y., Moskowitz, M. A., Strom, T. B. & Gozes, I. (1982). Conditioned media from activated lymphocytes maintain sympathetic neurons in culture. Brain Res 282, 93–97.
Graff, J. & Mansuy, I. M. (2009). Epigenetic dysregulation in cognitive disorders. Eur J Neurosci 30, 1–8.
Grafman, J., Schwab, K., Warden, D., Pridgen, A., Brown, H. R. & Salazar, A. M. (1996). Frontal lobe injuries, violence, and aggression: a report of the Vietnam Head Injury Study. Neurology 46, 1231–1238.
Greenberg, B. D., Tolliver, T. J., Huang, S. J., Li, Q., Bengel, D. & Murphy, D. L. (1999). Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter region affects serotonin uptake in human blood platelets. Am J Med Genet 88, 83–87.
Gregg, T. R. & Siegel, A. (2001). Brain structures and neurotransmitters regulating aggression in cats: implications for human aggression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 25, 91–140.
Gregg, T. R. & Siegel, A. (2003). Differential effects of NK1 receptors in the midbrain periaqueductal gray upon defensive rage and predatory attack in the cat. Brain Res 994, 55–66.
Griffing, B. (1976). Selection in reference to biological groups. VI. Use of extreme forms of nonrandom groups to increase selection efficiency. Genetics 82, 723–731.
Grunstein, M. (1997). Histone acetylation in chromatin structure and transcription. Nature 389, 349–352.
Gualtieri, C. T. & Schroeder, S. R. (1990). Pharmacotherapy for self-injurious behavior: preliminary tests of the D1 hypothesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14, S81–S107.
Guillot, P. V. & Chapouthier, G. (1998). Intermale aggression, GAD activity in the olfactory bulbs and Y chromosome effect in seven inbred mouse strains. Behav Brain Res 90, 203–206.
Hahn, M. E. & Schanz, N. (1996). Issues in the genetics of social behavior: revisited. Behav Genet 26, 463–470.
Hake, S. B. & Allis, C. D. (2006). Histone H3 variants and their potential role in indexing mammalian genomes: the “H3 barcode hypothesis”. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 6428–6435.
Halasz, J., Liposits, Z., Kruk, M. R. & Haller, J. (2002). Neural background of glucocorticoid dysfunction-induced abnormal aggression in rats: involvement of fear- and stress-related structures. Eur J Neurosci 15, 561–569.
Halasz, J., Toth, M., Kallo, I., Liposits, Z. & Haller, J. (2006). The activation of prefrontal cortical neurons in aggression--a double labeling study. Behav Brain Res 175, 166–175.
Halasz, J., Toth, M., Mikics, E., Hrabovszky, E., Barsy, B., Barsvari, B. & Haller, J. (2008). The effect of neurokinin1 receptor blockade on territorial aggression and in a model of violent aggression. Biol Psychiatry 63, 271–278.
Halasz, J., Zelena, D., Toth, M., Tulogdi, A., Mikics, E. & Haller, J. (2009). Substance P neurotransmission and violent aggression: the role of tachykinin NK(1) receptors in the hypothalamic attack area. Eur J Pharmacol 611, 35–43.
Haller, J., Halasz, J., Mikics, E. & Kruk, M. R. (2004). Chronic glucocorticoid deficiency-induced abnormal aggression, autonomic hypoarousal, and social deficit in rats. J Neuroendocrinol 16, 550–557.
Haller, J. & Kruk, M. R. (2006). Normal and abnormal aggression: human disorders and novel laboratory models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30, 292–303.
Haller, J., Makara, G. B. & Kruk, M. R. (1998). Catecholaminergic involvement in the control of aggression: hormones, the peripheral sympathetic, and central noradrenergic systems. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 22, 85–97.
Haller, J., Mikics, E., Halasz, J. & Toth, M. (2005a). Mechanisms differentiating normal from abnormal aggression: glucocorticoids and serotonin. Eur J Pharmacol 526, 89–100.
Haller, J., Toth, M. & Halasz, J. (2005b). The activation of raphe serotonergic neurons in normal and hypoarousal-driven aggression: a double labeling study in rats. Behav Brain Res 161, 88–94.
Haller, J., Toth, M., Halasz, J. & de Boer, S. F. (2006). Patterns of violent aggression-induced brain c-fos expression in male mice selected for aggressiveness. Physiol Behav 88, 173–182.
Haller, J., van de Schraaf J. & Kruk, M. R. (2001). Deviant forms of aggression in glucocorticoid hyporeactive rats: a model for ‘pathological’ aggression? J Neuroendocrinol 13, 102–107.
Hammock, E. A. & Young, L. J. (2005). Microsatellite instability generates diversity in brain and sociobehavioral traits. Science 308, 1630–1634.
Handa, R. J., Kerr, J. E., DonCarlos, L. L., McGivern, R. F. & Hejna, G. (1996). Hormonal regulation of androgen receptor messenger RNA in the medial preoptic area of the male rat. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 39, 57–67.
Haney, M., Noda, K., Kream, R. & Miczek, K. A. (1990). Regional serotonin and dopamine activity: Sensitivity to amphetamine and aggressive behavior in mice. Aggress Behav 16, 259–270.
Harandi, M., Aguera, M., Gamrani, H., Didier, M., Maitre, M., Calas, A. & Belin, M. F. (1987). gamma-Aminobutyric acid and 5-hydroxytryptamine interrelationship in the rat nucleus raphe dorsalis: combination of radioautographic and immunocytochemical techniques at light and electron microscopy levels. Neuroscience 21, 237–251.
Harbuz, M. S. & Lightman, S. L. (1989). Responses of hypothalamic and pituitary mRNA to physical and psychological stress in the rat. J Endocrinol 122, 705–711.
Hardy, M. P., Gao, H. B., Dong, Q., Ge, R., Wang, Q., Chai, W. R., Feng, X. & Sottas, C. (2005). Stress hormone and male reproductive function. Cell Tissue Res 322, 147–153.
Hardy, M. P., Sottas, C. M., Ge, R., McKittrick, C. R., Tamashiro, K. L., McEwen, B. S., Haider, S. G., Markham, C. M., Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C. & Sakai, R. R. (2002). Trends of reproductive hormones in male rats during psychosocial stress: role of glucocorticoid metabolism in behavioral dominance. Biol Reprod 67, 1750–1755.
Harlow, H. F., Dodsworth, R. O. & Harlow, M. K. (1965). Total social isolation in monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 54, 90–97.
Harlow, H. F., Harlow, M. K. & Suomi, S. J. (1971). From thought to therapy: lessons from a primate laboratory. Am Sci 59, 538–549.
Harlow, H. F. & Suomi, S. J. (1971). Social recovery by isolation-reared monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 68, 1534–1538.
Harmon, A. C., Huhman, K. L., Moore, T. O. & Albers, H. E. (2002). Oxytocin inhibits aggression in female Syrian hamsters. J Neuroendocrinol 14, 963–969.
Harrell, L. E. & Balagura, S. (1975). Septal rage: mitigation by pre-surgical treatment with p-chlorophenylalamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 3, 157–159.
Hasselager, E., Rolinski, Z. & Randrup, A. (1972). Specific antagonism by dopamine inhibitors of items of amphetamine induced aggressive behaviour. Psychopharmacologia 24, 485–495.
Haug, M., Ouss-Schlegel, M. L., Spetz, J. F., Benton, D., Brain, P. F., Mandel, P., Ciesielski, L. & Simler, S. (1987). An attempt to correlate attack on lactating females and brain GABA levels in C57 and C3H strains and their reciprocal hybrids. 4 edn, pp. 83–94.
Heberlein, A., Muschler, M., Frieling, H., Behr, M., Eberlein, C., Wilhelm, J., Groschl, M., Kornhuber, J., Bleich, S. & Hillemacher, T. (2011). Epigenetic down regulation of nerve growth factor during alcohol withdrawal. Addict Biol. doi: 10.1111/j.1369–1600.2010.00307.x.
Heim, C. & Nemeroff, C. B. (2001). The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biol Psychiatry 49, 1023–1039.
Hendry, I. A. & Iversen, L. L. (1973). Reduction in the concentration of nerve growth factor in mice after sialectomy and castration. Nature 243, 550–554.
Henry, J. P., Stephens, P. M., Axelrod, J. & Mueller, R. A. (1971). Effect of psychosocial stimulation on the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of noradrenaline and adrenaline. Psychosom Med 33, 227–237.
Hess, C., Reif, A., Strobel, A., Boreatti-Hummer, A., Heine, M., Lesch, K. P. & Jacob, C. P. (2009). A functional dopamine-beta-hydroxylase gene promoter polymorphism is associated with impulsive personality styles, but not with affective disorders. J Neural Transm 116, 121–130.
Hilakivi-Clarke, L. (1994). Overexpression of transforming growth factor alpha in transgenic mice alters nonreproductive, sex-related behavioral differences: interaction with gonadal hormones. Behav Neurosci 108, 410–417.
Hilakivi-Clarke, L. A., Arora, P. K., Sabol, M. B., Clarke, R., Dickson, R. B. & Lippman, M. E. (1992). Alterations in behavior, steroid hormones and natural killer cell activity in male transgenic TGF alpha mice. Brain Res 588, 97–103.
Hilakivi-Clarke, L. A. & Goldberg, R. (1993). Effects of tryptophan and serotonin uptake inhibitors on behavior in male transgenic transforming growth factor alpha mice. Eur J Pharmacol 237, 101–108.
Hinde, R. A., Spencer-Booth, Y. & Bruce, M. (1966). Effects of 6-day maternal deprivation on rhesus monkey infants. Nature 210, 1021–1023.
Ho, J. M., Murray, J. H., Demas, G. E. & Goodson, J. L. (2010). Vasopressin cell groups exhibit strongly divergent responses to copulation and male-male interactions in mice. Horm Behav 58, 368–377.
Holliday, R. (1989). DNA methylation and epigenetic mechanisms. Cell Biophys 15, 15–20.
Holmes, A., Murphy, D. L. & Crawley, J. N. (2002). Reduced aggression in mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 161, 160–167.
Holschneider, D. P., Scremin, O. U., Huynh, L., Chen, K., Seif, I. & Shih, J. C. (2000). Regional cerebral cortical activation in monoamine oxidase A-deficient mice: differential effects of chronic versus acute elevations in serotonin and norepinephrine. Neuroscience 101, 869–877.
Hood, K. E. & Quigley, K. S. (2008). Exploratory behavior in mice selectively bred for developmental differences in aggressive behavior. Dev Psychobiol 50, 32–47.
Hrabovszky, E., Halasz, J., Meelis, W., Kruk, M. R., Liposits, Z. & Haller, J. (2005). Neurochemical characterization of hypothalamic neurons involved in attack behavior: glutamatergic dominance and co-expression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in a subset of glutamatergic neurons. Neuroscience 133, 657–666.
Huang, E. J. & Reichardt, L. F. (2001). Neurotrophins: roles in neuronal development and function. Annu Rev Neurosci 24, 677–736.
Hudgens, G. A., Denenberg, V. H. & Zarrow, M. X. (1968). Mice reared with rats: effects of preweaning and postweaning social interactions upon adult behaviour. Behaviour 30, 259–274.
Insel, T. R., Winslow, J. T., Wang, Z. & Young, L. J. (1998). Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neuroendocrine basis of pair bond formation. Adv Exp Med Biol 449, 215–224.
Jenuwein, T. & Allis, C. D. (2001). Translating the histone code. Science 293, 1074–1080.
Jiang, Y., Jiang, J., Xiong, J., Cao, J., Li, N., Li, G. & Wang, S. (2008). Homocysteine-induced extracellular superoxide dismutase and its epigenetic mechanisms in monocytes. J Exp Biol 211, 911–920.
Jirtle, R. L. & Skinner, M. K. (2007). Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility. Nat Rev Genet 8, 253–262.
Jonas, J. M., Coleman, B. S., Sheridan, A. Q. & Kalinske, R. W. (1992). Comparative clinical profiles of triazolam versus other shorter-acting hypnotics. J Clin Psychiatry 53 Suppl, 19–31.
Jonsson, E. G., von Gertten, C., Gustavsson, J. P., Yuan, Q. P., Lindblad-Toh, K., Forslund, K., Rylander, G., Mattila-Evenden, M., Asberg, M. & Schalling, M. (2001). Androgen receptor trinucleotide repeat polymorphism and personality traits. Psychiatr Genet 11, 19–23.
Katsouni, E., Sakkas, P., Zarros, A., Skandali, N. & Liapi, C. (2009). The involvement of substance P in the induction of aggressive behavior. Peptides 30, 1586–1591.
Kennedy, J. S., Bymaster, F. P., Schuh, L., Calligaro, D. O., Nomikos, G., Felder, C. C., Bernauer, M., Kinon, B. J., Baker, R. W., Hay, D., Roth, H. J., Dossenbach, M., Kaiser, C., Beasley, C. M., Holcombe, J. H., Effron, M. B. & Breier, A. (2001). A current review of olanzapine’s safety in the geriatric patient: from pre-clinical pharmacology to clinical data. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 16 Suppl 1, S33–S61.
Kheramin, S., Body, S., Herrera, F. M., Bradshaw, C. M., Szabadi, E., Deakin, J. F. & Anderson, I. M. (2005). The effect of orbital prefrontal cortex lesions on performance on a progressive ratio schedule: implications for models of inter-temporal choice. Behav Brain Res 156, 145–152.
Kim, J. J. & Haller, J. (2007). Glucocorticoid hyper- and hypofunction: stress effects on cognition and aggression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1113, 291–303.
Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Williams, B., Newcombe, R., Craig, I. W. & Moffitt, T. E. (2006). MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children’s mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 11, 903–913.
King, J. A. (1957). Relationships between early social experience and adult aggressive behavior in inbred mice. J Genet Psychol 90, 151–166.
King, J. A. & Gurney, N. L. (1954). Effect of early social experience on adult aggressive behavior in C57BL/10 mice. J Comp Physiol Psychol 47, 326–330.
Kishimoto, M., Fujiki, R., Takezawa, S., Sasaki, Y., Nakamura, T., Yamaoka, K., Kitagawa, H. & Kato, S. (2006). Nuclear receptor mediated gene regulation through chromatin remodeling and histone modifications. Endocr J 53, 157–172.
Kjaer, A., Knigge, U., Bach, F. W. & Warberg, J. (1993). Impaired histamine- and stress-induced secretion of ACTH and beta-endorphin in vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats. Neuroendocrinology 57, 1035–1041.
Klose, R. J. & Bird, A. P. (2006). Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators. Trends Biochem Sci 31, 89–97.
Korte, S. M., Meijer, O. C., de Kloet, E. R., Buwalda, B., Keijser, J., Sluyter, F., van Oortmerssen, G. & Bohus, B. (1996). Enhanced 5-HT1A receptor expression in forebrain regions of aggressive house mice. Brain Res 736, 338–343.
Kraemer, G. W. (1992). Attachment and psychopathology. Behav Brain Sci 15, 512–541.
Kraemer, G. W. & Clarke, A. S. (1996). Social attachment, brain function, and aggression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 794, 121–135.
Kriegsfeld, L. J., Dawson, T. M., Dawson, V. L., Nelson, R. J. & Snyder, S. H. (1997). Aggressive behavior in male mice lacking the gene for neuronal nitric oxide synthase requires testosterone. Brain Res 769, 66–70.
Krsiak, M., Sulcova, A., Tomasikova, Z., Dlohozkova, N., Kosar, E. & Masek, K. (1981). Drug effects on attack defense and escape in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 14 Suppl 1, 47–52.
Kulikova, M. A., Maluchenko, N. V., Timofeeva, M. A., Shlepzova, V. A., Schegolkova, J. V., Sysoeva, O. V., Ivanitsky, A. M. & Tonevitsky, A. G. (2008). Effect of functional catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism on physical aggression. Bull Exp Biol Med 145, 62–64.
Kurian, J. R., Olesen, K. M. & Auger, A. P. (2010). Sex differences in epigenetic regulation of the estrogen receptor-alpha promoter within the developing preoptic area. Endocrinology 151, 2297–2305.
Lado-Abeal, J., Clapper, J. A. & Norman, R. L. (2001). Antagonism of central vasopressin receptors blocks hypoglycemic stress induced inhibition of luteinizing hormone release in male rhesus macaques. J Neuroendocrinol 13, 650–655.
Lakshmanan, J. (1986). Aggressive behavior in adult male mice elevates serum nerve growth factor levels. Am J Physiol 250, E386–E392.
Lakshmanan, J. (1987). Nerve growth factor levels in mouse serum: variations due to stress. Neurochem Res 12, 393–397.
Lammers, J. H., Kruk, M. R., Meelis, W. & van der Poel, A. M. (1988). Hypothalamic substrates for brain stimulation-induced attack, teeth-chattering and social grooming in the rat. Brain Res 449, 311–327.
Lang, U. E., Gallinat, J., Kuhn, S., Jockers-Scherubl, C. & Hellweg, R. (2002). Nerve growth factor and smoking cessation. Am J Psychiatry 159, 674–675.
Lapiz, M. D., Fulford, A., Muchimapura, S., Mason, R., Parker, T. & Marsden, C. A. (2001). Influence of postweaning social isolation in the rat on brain development, conditioned behaviour and neurotransmission. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 87, 730–751.
Lema, S. C. (2006). Population divergence in plasticity of the AVT system and its association with aggressive behaviors in a Death Valley pupfish. Horm Behav 50, 183–193.
Lesch, K. P., Bengel, D., Heils, A., Sabol, S. Z., Greenberg, B. D., Petri, S., Benjamin, J., Muller, C. R., Hamer, D. H. & Murphy, D. L. (1996). Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 274, 1527–1531.
Lesch, K. P., Meyer, J., Glatz, K., Flugge, G., Hinney, A., Hebebrand, J., Klauck, S. M., Poustka, A., Poustka, F., Bengel, D., Mossner, R., Riederer, P. & Heils, A. (1997). The 5-HT transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) in evolutionary perspective: alternative biallelic variation in rhesus monkeys. Rapid communication. J Neural Transm 104, 1259–1266.
Lin, D., Boyle, M. P., Dollar, P., Lee, H., Lein, E. S., Perona, P. & Anderson, D. J. (2011). Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus. Nature 470, 221–226.
Lindholm, D., Heumann, R., Meyer, M. & Thoenen, H. (1987). Interleukin-1 regulates synthesis of nerve growth factor in non-neuronal cells of rat sciatic nerve. Nature 330, 658–659.
Linnoila, M., Virkkunen, M., Scheinin, M., Nuutila, A., Rimon, R. & Goodwin, F. K. (1983). Low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration differentiates impulsive from nonimpulsive violent behavior. Life Sci 33, 2609–2614.
Lonstein, J. S. & Stern, J. M. (1998). Site and behavioral specificity of periaqueductal gray lesions on postpartum sexual, maternal, and aggressive behaviors in rats. Brain Res 804, 21–35.
Louilot, A., Le Moal, M. & Simon, H. (1986). Differential reactivity of dopaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens in response to different behavioral situations. An in vivo voltammetric study in free moving rats. Brain Res 397, 395–400.
Lubin, F. D., Roth, T. L. & Sweatt, J. D. (2008). Epigenetic regulation of BDNF gene transcription in the consolidation of fear memory. J Neurosci 28, 10576–10586.
Luciano, D. & Lore, R. (1975). Aggression and social experience in domesticated rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 88, 917–923.
Lyons, W. E., Mamounas, L. A., Ricaurte, G. A., Coppola, V., Reid, S. W., Bora, S. H., Wihler, C., Koliatsos, V. E. & Tessarollo, L. (1999). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-deficient mice develop aggressiveness and hyperphagia in conjunction with brain serotonergic abnormalities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96, 15239–15244.
Maestripieri, D., De Simone, R., Aloe, L. & Alleva, E. (1990). Social status and nerve growth factor serum levels after agonistic encounters in mice. Physiol Behav 47, 161–164.
Manuck, S. B., Flory, J. D., Ferrell, R. E., Dent, K. M., Mann, J. J. & Muldoon, M. F. (1999). Aggression and anger-related traits associated with a polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene. Biol Psychiatry 45, 603–614.
Martin, M., Ledent, C., Parmentier, M., Maldonado, R. & Valverde, O. (2002). Involvement of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in emotional behaviour. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 159, 379–387.
Martinowich, K., Hattori, D., Wu, H., Fouse, S., He, F., Hu, Y., Fan, G. & Sun, Y. E. (2003). DNA methylation-related chromatin remodeling in activity-dependent BDNF gene regulation. Science 302, 890–893.
Masi, G. (2004). Pharmacotherapy of pervasive developmental disorders in children and adolescents. CNS Drugs 18, 1031–1052.
Mason, W. A. & Sponholz, R. R. (1963). Behavior of rhesus monkeys raised in isolation. J Psychiatr Res 81, 299–306.
Maxson, S. C. (1999). Genetic influences on aggressive behavior. In Genetic influences on neural and behavioral functions, pp. 405–416. Edited by W. H. Berrettini, T. H. Joh, D. W. Pfaff & S. C. Maxson. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
McCarthy, M. M., Auger, A. P., Bale, T. L., De Vries, G. J., Dunn, G. A., Forger, N. G., Murray, E. K., Nugent, B. M., Schwarz, J. M. & Wilson, M. E. (2009). The epigenetics of sex differences in the brain. J Neurosci 29, 12815–12823.
McCaul, K. D., Gladue, B. A. & Joppa, M. (1992). Winning, losing, mood, and testosterone. Horm Behav 26, 486–504.
McClelland, S., Korosi, A., Cope, J., Ivy, A. & Baram, T. Z. (2011). Emerging roles of epigenetic mechanisms in the enduring effects of early-life stress and experience on learning and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 96, 79–88.
McDougle, C. J., Holmes, J. P., Carlson, D. C., Pelton, G. H., Cohen, D. J. & Price, L. H. (1998). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone in adults with autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55, 633–641.
McEwen, B. S. (2003). Early life influences on life-long patterns of behavior and health. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 9, 149–154.
McKinney, W. T. (1974). Primate social isolation. Psychiatric implications. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31, 422–426.
Meaney, M. J. (2001). Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annu Rev Neurosci 24, 1161–1192.
Meaney, M. J. (2007). Environmental programming of phenotypic diversity in female reproductive strategies. Adv Genet 59, 173–215.
Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene x environment interactions. Child Dev 81, 41–79.
Meaney, M. J. & Stewart, J. (1979). Environmental factors influencing the affiliative behavior of male and female rats (Rattus norvegicus). Anim Learn Behav 7, 397–405.
Meaney, M. J. & Szyf, M. (2005). Maternal care as a model for experience-dependent chromatin plasticity? Trends Neurosci 28, 456–463.
Mejia, J. M., Ervin, F. R., Baker, G. B. & Palmour, R. M. (2002). Monoamine oxidase inhibition during brain development induces pathological aggressive behavior in mice. Biol Psychiatry 52, 811–821.
Meloy, J. R. (2006). Empirical basis and forensic application of affective and predatory violence. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 40, 539–547.
Mendel, G. (1866). Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn IV, 3–47.
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Buckholtz, J. W., Kolachana, B., Hariri, R., Pezawas, L., Blasi, G., Wabnitz, A., Honea, R., Verchinski, B., Callicott, J. H., Egan, M., Mattay, V. & Weinberger, D. R. (2006). Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 6269–6274.
Miczek, K. A. (1974). Intraspecies aggression in rats: effects of d-amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide. Psychopharmacologia 39, 275–301.
Miczek, K. A., de Almeida, R. M., Kravitz, E. A., Rissman, E. F., de Boer, S. F. & Raine, A. (2007). Neurobiology of escalated aggression and violence. J Neurosci 27, 11803–11806.
Miczek, K. A., Faccidomo, S., de Almeida, R. M., Bannai, M., Fish, E. W. & Debold, J. F. (2004). Escalated aggressive behavior: new pharmacotherapeutic approaches and opportunities. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1036, 336–355.
Miczek, K. A. & Fish, E. W. (2005). Monoamines, GABA, Glutamate and Aggression. In Biology of Aggression, pp. 114–149. Edited by R. J. Nelson. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Miczek, K. A., Fish, E. W., De Bold, J. F. & de Almeida, R. M. (2002). Social and neural determinants of aggressive behavior: pharmacotherapeutic targets at serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 163, 434–458.
Miczek, K. A., Hussain, S. & Faccidomo, S. (1998). Alcohol-heightened aggression in mice: attenuation by 5-HT1A receptor agonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 139, 160–168.
Mikics, E., Kruk, M. R. & Haller, J. (2004). Genomic and non-genomic effects of glucocorticoids on aggressive behavior in male rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29, 618–635.
Miller, M. A., Urban, J. H. & Dorsa, D. M. (1989a). Steroid dependency of vasopressin neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis by in situ hybridization. Endocrinology 125, 2335–2340.
Miller, M. A., Vician, L., Clifton, D. K. & Dorsa, D. M. (1989b). Sex differences in vasopressin neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis by in situ hybridization. Peptides 10, 615–619.
Molina, V., Ciesielski, L., Gobaille, S. & Mandel, P. (1986). Effects of the potentiation of the GABAergic neurotransmission in the olfactory bulbs on mouse-killing behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24, 657–664.
Moore, A. J., Brodie, D. E. & Wolf, J. B. (1997). Interacting phenotypes and the evolutionary process: I. Direct and indirect genetic effects of social interactions. Evolution 51, 1352–1362.
Morgan, D., Grant, K. A., Prioleau, O. A., Nader, S. H., Kaplan, J. R. & Nader, M. A. (2000). Predictors of social status in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after group formation. Am J Primatol 52, 115–131.
Mos, J. & van Valkenburg, C. F. (1979). Specific effect on social stress and aggression on regional dopamine metabolism in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 15, 325–327.
Murani, E., Ponsuksili, S., D’Eath, R. B., Turner, S. P., Kurt, E., Evans, G., Tholking, L., Klont, R., Foury, A., Mormede, P. & Wimmers, K. (2010). Association of HPA axis-related genetic variation with stress reactivity and aggressive behaviour in pigs. BMC Genet 11:74.
Murayama, A., Sakura, K., Nakama, M., Yasuzawa-Tanaka, K., Fujita, E., Tateishi, Y., Wang, Y., Ushijima, T., Baba, T., Shibuya, K., Shibuya, A., Kawabe, Y. & Yanagisawa, J. (2006). A specific CpG site demethylation in the human interleukin 2 gene promoter is an epigenetic memory. EMBO J 25, 1081–1092.
Murgatroyd, C., Patchev, A. V., Wu, Y., Micale, V., Bockmuhl, Y., Fischer, D., Holsboer, F., Wotjak, C. T., Almeida, O. F. & Spengler, D. (2009). Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress. Nat Neurosci 12, 1559–1566.
Murgatroyd, C. & Spengler, D. (2011). Epigenetic programming of the HPA axis: Early life decides. Stress 14, 581–589.
Murgatroyd, C., Wu, Y., Bockmuhl, Y. & Spengler, D. (2010). Genes learn from stress: How infantile trauma programs us for depression. Epigenetics 5, 194–199.
Murray, E. K., Hien, A., De Vries, G. J. & Forger, N. G. (2009). Epigenetic control of sexual differentiation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Endocrinology 150, 4241–4247.
Murray, E. K., Varnum, M. M., Fernandez, J. L., De Vries, G. J. & Forger, N. G. (2011). Effects of neonatal treatment with valproic acid on vasopressin immunoreactivity and olfactory behaviour in mice. J Neuroendocrinol 23, 906–914.
Myerscough, R. & Taylor, S. (1985). The effects of marijuana on human physical aggression. J Pers Soc Psychol 49, 1541–1546.
Natarajan, D., de Vries, H., Saaltink, D. J., de Boer, S. F. & Koolhaas, J. M. (2009). Delineation of violence from functional aggression in mice: an ethological approach. Behav Genet 39, 73–90.
Nelson, R. J. & Chiavegatto, S. (2001). Molecular basis of aggression. Trends Neurosci 24, 713–719.
Nelson, R. J., Demas, G. E., Huang, P. L., Fishman, M. C., Dawson, V. L., Dawson, T. M. & Snyder, S. H. (1995). Behavioural abnormalities in male mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Nature 378, 383–386.
Nelson, R. J., Kriegsfeld, L. J., Dawson, V. L. & Dawson, T. M. (1997). Effects of nitric oxide on neuroendocrine function and behavior. Front Neuroendocrinol 18, 463–491.
Neumann, I. D., Veenema, A. H. & Beiderbeck, D. I. (2010). Aggression and anxiety: social context and neurobiological links. Front Behav Neurosci 4:12.
Newman, S. W. (1999). The medial extended amygdala in male reproductive behavior. A node in the mammalian social behavior network. Ann N Y Acad Sci 877, 242–257.
NIH (2004). NIH State-of-the-Science Conference Statement on preventing violence and related health-risking social behaviors in adolescents. NIH Consens State Sci Statements 21, 1–34.
Noguchi, S., Inukai, T., Kuno, T. & Tanaka, C. (1992). The suppression of olfactory bulbectomy-induced muricide by antidepressants and antihistamines via histamine H1 receptor blocking. Physiol Behav 51, 1123–1127.
Oehler, J., Jahkel, M. & Schmidt, J. (1985). The influence of chronic treatment with psychotropic drugs on behavioral changes by social isolation. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 37, 841–849.
Ogawa, S., Chan, J., Chester, A. E., Gustafsson, J. A., Korach, K. S. & Pfaff, D. W. (1999). Survival of reproductive behaviors in estrogen receptor beta gene-deficient (betaERKO) male and female mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96, 12887–12892.
Ogawa, S., Chester, A. E., Hewitt, S. C., Walker, V. R., Gustafsson, J. A., Smithies, O., Korach, K. S. & Pfaff, D. W. (2000). Abolition of male sexual behaviors in mice lacking estrogen receptors alpha and beta (alpha beta ERKO). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97, 14737–14741.
Ogawa, S., Eng, V., Taylor, J., Lubahn, D. B., Korach, K. S. & Pfaff, D. W. (1998). Roles of estrogen receptor-alpha gene expression in reproduction-related behaviors in female mice. Endocrinology 139, 5070–5081.
Ogawa, S., Lubahn, D. B., Korach, K. S. & Pfaff, D. W. (1997). Behavioral effects of estrogen receptor gene disruption in male mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94, 1476–1481.
Olivier, B., Mos, J., van Oorschot, R. & Hen, R. (1995). Serotonin receptors and animal models of aggressive behavior. Pharmacopsychiatry 28 Suppl 2, 80–90.
Olsen, K. L. (1983). Genetic determinants of sexual differentiation. In Hormones and Behavior in Higher Vertebrates, pp. 138–158. Edited by J. Balthazart, E. Prove & R. Gilles. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
Otten, U., Baumann, J. B. & Girard, J. (1984). Nerve growth factor induces plasma extravasation in rat skin. Eur J Pharmacol 106, 199–201.
Oyegbile, T. O. & Marler, C. A. (2005). Winning fights elevates testosterone levels in California mice and enhances future ability to win fights. Horm Behav 48, 259–267.
Panksepp, J., Siviy, S. & Normansell, L. (1984). The psychobiology of play: theoretical and methodological perspectives. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 8, 465–492.
Park, S. W., He, Y., Ha, S. G., Loh, H. H. & Wei, L. N. (2008). Epigenetic regulation of kappa opioid receptor gene in neuronal differentiation. Neuroscience 151, 1034–1041.
Parker, K. J. & Lee, T. M. (2001). Central vasopressin administration regulates the onset of facultative paternal behavior in microtus pennsylvanicus (meadow voles). Horm Behav 39, 285–294.
Partecke, J. & Schwabl, H. (2008). Organizational effects of maternal testosterone on reproductive behavior of adult house sparrows. Dev Neurobiol 68, 1538–1548.
Pavlov, K. A., Chistiakov, D. A. & Chekhonin, V. P. (2012). Genetic determinants of aggression and impulsivity in humans. J Appl Genet 53, 61–82.
Pedersen, C. A., Ascher, J. A., Monroe, Y. L. & Prange, A. J. (1982). Oxytocin induces maternal behavior in virgin female rats. Science 216, 648–650.
Pedersen, C. A. & Prange, A. J. (1979). Induction of maternal behavior in virgin rats after intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76, 6661–6665.
Pellis, S. M. & Pellis V.C. (1987). Play-fighting differs from serious fighting in both target of attack and tactics of fighting in the laboratory rat Rattus norvegicus. Aggress Behav 13, 227–242.
Philibert, R., Madan, A., Andersen, A., Cadoret, R., Packer, H. & Sandhu, H. (2007). Serotonin transporter mRNA levels are associated with the methylation of an upstream CpG island. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144B, 101–105.
Pies, R. W. & Popli, A. P. (1995). Self-injurious behavior: pathophysiology and implications for treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 56, 580–588.
Pinzone, J. J., Stevenson, H., Strobl, J. S. & Berg, P. E. (2004). Molecular and cellular determinants of estrogen receptor alpha expression. Mol Cell Biol 24, 4605–4612.
Potegal, M. (1992). Time course of aggressive arousal in female hamsters and male rats. Behav Neural Biol 58, 120–124.
Puech, A. J., Simon, P., Chermat, R. & Boissier, J. R. (1974). Profil neuropsychopharmacologique de l’apomorphine. J Pharmacol (Paris) 2, 241–254.
Puglisi-Allegra, S. & Cabib, S. (1990). Effects of defeat experiences on dopamine metabolism in different brain areas of the mouse. Aggress Behav 16, 271–284.
Puglisi-Allegra, S., Mack, G., Oliverio, A. & Mandel, P. (1979). Effects of apomorphine and sodium di-n-propylacetate on the aggressive behaviour of three strains of mice. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol 3, 491–502.
Puglisi-Allegra, S. & Mandel, P. (1980). Effects of sodium n-dipropylacetate, muscimol hydrobromide and (R,S) nipecotic acid amide on isolation-induced aggressive behavior in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 70, 287–290.
Raine, A., Buchsbaum, M. & LaCasse, L. (1997). Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biol Psychiatry 42, 495–508.
Rajender, S., Pandu, G., Sharma, J. D., Gandhi, K. P., Singh, L. & Thangaraj, K. (2008). Reduced CAG repeats length in androgen receptor gene is associated with violent criminal behavior. Int J Legal Med 122, 367–372.
Ramamurthi, B. (1988). Stereotactic operation in behaviour disorders. Amygdalotomy and hypothalamotomy. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 44, 152–157.
Ramboz, S., Saudou, F., Amara, D. A., Belzung, C., Segu, L., Misslin, R., Buhot, M. C. & Hen, R. (1996). 5-HT1B receptor knock out--behavioral consequences. Behav Brain Res 73, 305–312.
Rasia-Filho, A. A., Londero, R. G. & Achaval, M. (2000). Functional activities of the amygdala: an overview. J Psychiatry Neurosci 25, 14–23.
Ray, A., Sharma, K. K., Alkondon, M. & Sen, P. (1983). Possible interrelationship between the biogenic amines involved in the modulation of footshock aggression in rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 265, 36–41.
Razin, A. (1998). CpG methylation, chromatin structure and gene silencing-a three-way connection. EMBO J 17, 4905–4908.
Razin, A. & Cedar, H. (1993). DNA methylation and embryogenesis. EXS 64, 343–357.
Razin, A. & Riggs, A. D. (1980). DNA methylation and gene function. Science 210, 604–610.
Razzoli, M., Roncari, E., Guidi, A., Carboni, L., Arban, R., Gerrard, P. & Bacchi, F. (2006). Conditioning properties of social subordination in rats: behavioral and biochemical correlates of anxiety. Horm Behav 50, 245–251.
Reif, A., Rosler, M., Freitag, C. M., Schneider, M., Eujen, A., Kissling, C., Wenzler, D., Jacob, C. P., Retz-Junginger, P., Thome, J., Lesch, K. P. & Retz, W. (2007). Nature and nurture predispose to violent behavior: serotonergic genes and adverse childhood environment. Neuropsychopharmacology 32, 2375–2383.
Reiss, A. J. & Roth, J. A. (1993). Understanding and preventing violence. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Renthal, W., Maze, I., Krishnan, V., Covington, H. E., Xiao, G., Kumar, A., Russo, S. J., Graham, A., Tsankova, N., Kippin, T. E., Kerstetter, K. A., Neve, R. L., Haggarty, S. J., McKinsey, T. A., Bassel-Duby, R., Olson, E. N. & Nestler, E. J. (2007). Histone deacetylase 5 epigenetically controls behavioral adaptations to chronic emotional stimuli. Neuron 56, 517–529.
Renthal, W. & Nestler, E. J. (2008). Epigenetic mechanisms in drug addiction. Trends Mol Med 14, 341–350.
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E. & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychol Bull 128, 330–366.
Retz, W. & Rosler, M. (2009). The relation of ADHD and violent aggression: What can we learn from epidemiological and genetic studies? Int J Law Psychiatry 32, 235–243.
Rhee, S. H. & Waldman, I. D. (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychol Bull 128, 490–529.
Robinson, G. E., Fernald, R. D. & Clayton, D. F. (2008). Genes and social behavior. Science 322, 896–900.
Rodenhiser, D. & Mann, M. (2006). Epigenetics and human disease: translating basic biology into clinical applications. CMAJ 174, 341–348.
Rodgers, R. J. & Depaulis, A. (1982). GABAergic influences on defensive fighting in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 17, 451–456.
Roth, T. L., Lubin, F. D., Funk, A. J. & Sweatt, J. D. (2009). Lasting epigenetic influence of early-life adversity on the BDNF gene. Biol Psychiatry 65, 760–769.
Rudebeck, P. H., Walton, M. E., Millette, B. H., Shirley, E., Rushworth, M. F. & Bannerman, D. M. (2007). Distinct contributions of frontal areas to emotion and social behaviour in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 26, 2315–2326.
Sanders, A. R., Duan, J. & Gejman, P. V. (2002). DNA variation and psychopharmacology of the human serotonin receptor 1B (HTR1B) gene. Pharmacogenomics 3, 745–762.
Sano, K. & Mayanagi, Y. (1988). Posteromedial hypothalamotomy in the treatment of violent, aggressive behaviour. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 44, 145–151.
Santarelli, L., Gobbi, G., Debs, P. C., Sibille, E. T., Blier, P., Hen, R. & Heath, M. J. (2001). Genetic and pharmacological disruption of neurokinin 1 receptor function decreases anxiety-related behaviors and increases serotonergic function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 1912–1917.
Sapolsky, R. M. (2005). The influence of social hierarchy on primate health. Science 308, 648–652.
Saudou, F., Amara, D. A., Dierich, A., LeMeur, M., Ramboz, S., Segu, L., Buhot, M. C. & Hen, R. (1994). Enhanced aggressive behavior in mice lacking 5-HT1B receptor. Science 265, 1875–1878.
Sawchenko, P. E. & Swanson, L. W. (1983). The organization and biochemical specificity of afferent projections to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Prog Brain Res 60, 19–29.
Scarpa, A. & Raine, A. (1997). Psychophysiology of anger and violent behavior. Psychiatr Clin North Am 20, 375–394.
Scholey, A. B., Rose, S. P., Zamani, M. R., Bock, E. & Schachner, M. (1993). A role for the neural cell adhesion molecule in a late, consolidating phase of glycoprotein synthesis six hours following passive avoidance training of the young chick. Neuroscience 55, 499–509.
Schultheiss, O. C., Wirth, M. M., Torges, C. M., Pang, J. S., Villacorta, M. A. & Welsh, K. M. (2005). Effects of implicit power motivation on men’s and women’s implicit learning and testosterone changes after social victory or defeat. J Pers Soc Psychol 88, 174–188.
Scott, J. P. (1977). Social genetics. Behav Genet 7, 327–346.
Seay, B., Alexander, B. K. & Harlow, H. F. (1964). Maternal behavior of socially deprived rhesus monkeys. J Abnorm Psychol 69, 345–354.
Seay, B. & Gottfried, N. W. (1975). A phylogenetic perspective for social behavior in primates. J Gen Psychol 92, 5–17.
Seckl, J. R. & Meaney, M. J. (1993). Early life events and later development of ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 342, 1236.
Seguin, J. R. (2004). Neurocognitive elements of antisocial behavior: Relevance of an orbitofrontal cortex account. Brain Cogn 55, 185–197.
Senault, B. (1968). Syndrome agressif induit par l’apomorphine chez le rat [Aggressive syndrome induced by apomorphine in rats]. J Physiol (Paris) 60 Suppl 2, 543–544.
Senault, B. (1971). Influence de l’isolement sur le comportement d’agressivité intraspécifique induit par l’apomorphine chez le rat [Influence of isolation on the aggressive behaviour induced by apomorphine in the rat]. Psychopharmacologia 20, 389–394.
Shaikh, M. B., Barrett, J. A. & Siegel, A. (1987). The pathways mediating affective defense and quiet biting attack behavior from the midbrain central gray of the cat: an autoradiographic study. Brain Res 437, 9–25.
Shaikh, M. B., Steinberg, A. & Siegel, A. (1993). Evidence that substance P is utilized in medial amygdaloid facilitation of defensive rage behavior in the cat. Brain Res 625, 283–294.
Shih, J. C., Chen, K. & Ridd, M. J. (1999). Monoamine oxidase: from genes to behavior. Annu Rev Neurosci 22, 197–217.
Siever, L. J., Buchsbaum, M. S., New, A. S., Spiegel-Cohen, J., Wei, T., Hazlett, E. A., Sevin, E., Nunn, M. & Mitropoulou, V. (1999). d,l-fenfluramine response in impulsive personality disorder assessed with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, 413–423.
Simon, N. G., Cologer-Clifford, A., Lu, S. F., McKenna, S. E. & Hu, S. (1998). Testosterone and its metabolites modulate 5HT1A and 5HT1B agonist effects on intermale aggression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23, 325–336.
Sneddon, L. U., Schmidt, R., Fang, Y. & Cossins, A. R. (2011). Molecular correlates of social dominance: a novel role for ependymin in aggression. PLoS ONE 6, e18181.
Sohn, K. J., Jang, H., Campan, M., Weisenberger, D. J., Dickhout, J., Wang, Y. C., Cho, R. C., Yates, Z., Lucock, M., Chiang, E. P., Austin, R. C., Choi, S. W., Laird, P. W. & Kim, Y. I. (2009). The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutation induces cell-specific changes in genomic DNA methylation and uracil misincorporation: a possible molecular basis for the site-specific cancer risk modification. Int J Cancer 124, 1999–2005.
Spencer, T. E., Jenster, G., Burcin, M. M., Allis, C. D., Zhou, J., Mizzen, C. A., McKenna, N. J., Onate, S. A., Tsai, S. Y., Tsai, M. J. & O’Malley, B. W. (1997). Steroid receptor coactivator-1 is a histone acetyltransferase. Nature 389, 194–198.
Spinella, M. (2004). Neurobehavioral correlates of impulsivity: evidence of prefrontal involvement. Int J Neurosci 114, 95–104.
Stephani, U., Sutter, A. & Zimmermann, A. (1987). Nerve growth factor (NGF) in serum: evaluation of serum NGF levels with a sensitive bioassay employing embryonic sensory neurons. J Neurosci Res 17, 25–35.
