Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Apnea Syndromes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Manual of Neonatal Respiratory Care

  • 2359 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Suggested Reading

  • Abu-Shaweesh JM, Martin RJ. Neonatal apnea: what’s new? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008;43(10):937–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Saif S, Alvaro R, Manfreda J. Kwiatkowski, Cates D, Qurashi M, Rigatto H. A randomized controlled trial of theophylline versus CO2 inhalation for treating apnea of prematurity. J Pediatr. 2008;153:513–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altman RL, Li KL, Brand DA. Infections and apparent life-threatening events. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2008;47:372–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Prolonged Infantile Apnea. Prolonged Infantile Apnea. Pediatrics. 1985;76:129–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS. Positioning and SIDS. Pediatrics. 1992;89:1120–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS Update: Pediatrics. 1996; 98:1216–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aranda JV, Beharry K, Valencia GB, et al. Caffeine impact on neonatal morbidities. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;Suppl 3:20–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat RY, Rafferty GF, Hannam S, Greenough A. Acid gastroesophageal reflux in convalescent preterm infants: effect of posture and relationship to apnea. Pediatr Res. 2007;62:620–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bloch-Salisbury E, Hall MH, et al. Heritability of apnea of prematurity: a retrospective twin study. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e779–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan GF, Richerson GB. Central serotonin neurons are required for arousal to CO2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:16354–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charles BG, Townsend SR, Steer PA, et al. Caffeine citrate treatment for extremely premature infants with apnea: population pharmacokinectics, absolute bioavailability, and implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Ther Drug Monit. 2008;30(6):709–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claudius I, Keens T. Do all infants with apparent life-threatening events need to be admitted? Pediatrics. 2007;119(4):679–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Apnea, sudden infant death syndrome, home monitoring. Pediatrics. 2003;111:914–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper PA, Madhi SA, Huebner RE, et al. Apnea and its possible relationship to immunization in ex-premature infants. Vaccine. 2008;26:3410–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dani C, Pratesi S, Migliori C, Bertini G. High flow nasal cannula therapy as respiratory support in the preterm infant. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44:629–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darnall RA, Kattwinkel J, Nattie C, Robinson M. Margin of safety for discharge after apnea in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 1997;100:795–801.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis PG, Schmidt B, Roberts RS, et al. Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity Trial Group. Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity trial: benefits may vary in subgroups. J Pediatr. 2010;156:382–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore J, Arko M, Herynk B, et al. Characterization of cardiorespiratory events following gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2010;30:683–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dukhovny D, Lorch SA, Schmidt B, et al. Economic evaluation of caffeine for apnea of prematurity. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e146–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edner A, Wennborg M, Alm B, Lagercrantz H. Why do ALTE infants not die in SIDS? Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:191–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eichenwald EC, Blackwell M, Lloyd JS, et al. Inter-neonatal intensive care unit variation in discharge timing: influence of apnea and feeding management. Pediatrics. 2001;108:928–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eichenwald EC, Zupancic JA, Mao WY, et al. Variation in diagnosis of apnea in moderately preterm infants predicts length of stay. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e53–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esani N, Hodgman JE, Ehsani N, Hoppenbrouwers T. Apparent life-threatening events and sudden infant death syndrome: comparison of risk factors. J Pediatr. 2008;152:365–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu LY, Colson ER, Corwin MJ, Moon RY. Infant sleep location associated maternal and infant characteristics with sudden infant death syndrome prevention recommendations. J Pediatr. 2008;153:503–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gelinas JF, Davis GM, Arlegui C, Cote A. Prolonged, documented home-monitoring of oxygenation in infants and children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008;43:288–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Genizi J, Pillar G, Ravid S, Shahar E. Apparent life-threatening events: neurological correlates and the mandatory work-up. J Child Neurol. 2008;23:1305–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson E, Spinner S, Cullen JA, et al. Documented home apnea monitoring: effect on compliance, duration of monitoring, and validation of alarm reporting. Clin Pediatr. 1996;35:505–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes MJ, Akilesh MR, Fukumizu M, et al. Apneic preterms and methylxanthines: arousal deficits, sleep fragmentation and suppressed spontaneous movements. J Perinatol. 2007;27:782–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson-Smart DJ, Davis PG. Prophylactic methylxanthines for endotracheal extubation in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;12:CD000139.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson-Smart DJ, De Paoli AG. Methylxanthine treatment for apnoea in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010a;12:CD000140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson-Smart DJ, De Paoli AG. Prophylactic methylxanthine for prevention of apnoea in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010b;12:CD000432.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson-Smart DJ, Steer PA. Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;12:CD000273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstetter AO, Legnevall L, Herlenius E, Katz-Salamon M. Cardiorespiratory development in extremely preterm infants: vulnerability to infection and persistence of events beyond term-equivalent age. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97:285–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppenbrouwers T, Hodgman JE, Ramanathan A, Dorey F. Extreme and conventional cardiorespiratory events and epidemiologic risk factors for SIDS. J Pediatr. 2008;152:636–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt CE, Corwin MJ, Weese-Mayer DE, et al. Assessment of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in preterm and term infants in the first six months of life. J Pediatr. 2011;159(3):377.e1–83.e1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Julien CA, Joseph V, Bairam A. Caffeine reduces apnea frequency and enhances ventilatory long-term facilitation in rat pups in chronic intermittent hypoxia. Pediatr Res. 2010;68:105–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein NP, Massolo ML, Greene J, et al. Vaccine Safety Datalink. Risk factors for developing apnea after immunization in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics. 2008;121:463–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krous HF, Haas EA, Chadwick AE, et al. Intrathoracic petechiae in SIDS: a retrospective population-based 15-year study. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2008;4:234–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litman RS, Soin K, Salam A. Chloral hydrate sedation in term and preterm infants: an analysis of efficacy and complications. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:739–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malloy MH. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome among extremely premature infants: United States 1997–1999. J Perinatol. 2004;24:181–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moon RY, Oden RP, Joyner BL, Ajao TI. Qualitative analysis of beliefs and perceptions about sudden infant death syndrome in African-American mothers: implications for safe sleep recommendations. J Pediatr. 2010;157:92–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy JJ, Swanson T, Ansermino M, Milner R. The frequency of apneas in premature infants after inguinal hernia repair: do they need overnight monitoring in the intensive care unit? J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:865–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Natarajan G, Botica ML, Thomas R, Aranda JV. Therapeutic drug monitoring for caffeine in preterm neonates: an unnecessary exercise? Pediatrics. 2007;119:936–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naulaers G, Daniels H, Allegaert K, et al. Cardiorespiratory events recorded on home monitors: the effect of prematurity on later serious events. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:195–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omari TI. Apnea-associated reduction in lower esophageal sphincter in premature infants. J Pediatr. 2009;154:374–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pantalitschka T, Sievers J, Urschitz MS, et al. Randomised crossover trial of four nasal respiratory support systems for apnoea of prematurity in very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009;94:F245–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul K, Melichar J, Miletin J, Dittrichova J. Differential diagnosis of apneas in preterm infants. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168:195–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peter CF, Sprodowski N, Bohnhorst B, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux and apnea of prematurity: no temporal relationship. Pediatrics. 2002;109:8–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pillekamp F, Hermann C, Keller T, et al. Factors influencing apnea and bradycardia of prematurity – implications for neurodevelopment. Neonatology. 2007;91:155–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poets CF. Apnea of prematurity: what can observational studies tell us about pathophysiology? Sleep Med. 2010;11:701–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston S, Hill V. Incidence of apnea in infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a systematic review. J Pediatr. 2009;155:728–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanathan R, Corwin MJ, Hunt CE, et al. Cardiorespiratory events recorded on home monitors: comparison of healthy infants with those at increased risk for SIDS. JAMA. 2001;285:2199–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson HL, Walker AM, Horne RSC. Influence of swaddling experience on spontaneous arousal patterns and autonomic control in sleeping infants. J Pediatr. 2010;157:85–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson HL, Walker AM, Horne R. S.C. Minimizing the risks of sudden infant death syndrome: to swaddle or not to swaddle? J Pediatr. 2009;155:475–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt B, Roberts RS, Davis P, et al. Long-term effects of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1893–902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semeniuk J, Kaczmarski M, Wasilewska J, Nowowiejska B. Is acid gastroesophageal reflux in children with ALTE etiopathogenetic factor of life threatening symptoms? Adv Med Sci. 2007;52:213–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma BR. Sudden infant death syndrome: a subject of medicolegal research. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2007;28:69–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skouroliakou M, Bacopoulou F, Markantonis SL. Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea of prematurity: a randomized controlled trial. J Paediatr Child Health. 2009;45:587–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soloveychik V, Bin-Nun A, Ionchev A, Sriram S, Meadow W. Acute hemodynamic effects of caffeine administration in premature infants. J Perinatol. 2009;29:205–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slocum C, Arko M, Di Fiore J, et al. Apnea, bradycardia and desaturation in preterm infants before and after feeding. J Perinatol. 2009;29:209–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer AR. Apnea and Home Cardiorespiratory Monitoring. In: McConnel MS, editor. Guidelines for Pediatric Home Health Care American Academy of Pediatrics Publications. American Academy of Pediatrics Publications: Elk Grove Village; 2002. p. 357–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sridhar R, Thach BT, Kelly DH, Henslee JA. Characterization of successful and failed autoresuscitation of human infants, including those dying of SIDS. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003;36:113–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thach BT. Some aspects of clinical relevance in the maturation of respiratory control in infants. J Appl Physiol. 2008;104:1828–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tieder JS, Cowan CA, Garrison MM, Christakis DA. Variation in inpatient resource utilization and management of apparent life-threatening events. J Pediatr. 2008;152(629–35):635.e1–e2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weese-Mayer DE, Corwin MJ, Peucker MR, et al. Comparison of apnea identified by respiratory inductance plethysmography with that detected by end-tidal CO2 of thermistor. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2000;162:471–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weese-Mayer DE, Berry-Kravis EM, Zhou L, et al. Sudden infant death syndrome: case–control frequency differences at genes pertinent to early autonomic nervous system embryological development. Pediatr Res. 2004;56:391–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willinger M, Hoffman HJ, Hartford RB. Infant sleep position and risk for sudden infant death syndrome: report of meeting held January 13 and 14, 1994, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Pediatrics. 1994;93:814–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Research, Education, and Quality, MEDNAX, Inc., 1301 Concord Terrace, Sunrise, FL, 33323, USA

    Alan R. Spitzer MD

Authors
  1. Alan R. Spitzer MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alan R. Spitzer MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Professor of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    Steven M. Donn

  2. University of Durham, Consultant in Ped and Neonatal Medicine, Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Neonatal Medicine, Middlesbrough, TS4 3BW, United Kingdom

    Sunil K. Sinha

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Spitzer, A.R. (2012). Apnea Syndromes. In: Donn, S., Sinha, S. (eds) Manual of Neonatal Respiratory Care. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2155-9_67

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2155-9_67

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-2154-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-2155-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation