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Sex-Steroid Rapid Action and Its Role in Invasiveness and Metastasis of Breast Cancer

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Advances in Rapid Sex-Steroid Action

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Abstract

Through a variety of rapidly recruited intracellular mediators steroid receptors enact quick changes in the function of cells in different settings. Emerging evidence indicates that the interaction with the extracellular environment and cell movement are regulated by sex steroids through such rapid mechanisms. Exposure of different cell types to estrogen, progesterone or other steroids results in swift changes in the morphology of the cells, primarily because of changes in the position and organization of actin fibers. These changes are coupled with the formation of a variety of specialized cell membrane structures that are necessary for the cell interaction with high-molecular weight extracellular proteins or nearby cells, and thus to move around or to cross-talk with neighbor cells. Prominent actions on horizontal cell movement or on the ability to invade matrices have also been observed during exposure to estrogen or other steroids, which indicate that these steroids are powerful regulators of cell movement. Many of these actions are enacted via the rapid activation on extra-nuclear signaling cascades of sex steroid receptors that lead to the recruitment of small GTPases such as RhoA or Rac, which therefore drive the changes in actin positioning. These actions of sex steroids appear to be fundamental for migration and invasion in endocrine-sensitive breast cancer cells, and may therefore have relevance for local progression and metastasis. The characterization of these rapid actions of estrogens and other steroids will help to understand the effects of these hormones in the setting of breast cancer metastasis, and may eventually lead to new therapeutic strategies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100, PI, Italy

    Marina Ines Flamini, Angel Matias Sanchez & Tommaso Simoncini

  2. Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

    Xiao-Dong Fu

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  1. