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The Final Stages of Massive Star Evolution and Their Supernovae

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Eta Carinae and the Supernova Impostors

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 384))

Abstract

In this chapter I discuss the final stages in the evolution of massive stars – stars that are massive enough to burn nuclear fuel all the way to iron group elements in their core. The core eventually collapses to form a neutron star or a black hole when electron captures and photo-disintegration reduce the pressure support to an extent that it no longer can hold up against gravity. The late burning stages of massive stars are a rich subject by themselves, and in them many of the heavy elements in the universe are first generated. The late evolution of massive stars strongly depends on their mass, and hence can be significantly effected by mass loss due to stellar winds and episodic mass loss events – a critical ingredient that we do not know as well as we would like. If the star loses all the hydrogen envelope, a Type I supernova results, if it does not, a Type II supernova is observed. Whether the star makes neutron star or a black hole, or a neutron star at first and a black hole later, and how fast they spin largely affects the energetics and asymmetry of the observed supernova explosion. Beyond photon-based astronomy, other than the sun, a supernova (SN 1987) has been the only object in the sky we ever observed in neutrinos, and supernovae may also be the first thing we will ever see in gravitational wave detectors like LIGO. I conclude this chapter reviewing the deaths of the most massive stars and of Population III stars.

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Acknowledgements

I want to thank the editor, Roberta Humphreys, for her input, feedback, and patience with the completion of this article. Much of the scientific research on which this chapter is based has been done in collaboration with Stan Woosley, who I would like to thank for his continued support. Heger has been supported by the DOE Program for Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC; DE-SC0002300/FC02-09ER41618), and by the US Department of Energy under grant DE-FG02-87ER40328. The early work on this chapter was carried out in part under the auspices of the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy at Los Alamos National Laboratory and supported by Contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396.

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    Alexander Heger

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  1. Dept. Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Church Street SE., 116, Minneapolis, 55455, Minnesota, USA

    Kris Davidson

  2. Dept. Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Church Street SE., 116, Minneapolis, 55455, Minnesota, USA

    Roberta M. Humphreys

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Heger, A. (2012). The Final Stages of Massive Star Evolution and Their Supernovae. In: Davidson, K., Humphreys, R. (eds) Eta Carinae and the Supernova Impostors. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 384. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2275-4_13

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