Stevens, A., Begum, G. & White, A. (2011). Epigenetic changes in the hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin gene: a mechanism linking maternal undernutrition to obesity in the offspring? Eur J Pharmacol 660, 194–201.
Stork, O., Welzl, H., Wolfer, D., Schuster, T., Mantei, N., Stork, S., Hoyer, D., Lipp, H., Obata, K. & Schachner, M. (2000). Recovery of emotional behaviour in neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) null mutant mice through transgenic expression of NCAM180. Eur J Neurosci 12, 3291–3306.
Stork, O., Welzl, H., Wotjak, C. T., Hoyer, D., Delling, M., Cremer, H. & Schachner, M. (1999). Anxiety and increased 5-HT1A receptor response in NCAM null mutant mice. J Neurobiol 40, 343–355.
Stribley, J. M. & Carter, C. S. (1999). Developmental exposure to vasopressin increases aggression in adult prairie voles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96, 12601–12604.
Sulcova, A., Krsiak, M. & Masek, K. (1981). Effects of calcium valproate and aminooxyacetic acid on agonistic behaviour in mice. Act Nerv Super (Praha) 23, 287–289.
Suomi, S. J. (1997). Early determinants of behaviour: evidence from primate studies. Br Med Bull 53, 170–184.
Suomi, S. J. & Ripp, C. (1983). A history of motherless mother monkeys mothering at the University of Wisconsin Primate Laboratory. In Child Abuse: The Nonhuman Primate Data, pp. 49–78. Edited by M. Reite & M. G. Caine. New York: Alan R Liss.
Swanson, L. W. & Sawchenko, P. E. (1983). Hypothalamic integration: organization of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Annu Rev Neurosci 6, 269–324.
Sweatt, J. D. (2009). Experience-dependent epigenetic modifications in the central nervous system. Biol Psychiatry 65, 191–197.
Sweidan, S., Edinger, H. & Siegel, A. (1991). D2 dopamine receptor-mediated mechanisms in the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamus regulate effective defense behavior in the cat. Brain Res 549, 127–137.
Takahashi, A., Kwa, C., Debold, J. F. & Miczek, K. A. (2010). GABA(A) receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus of mice: escalation of aggression after alcohol consumption. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 211, 467–477.
Takahashi, A., Quadros, I. M., de Almeida, R. M. & Miczek, K. A. (2011). Brain serotonin receptors and transporters: initiation vs. termination of escalated aggression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 213, 183–212.
Tidey, J. W. & Miczek, K. A. (1996). Social defeat stress selectively alters mesocorticolimbic dopamine release: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res 721, 140–149.
Toth, M., Fuzesi, T., Halasz, J., Tulogdi, A. & Haller, J. (2010). Neural inputs of the hypothalamic “aggression area” in the rat. Behav Brain Res 215, 7–20.
Toth, M., Halasz, J., Mikics, E., Barsy, B. & Haller, J. (2008). Early social deprivation induces disturbed social communication and violent aggression in adulthood. Behav Neurosci 122, 849–854.
Toth, M., Mikics, E., Tulogdi, A., Aliczki, M. & Haller, J. (2011). Post-weaning social isolation induces abnormal forms of aggression in conjunction with increased glucocorticoid and autonomic stress responses. Horm Behav 60, 28–36.
Tremblay, J. & Hamet, P. (2008). Impact of genetic and epigenetic factors from early life to later disease. Metabolism 57 Suppl 2, S27–S31.
Tremblay, R. E. (2008). Understanding development and prevention of chronic physical aggression: towards experimental epigenetic studies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363, 2613–2622.
Tremolizzo, L., Doueiri, M. S., Dong, E., Grayson, D. R., Davis, J., Pinna, G., Tueting, P., Rodriguez-Menendez, V., Costa, E. & Guidotti, A. (2005). Valproate corrects the schizophrenia-like epigenetic behavioral modifications induced by methionine in mice. Biol Psychiatry 57, 500–509.
Tsankova, N., Renthal, W., Kumar, A. & Nestler, E. J. (2007). Epigenetic regulation in psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 8, 355–367.
Tulogdi, A., Toth, M., Halasz, J., Mikics, E., Fuzesi, T. & Haller, J. (2010). Brain mechanisms involved in predatory aggression are activated in a laboratory model of violent intra-specific aggression. Eur J Neurosci 32, 1744–1753.
Turner, J. D. & Muller, C. P. (2005). Structure of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) gene 5’ untranslated region: identification, and tissue distribution of multiple new human exon 1. J Mol Endocrinol 35, 283–292.
Unis, A. S., Cook, E. H., Vincent, J. G., Gjerde, D. K., Perry, B. D., Mason, C. & Mitchell, J. (1997). Platelet serotonin measures in adolescents with conduct disorder. Biol Psychiatry 42, 553–559.
Vale, A. L. & Montgomery, A. M. (1997). Social interaction: responses to chlordiazepoxide and the loss of isolation-reared effects with paired-housing. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 133, 127–132.
Valzelli, L. (1984). Reflections on experimental and human pathology of aggression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 8, 311–325.
van den Berg, C. L., Hol, T., Van Ree, J. M., Spruijt, B. M., Everts, H. & Koolhaas, J. M. (1999). Play is indispensable for an adequate development of coping with social challenges in the rat. Dev Psychobiol 34, 129–138.
van Erp, A. M. & Miczek, K. A. (2000). Aggressive behavior, increased accumbal dopamine, and decreased cortical serotonin in rats. J Neurosci 20, 9320–9325.
Van Leeuwen, F. W., Caffe, A. R. & De Vries, G. J. (1985). Vasopressin cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat: sex differences and the influence of androgens. Brain Res 325, 391–394.
Vanderschuren, L. J., Niesink, R. J. & Van Ree, J. M. (1997). The neurobiology of social play behavior in rats. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21, 309–326.
Vanyushin, B. F., Nemirovsky, L. E., Klimenko, V. V., Vasiliev, V. K. & Belozersky, A. N. (1973). The 5-methylcytosine in DNA of rats. Tissue and age specificity and the changes induced by hydrocortisone and other agents. Gerontologia 19, 138–152.
Veenema, A. H. (2009). Early life stress, the development of aggression and neuroendocrine and neurobiological correlates: what can we learn from animal models? Front Neuroendocrinol 30, 497–518.
Veenema, A. H., Beiderbeck, D. I., Lukas, M. & Neumann, I. D. (2010). Distinct correlations of vasopressin release within the lateral septum and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis with the display of intermale aggression. Horm Behav 58, 273–281.
Veenema, A. H., Blume, A., Niederle, D., Buwalda, B. & Neumann, I. D. (2006). Effects of early life stress on adult male aggression and hypothalamic vasopressin and serotonin. Eur J Neurosci 24, 1711–1720.
Veenema, A. H., Bredewold, R. & Neumann, I. D. (2007a). Opposite effects of maternal separation on intermale and maternal aggression in C57BL/6 mice: link to hypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin immunoreactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32, 437–450.
Veenema, A. H., Koolhaas, J. M. & de Kloet, E. R. (2004). Basal and stress-induced differences in HPA axis, 5-HT responsiveness, and hippocampal cell proliferation in two mouse lines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1018, 255–265.
Veenema, A. H. & Neumann, I. D. (2007). Neurobiological mechanisms of aggression and stress coping: a comparative study in mouse and rat selection lines. Brain Behav Evol 70, 274–285.
