Abstract
Universally recognized as a form of modern slavery, each year millions of human beings are taken from their homes to be economically exploited in distant lands. An unknown portion of these victims are children, often of quite tender age. Estimates on how many such children are to be found throughout the world are presented along with a discussion of the underlying causes of this kind of victimization. In some cases, children are trafficked as a cheap source of exploitable labor. But most often trafficked children are forced into prostitution, kept in bondage to satisfy the lust of their pedophile patrons and the greed of their “traffickers/owners.” Focus is directed to the victims as well as the victimizers involved in the worldwide trafficking business. The ways victimizers recruit and control their victims are described. All trafficked children suffer many kinds of abuse while being trafficked and during their period of forced labor. Most are scarred for life as a result. Specific attention is given to the health hazards trafficked children experience, especially those forced into prostitution. Most of these children never see their homes again, some dying as a consequence of their enslavement. National and international laws, and their un-enforcement, governing the trafficking of human beings are described. Considerable attention is given to various international and local efforts that aim at preventing the trafficking of children and helping those who have been victimized.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alexander, Deepa. 2010. The Other Side of Midnight. http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2010/01/19/stories/20101950230500.htm.
Aronowitz, Alexis A. 2004. Victimization of Trafficked Persons and Illegal Migrants, International Review of Victimology, 11:11–32.
Asian Gazette. 2005. Combat Human Trafficking in Asia. http://asiangazette.blogspot.com/2005/07/combat-human-trafficking-in-asia.html.
Barrett, David. 1998. Young People and Prostitution: Perpetrators in Our Midst, International Review of Law, 12:475–486.
Bass, Loretta E. 2004. Child Labor in Sub-Saharan Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reinner.
BBC. 2007. Italy Smashes Prostitution Ring. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/europe/6295267.stm.
BBC. 2007a. BBC Exposes Bulgarian Baby Trade. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/europe/6917308.stm.
BBC. 2007b. March Denounces Child Trafficking. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/south_asia/6395649.stm.
BBC. 2007c. Sex Slavery Widespread in England. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/england/6459369.stm.
BBC. 2007d. UN Highlights Human Trafficking. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/indepth/6497799.stm.
BBC. 2007e. Dutch Smash ‘Voodoo’ Child Trade. http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/worl/europe/7061145.stm.
BBC. 2007f. ‘Chairman’ Reveals Seedy World of Trafficking. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/asia-pacific/6507495.stm.
BBC. 2008. Joy at Slave’s Return to Uganda. http://newsd.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/7792626.stm.
BBC. 2008a. Police Raid Nigeria ‘Baby Farm.’ http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/7658882.stm.
BBC. 2008b. ‘Slaves’ Saved from Italy Circus. http://newsd.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/europe/7314175.stm.
BBC. 2008c. Nigerian Children Returned Home. http://news.cc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/7217657.stm.
BBC. 2008d. Asylum Children Face Deportation. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7220014.stm.
BBC. 2009. Traffickers Targeted in EU Raids. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/europe/8364933.stm.
BBC. 2009a. China Babies ‘Sold for Adoptions.’ http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/8130900.stm.
BBC. 2009b. Court Floats Legalising Sex Trade. http://news.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/84051.
BBC. 2009c. Bulgaria Arrests ‘Baby Smugglers. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/fr/-/2/hi/europe/8321155.stm.
BBC. 2009d. Spain Holds ‘Voodoo’ Traffickers. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8063205.stm.
BBC. 2009e. Saudis to Regulate Child Brides. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/hi/middle_east/7999777.stm.
BBC. 2009f. Egypt Tries US Adoption Bid Pair. http://news.cc.co.uk/2/middle_east/8051119.stm.
BBC. 2010. Cocoa Slave Tastes Sweet Freedom, Chocolate: The Bitter Truth. http://news.bbc.co.uk/panorama/hi/front_page/newsid_8584000/8584847.stm.
BBC. 2010a. Israel Arrests People Smugglers. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/middle_east/8473441.stm.
BBC. 2010b. Yemen Rally for Child Bride Law. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/middle_east/8583585.
BBC. 2010c. Protecting Haiti’s Children From ‘Cowboy Adoptions.’ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8491981.stm.
BBC. 2010d. Nepal ‘Should Suspend’ Adoptions. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8497473.stm.
Beddoe, Christine, Hall, Michael, and Ryan, Chris. 2001. The Incidence of Sexual Exploitation of Children In Tourism, A Report Commissioned by the World Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
Berger, Joseph. 2009. Despite Law, Few Trafficking Arrests. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/1204/nyregion/04trafficking.html?r=1emc=etalpage.
Bhaumik, Subir. 2007. Assam’s Missing Women and the Sex Trade. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-//2/hi/south_asia/6430811.stm.
Brothers, Caroline. Afghan Youths Seek a New Life in Europe. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/28/world/asia/28afghankids.html?mc=eta1pagewanted.
Brown, Alyson & Barrett, David. 2002. Knowledge of Evil Child Prostitution and Child Sexual Abuse in Twentieth-Century England. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing.
Bryson, B.J. & Bryson, Tina. 2004. “Dominican Republic.” pp. 55–68 in Schmitz, Cathyrne L., Traver, Elizabeth Kim Jin, & Larson, Desi (eds.) Child Labor A Global View. Westport, CT: Greenwood
Buckley, Martha. 2005. Baltic Girls Forced into Sex Slavery. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/4287432.stm.
Butt, Saher Aftab. 2003. Child Trafficking and Prostitution pp. 104–107 in Jalalzai, Musa Khan (ed.) Children Trafficking In Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan: Royal Book Company
Carter, Jimmy. 2009. Speech by Jimmy Carter to the Parliament of the World Religions, December 03, 2009: Melbourne, Australia.
Chase, Elaine & Statham, June. 2004. The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Young People: An Overview of Key Literature and Data. London: Thomas Coram Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London. www.ioe.ac.uk/tcru.
Chase, Elaine & Statham, June. 2005. Commercial and Sexual Exploitation of Children and Young People in the UK – A Review. Child Abuse Review, 14:4–25.
Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP). Undated. A Scoping Project on Child Trafficking in the UK. www.ceop.gov.uk.
Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre(CEOP). 2009. Child Trafficking in the UK. http://www.ceop.ov.uk/downloads/documents/child_trafficking_report0409.pdf.
Ciralsky, Adam & Hansen, Chris. 2007. Woman Rescued from Human Traffickers. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20185681/page/5/.
Collins, Gail. 2010. Illinois’s Daddy Problem. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/opinion/01collins.html?ref=opinionpagewanted=print.
Conroy, Pauline. 2003. Trafficking in Unaccompanied Minors in the European Union Member States – Ireland. The International Organization of Migration: Dublin, Ireland. http://www.iomdublin.org/publications/report%summary.pdf.
Curtol, F, Decarli, S., Di Nicola, A. & Savona, E. U. 2004. Victims of Human Trafficking in Italy: A Judicial Perspective, International Review of Victimology, 11:111–141.
Daguerre, Anne. 2008. Addressing Child Trafficking in France and Britain. www.mshs.univ-poitiers.fr/migrinter/e…/emigrinter2008_02_143.pdf.
Davidson, Juli O’Connell. 2001. Children in the Sex Trade in China. Save the Children: Stockholm, Sweden.
Delauney, Guy. 2007. Trafficking Crackdown in Cambodia. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/6532181.stm.
Donati, Fredrica. 2003. Regional Patterns Europe, pp., 18-25 in Stop the Traffic! www.unicef.org.uk/UKtraffickingreport14_07ss.QXD.
Dottridge, Mike. 20004. Kids as Commodities? Child trafficking and What to do About it. Terre des Hommes: Lausanne, Switzerland.
Dummett, Mark. 2010. Bangladesh’s Dark Brothel Steroid Secret. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/10173115.stm.
ECPAT. Undated. Stop Sex Trafficking of Children in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. http://www.ecpat.net/Ei/publications/trafficking.
ECPAT. Undated(a). Stop Sex Trafficking of Children in Ireland. http://www.ecpat.net/Ei/publications/trafficking/factsheet_Ireland.pdf.
Efraime Junir, Boia. 2004. Clinical and Therapeutic Responses, pp.411-425 in Richter, Linda, Dawes, Abdrew, & Higson-Smith, Craig. (eds.) The Sexual Abuse of Young Children in Southern Africa. HSRC Press, Capetown, South Africa.
Erez, Edna, Ibarra, Peter R. & McDonald, William F. 2004. Transnational Sex Trafficking :Issues And Prospects, International Review of Victimology, 11: 1–9.
Estes, Richard & Weiner, Neil Alan. 2002. The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. Philadelphia, PA: Center for the Study of Youth Policy, University of Pennsylvania.
Fleas Biting. 2007. Ireland Suspends Adoption from Guatemala Because of Child Trafficking Concerns. http://fleasbiting.blogspot.com/2007/08/ireland-suspends-adoption-from.html.
Flowers, R. Barri. 2001. Runaway Kids and Teenage Prostitution – America’s Lost, Abandoned, and Sexually Exploited Children. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood.
Foulkes, Imogen. 2010. Afghan Teenagers Risk Life For Europe. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/europe/8539471.stm.
Gathia, Joseph. 1999. Child Prostitution in India. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, India: Centre of Concern for Child Labour.
Goodey, Jo. 2004. Promoting ‘Good Practice’ Inn Sex Trafficking Cases, International Review of Criminology, 11:89–110.
Gozdziak, Elzbieta M. & Bump, Micah N. 2008. Data and Research on Human Trafficking: Bibliography of Research-Based Literature. Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. http://isim.georgetown.edu.
Graff, E.J. 2009. The Orphan Trade - A Look At Families Affected By Corrupt International Adoptions. http://www.slate.com/toolbar.aspx?action=printid=2217608.
Grammaticas, Damian. 2007. Slaves To The Goddess Of Fertility. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6729927.stm.
Hansen, Chris. 2008. Update: Child Victims Of Sex Trade In Cambodia. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25852001/from/ET/print/1/displaymode/1098.
Hari, Johann. 2009. The Birth, And Death, Of the Asian Babe – The Sordid History of The Sexually Exotic East. http://www.slate.com/toolbar.aspx?action=printid=2221479.
Harrison, Red. 2003. Australia Tackles Sex Slave Traffic. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia_pacific/3187304.stm.
Haviland, Charles. 2007. Desperate Plight of Nepal ‘Slave Girls.’ http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/south_asia/6405373.stm.
Herbert, Bob. 2007. Escape from Las Vegas. http://select.nytimes.com/2007/09/08/opinion/08herbert.html.
Herbert, Bob. 2006. Young, Cold and for Sale. http://select.nytimes.com/2006/10/19/opinion/19herbert.html?_r=1hp.
Higson-Smith, C. & Richter, L. 2004. Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking of Children. pp. 143–175 in Richter, L., Dawes, A. & Higson-Smith, C. (eds.) Sexual Abuse of Young Children in Southern Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Hodge, David R. & Lietz, Cynthia A. 2007. The International Sexual Trafficking of Women and Children – A Review of the Literature, Affilia, 22:63–174.
Holland, Patricia. 1992. What is a Child? London, UK: Virago Press.
Holt, Alison. 2010. Child Migrant Recalls His ‘Stolen Life.’ http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/uk_news/8533171.stm.
Hughes, Donna M. 2000. The “Nastasha” Trade: The Transnational Shadow Market of Trafficking Women, Journal of International Affairs, 53: 625–651.
Hughes, Donna M. 2000. The Internet and Sex Industries: Partners in Global Sexual Exploitation. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/siii.htm.
Hughes, Donna M. 2002. Iran Girls Forced To Work In Pakistani Brothels. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/pakistani_brothels.
Hughes, Donna. 2004. The Role Of ‘Marriage Agencies’ In The Sexual Exploitation And Trafficking Of Women From The Former Soviet Union, International Review of Criminology, 11:49–71.
Hughes, Donna. 2004. Sex Slave Jihad. http://www.frontpagemagazine.com/articles/printable.asp?id=11791.
HRW. 2002. Hopes Betrayed: Trafficking of Women and Girls to Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina for Forced Prostitution. http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2002/Bosnia/bosnia1102.pdf.
HRW. 2003. Children’s Testimony From Borderline Slavery: Child Trafficking In Togo. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2003/03/31/ borderline-slavery-0/print.
HRW. 2006. Swept Under the Rug: Criminal Abuses Against Domestic Workers. http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11278/section/3.
Human Trafficking. 2009. Empowerment Through Knowledge. HumanTrafficking.org.
ILO. 1997. World of Work: New weapons Against Child Trafficking in Asia. http://www.ilo.org/public/ebglish/bureau/inf/magazine/19/child.htm.
ILO. 2006. The End of Child Labor: Within Reach. Report of The Director General. Geneva: International Labor Office.
Interlandi, Jeneen. 2009. Not Just Urban Legend. http://www.newsweek.com/id/178873/output/print.
International Bureau of Children’s Rights (IBCR). 2009. Child Trafficking. http://www.ibcr.org/eng/definition_child_trafficking.html.
International Tribunal for Children’s Rights. 1999. International Dimensions of the Sexual Exploitation of Children: Global Report. Montreal, Canada.
Irby, Caroline. 2004. Thailand’s Cycle of Trafficking. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/3623091.stm.
Jacobs, Andrew. 2009. Chinese Hunger for Sons Fuels Boys’ Abductions. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/05/world/asia/05kidnap.html?_r=1emc=etalpagewanted.
Kan, Jocelyne. 2009. Human Trafficking, A Global Challenge For The 21st Century, pp. 141–145 in Cahiers De La Securite – Special Issue, Paris, France: INHES (Institut National Des Hautes Etudes De Securite).
Kapoor, Aarti. 2007. A Scoping Project on Child Trafficking in the UK. London: Child Exploitation and Online Protection Center.
Kelly, Liz. 2004. The Perils Of Inclusion And Exclusion: International Debates On The Status Of Trafficked Women As Victims, International Review of Victimology, 11:33–47.
Kent, George. 1992. Little Foreign Bodies: International Dimensions of Child Prostitution, pp. 323–346 in Freeman, Michael & Veerman, Philip (eds.) The Ideologies of Children’s Rights. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
Kirby, Emma Jane. 2003. Bid To End Ghana Child Trafficking. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/2837849.stm.
Kitsantonis, Niki. 2009. In Greece, Female Sex Victims Become Recruiters. http://www.iht.com/article/2008/01/29/europe/traffic.php.
Kristof, Nicholas. 2006. A Cambodian Girl’s Tragedy: Being Young and Pretty. http://select.nytimes.com/2006/12/12/opinion/12kristof.html.
Kristof, Nicholas D. 2006a. Fighting Brothels with Books. http://select.nytimes.com/2006/12/24/opinion/24kristof.html.
Kristof, Nicholas D. 2008. A Heroine from the Brothels. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/opinion/25kristof.html.
Kritstof, Nicholas D. 2009. The Evil Behind the Smiles. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/opinion/01iht-edkristof.1.19029351.html.
Kritstof, Nicholas D. 2009a. Not a Victim, but a Hero. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/26/opinion/26kristof.html.
Kritstof, Nicholas D. 2009b. Girls on our Streets. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/07/opinion/07kristof.html.
Kritstof, Nicholas D. 2010. From ‘Oprah’ to Building a Sisterhood in Congo. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/04/opinion/04kristof.html.
Kumar, S. Vijay. 2009. Doctor From Kadappa Held For Castrating Minor. http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/05/stories/2009040555570100.htm.
LaFerniere, Sharon. 2006. Africa’s World of Forced Labor, in a 6-Year-Old’s Eyes. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/world/africa/29ghana.html?ei=5070en=6d344f4f2.
Lanchin, Mike. 2010. El Salvador Families Seek Adoption Answers. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8484887.stm.
Langevin, Louise. 2004. Trafficking in Children in Canada: Preliminary Assessment. Quebec, Canada: Department of Justice Canada.
Majumdar, Debabani. 2008. Lost Boy ‘Was Snatched In Inida.’ http://news.bbc.c0.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7312919.stm.
Malarvizhi, J. 2007. More Cases Being Resolved At Child Observation Homes. http://www.thehindu.com/2007/12/17/stories/2007121759600500.htm.
MAPODE. 2004. Regional Campaign in Southern Africa Against Trafficking of Children for Commercial Exploitation Purposes – Research Report Funded by Terres des Hommes. http://www.mapode.freewebpages.org/Child_Traffick_Research2.doc.
McGregor, Mark. 2007. Britain’s Hidden Children. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/6451353.stm.
Melrose, Margaret & Ayre, Patrick. 2002. The Socio-Economic And Policy Context Of Child Prostitution, pp. 176–188 in Brown, Alyson & Barrett, David (eds.) Knowledge Of Evil – Child Prostitution And Child Sexual Abuse In Twentieth-Century England. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing.
Menon, Anasuya. 2007. Child Trafficking Rampant In Coimbatore. http://www.hinduon.com/200704/25/stories/2007042509150100.htm.
Mong, Adrienne. 2009. ‘I Didn’t Look After My Child.’ http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/04/16/1895654.aspx.
Montgomery, Heather. 2001. Modern Babylon? Prostituting Children in Thailand. Oxford, UK: Berghahn Books.
Monzini, Paola. 2004. Trafficking In Women And Girls And The Involvement Of Organized Crime In Western And Central Europe, International Review of Victimology, 11:73–88.
Morris, Kylie. 2004. Thais to Curb Human Trafficking. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/3542346.stm.
Morris, Kylie. 2005. Khmer Girls’ Trafficking Ordeal. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4599709.stm.
Morris, Kylie. 2005a. Net To Help Catch Human Traffickers. http://news.cc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/4652803.stm.
MSNBC. 2007. Activists: Indian Prostitutes Are Victims. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20072465.
MSNBC. 2007a. New Hope for Child Victims Of Sex Trade. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20201904/ET/.
MSNBC. 2007b. UAE Men Sentenced For Attack On Boy. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22212207/.
MSNBC. 2007c. Dubai Sex Charges Raise Legal Questions. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21575434/.
MSNBC. 2008. Ex-Diplomat Gets 20 Years For Child Porn. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26349132/from/ET/print/1/displaymode/1098.
MSNBC. 2009. FBI, Police Rescue Child Prostitutes Around U.S. – Feds Rescue Dozens Of Teens, Arrest More Than 50 Alleged Pimps. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29346132.
Munir, S. (2003). Going After Victims Instead of Criminals, In Musa KJ. (ed.) Children Trafficking in Pakistan (pp. 108–114). Karachi, Pakistan: Royal Book Company.
Muntarbhorn, Vitit. 1996. Sexual Exploitation of Children. Centre for Human Rights, New York: United Nations.
Nordland, Rod & Rubin, Alissa J. 2010. Child Brides Escape Marriage, But Not Lashes. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/31/world/asia/31flogging.html.
O’Briain, Muireann, van den Borne, Anke & Noten, Theo. 2004
OCVAdvocate. 2004. Human Trafficking-Present Day Slavery. www.ocva.wa.gov.
Ojanuga, Durrenda Nash. 1990. Kaduna Beggar Children: A Study Of Child Abuse And Neglect In Northern Nigeria. Child Welfare, 14:371–380.
Omar, Rageh. 2007. The World Of Modern Slavery. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/programmes/this_world/6458377.stm.
PBS. 2009. Fighting Child Prostitution – Can We Stop Child Prostitution In Our Own Country? http://www.pbs.org/nw/shows/422/index.html.
Prasad, Manjoj. 2007. They Go To Work In Metros, Never Return. http://www.indianexpress.com/printerfriendly/24711.html.
Pressly, Linda. 2007. Escaping El Salvador’s Sex Traffickers. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/7140342.stm.
Prologue Consulting Ltd. 2008. Trafficking as a Human Rights Abuse: Recommendations for the Turkish Cypriot Community. http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/index2.php?option=com_contentdo_pdf=1id=40.
Rafferty, Yvonne. 2007. Children for Sale: Child Trafficking in Southeast Asia, Child Abuse Review, 16:401–422.
Ramanathan, Usha. 2010. Implications Of Registering, Tracking, Profiling. http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article388037.ece.
Rautela, Vikram & Janyala, Sreenivas. 2007. 3,000 Missing Children, Number Of Staff In Gujarat Missing Cell 2. http://www.indianexpress.com/printerfriendly/22551.html.
Richards, Stuart. 2007. ‘Hidden’ Sex Trade Tackled. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/england/sussex/6433779.stm.
Ruxin, Josh. 2009. Asia Is Not Alone: Sex Tourism in Mombasa. http://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/13/asia-is-not-alone-sex-tourism-in-mombasa/.
Ryan, Joe. 2010. Man Gets Four Years For N.J. Trafficking Case. http://www.nj.com/news/indes.ssf/2010/06/man_gets_four_years_in_new_jer.html.
Saifullah, M. 2003. Children and the Law in Pakistan, pp. 132–137 in Musa Khan Jalalzai (ed.) Children Trafficking in Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan: Royal Book Company.
Sajjad, Hussain. 2003. Sex Trade and Male Prostitution in Pakistan, pp. 30–39 in Musa Khan Jalalzai (ed.) Children Trafficking in Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan: Royal Book Company
Saletan, William. 2009. A Black Market in Children. http://www.slate.com/blogs/blogs/human nature.
Schweimier, Daniel. 2008. Dark Side Of Argentine Sex City. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/americas/7793183.stm.
Singh, Jyotsna. 2007. India Defends Trafficking Record. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/south_asia/6749983.stm.
Slate. 2001. The Orphan Trade. http://www.slate.com/id/2217608/slideshow/2217933/fs/0//entry/2217932/.
Terres des Hommes-Germany. 2001. Child Trafficking in India. New Delhi: Centre for Child Rights.
The Future Group. 2001. The Future of Southeast Asia – Challenges of Child Sex Slavery and Trafficking in Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: The Future Group.
The Hindu, 2007. A Voice For The Girl Child. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20070922662081100.htmdate.
The Hindu. 2009. Children Kidnapped From Tamil Nadu Forced To Work In Naxal Areas. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=200980759280400.htmdate.
The Hindu. 2010. Minor Sold As ‘Slave Wife’ Rescued. http://beta.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article409464.ece?ccs=print.
The Hindu. 2010. Pregnant Women, Newborns To Be Registered. http://beta.thehindu/com/news/national/article98356.ece?css=print.
The Indian Express. 2008. India Becoming A Transit Point For Human Traffickers. http://www.indianexpress.com/printerfriednly/343845.html.
The Indian Express. 2009. Legalise Prostitution If You Can’t Curb It: SC To Centre. http://www.indianexpress.com/story-print/552045.
The Indian Express. 2009a. Delhi Shame: Girl In Search Of Job Sold, Raped. http://www.indianexpress.com/story_print.php?storyid=427578.
The Indian Express. 2009b. Mom Sells Baby To Pay ‘Bribe’ In Renuka’s Constituency. http://www.indianexpress.com/story_print.php?storyid=427557.
The New York Times. 2008. Prostitution and Prevention. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/opinion/29tue2.html.
The New York Times. 2008a. Help for Exploited Children. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/opinion/20fri4.html.
Thompson, Ginger. 2010. Bleak Portrait of Haiti Orphanages Raises Fears. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/07/world/americas/07trafficking.html.
Thorpe, Nick. 2006. Romania Struggles with Sex Trade. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/europe/5278186.stm.
UNODC (UN Office on Drugs and Crime. 2009. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/unodc-report-on-human-trafficking-express-mo.
UNHCR. 2005. Combating Human Trafficking: Overview of UNHCR Anti-Trafficking Activities in Europe. http://www.unhcr.org/refworl/pdfid/43fd782d4.pdf.
UNICEF. 2001. Profiting From Abuse – An Investigation into The Sexual Exploitation Of Our Children. NY: UNICEF.
UNICEF UK. 2003. Stop the Traffic! http://www.londonscb.gov.uk/files/resources/cpp/unicef__stop_the_traffick.pdf.
UNICEF. 2006. Guidelines On The Protection Of Child Victims Of Trafficking, New York, NY: UNICEF Technical Notes.
UNICEF. 2006a. Tarfficking – Child Protection Information Sheet. www.unicef.org.
UNICEF. 2006b. Commercial Sexual Exploitation. www.unicef.org.
UNICEF. 2006c. Reference Guide on Protecting the Rights of Child Victims of Trafficking in Europe. www.unicef.org/ceecis.
UNICEF. 2009. End child trafficking. http://www.unicef.org.uk/campaigs/campaign_detail.asp?campaign=21nondeid=campaign.
UNICEF. 2009. Child Trafficking. http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_exploitation.html?q=printm.
United States Department of State. 2004. Trafficking In Persons Report. http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/ttiprpt/2004/34021.htm.
United States Department of State. 2005. The Facts About Child Sex Tourism. http://www.libertadlatina.org/US%20Dept%20of%20State%20-%20Child%20Sex%20Tourism%20Fact%20Sheet%20041405.pdf.
Van Reisen, Mijam & Stefanovic, Ana. 2004. Lost Kids, Lost futures. The European Union’s Response to Child Trafficking. Geneva, Switzerland: Terres des Hommes, Geneva.
Wilgoren, Debbi. 2006. Feds Target D.C. Pimps, Juvenile Sex Rings – Federal Anti-Trafficking Laws Allow Stiffer Penalties Than Local Statutes. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11689661/print/1/displaymode/1098/.
Williams, Phil. 1999. Emerging Issues: Transnational Crime and its Control, pp. 221 – 241 in Newman, Graeme (ed.) Global Report on Crime and Justice, United Nations. Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press.
Williamson, Lucy. 2009. The Lost Children Of East Timor. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8068221.stm.
Willias, Brian M. & Levy, Barry S. 2002. Child Prostitution: Global Health Burden, Research Needs, and Interventions. The Lancet, 359:1417–1422.
Zimmerman, C., Yun, C., Shvab, I., Watts, C., Trappolin, L., Bimbi, F., Adams, B., Jiraporn, S., Beci, L., Albrecht, M., Bindel, J. & Regan, L. 2003. The Health Risks and Consequences Of Trafficking In Women And Adolescents. Findings from a European Study. http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/hpu/docs/traffickingfinal.pdf.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hartjen, C.A., Priyadarsini, S. (2012). Sexual and Commercial Trafficking of Children. In: The Global Victimization of Children. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2179-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2179-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-2178-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-2179-5
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)