Veenema, A. H., Torner, L., Blume, A., Beiderbeck, D. I. & Neumann, I. D. (2007b). Low inborn anxiety correlates with high intermale aggression: link to ACTH response and neuronal activation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Horm Behav 51, 11–19.
Vekovischeva, O. Y., Verbitskaya, E. V., Aitta-Aho, T., Sandnabba, K. & Korpi, E. R. (2007). Multimetric statistical analysis of behavior in mice selected for high and low levels of isolation-induced male aggression. Behav Processes 75, 23–32.
Virkkunen, M., Rawlings, R., Tokola, R., Poland, R. E., Guidotti, A., Nemeroff, C., Bissette, G., Kalogeras, K., Karonen, S. L. & Linnoila, M. (1994). CSF biochemistries, glucose metabolism, and diurnal activity rhythms in alcoholic, violent offenders, fire setters, and healthy volunteers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51, 20–27.
Vitiello, B., Behar, D., Hunt, J., Stoff, D. & Ricciuti, A. (1990). Subtyping aggression in children and adolescents. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2, 189–192.
Vochteloo, J. D. & Koolhaas, J. M. (1987). Medial amygdala lesions in male rats reduce aggressive behavior: interference with experience. Physiol Behav 41, 99–102.
Volavka, J., Bilder, R. & Nolan, K. (2004). Catecholamines and aggression: the role of COMT and MAO polymorphisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1036, 393–398.
vom Saal, F. (1983). Models of early hormonal effects on intrasex aggression in mice. In Hormones and Aggressive Behavior. Edited by B. B. Svare. New York: Plenum Press.
Von Frijtag, J. C., Schot, M., van den Bos R. & Spruijt, B. M. (2002). Individual housing during the play period results in changed responses to and consequences of a psychosocial stress situation in rats. Dev Psychobiol 41, 58–69.
Waddington, C. (1942). The epigenotype. Endeavour 1, 18–20.
Wang, M., Haertel, G. & Walberg, H. (1997). Learning Influences. In Psychology and Educational Practice, pp. 199–211. Edited by H. Walberg & G. Haertel. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
Wang, Z. & De Vries, G. J. (1993). Testosterone effects on paternal behavior and vasopressin immunoreactive projections in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Brain Res 631, 156–160.
Weaver, I. C., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D’Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M. & Meaney, M. J. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci 7, 847–854.
Weiss, J. M. (1968). Effects of coping responses on stress. J Comp Physiol Psychol 65, 251–260.
Wersinger, S. R., Caldwell, H. K., Christiansen, M. & Young, W. S. (2007a). Disruption of the vasopressin 1b receptor gene impairs the attack component of aggressive behavior in mice. Genes Brain Behav 6, 653–660.
Wersinger, S. R., Caldwell, H. K., Martinez, L., Gold, P., Hu, S. B. & Young, W. S., III (2007b). Vasopressin 1a receptor knockout mice have a subtle olfactory deficit but normal aggression. Genes Brain Behav 6, 540–551.
West, M. J. & King, A. P. (1987). Settling nature and nurture into an ontogenetic niche. Dev Psychobiol 20, 549–562.
Westberry, J. M., Trout, A. L. & Wilson, M. E. (2010). Epigenetic regulation of estrogen receptor alpha gene expression in the mouse cortex during early postnatal development. Endocrinology 151, 731–740.
Widom, C. S. & Brzustowicz, L. M. (2006). MAOA and the “cycle of violence:” childhood abuse and neglect, MAOA genotype, and risk for violent and antisocial behavior. Biol Psychiatry 60, 684–689.
Wilson, A. J., Gelin, U., Perron, M. C. & Reale, D. (2009). Indirect genetic effects and the evolution of aggression in a vertebrate system. Proc Biol Sci 276, 533–541.
Wilson, J. D. (2001). Androgens, androgen receptors, and male gender role behavior. Horm Behav 40, 358–366.
Wilson, V. L., Smith, R. A., Ma, S. & Cutler, R. G. (1987). Genomic 5-methyldeoxycytidine decreases with age. J Biol Chem 262, 9948–9951.
Winslow, J. T. & Insel, T. R. (1993). Effects of central vasopressin administration to infant rats. Eur J Pharmacol 233, 101–107.
Winslow, J. T., Noble, P. L., Lyons, C. K., Sterk, S. M. & Insel, T. R. (2003). Rearing effects on cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin concentration and social buffering in rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 910–918.
Wion, D., Barrand, P., Dicou, E., Scott, J. & Brachet, P. (1985). Serum and thyroid hormones T3 and T4 regulate nerve growth factor mRNA levels in mouse L cells. FEBS Lett 189, 37–41.
Witt, D. M. (1997). Regulatory mechanisms of oxytocin-mediated sociosexual behavior. Ann N Y Acad Sci 807, 287–301.
Wolf, J. B., Brodie, E. D., Cheverud, J. M., Moore, A. J. & Wade, M. J. (1998). Evolutionary consequences of indirect genetic effects. Trends Ecol Evol 13, 64–69.
Wommack, J. C., Taravosh-Lahn, K., David, J. T. & Delville, Y. (2003). Repeated exposure to social stress alters the development of agonistic behavior in male golden hamsters. Horm Behav 43, 229–236.
Wongwitdecha, N. & Marsden, C. A. (1996). Social isolation increases aggressive behaviour and alters the effects of diazepam in the rat social interaction test. Behav Brain Res 75, 27–32.
Wysocki, C. J. (1979). Neurobehavioral evidence for the involvement of the vomeronasal system in mammalian reproduction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 3, 301–341.
Yanai, K., Son, L. Z., Endou, M., Sakurai, E., Nakagawasai, O., Tadano, T., Kisara, K., Inoue, I., Watanabe, T. & Watanabe, T. (1998). Behavioural characterization and amounts of brain monoamines and their metabolites in mice lacking histamine H1 receptors. Neuroscience 87, 479–487.
Yudofsky, S. C., Stevens, L., Silver, J., Barsa, J. & Williams, D. (1984). Propranolol in the treatment of rage and violent behavior associated with Korsakoff’s psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 141, 114–115.
Zelena, D., Domokos, A., Jain, S. K., Jankord, R. & Filaretova, L. (2009). The stimuli-specific role of vasopressin in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress. J Endocrinol 202, 263–278.
Zhang, L., Kerich, M., Schwandt, M. L., Rawlings, R. R., McKellar, J. D., Momenan, R., Hommer, D. W. & George, D. T. (2011). Smaller right amygdala in Caucasian alcohol-dependent male patients with a history of intimate partner violence: a volumetric imaging study. Addict Biol. doi: 10.1111/j.1369–1600.2011.00381.x.
Zhuang, X., Gross, C., Santarelli, L., Compan, V., Trillat, A. C. & Hen, R. (1999). Altered emotional states in knockout mice lacking 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 21, 52S–60S.
Zitzmann, M. & Nieschlag, E. (2001). Testosterone levels in healthy men and the relation to behavioural and physical characteristics: facts and constructs. Eur J Endocrinol 144, 183–197.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Klausz, B., Haller, J., Tulogdi, Á., Zelena, D. (2012). Genetic and Epigenetic Determinants of Aggression. In: Minarovits, J., Niller, H. (eds) Patho-Epigenetics of Disease. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3345-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3345-3_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3344-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3345-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)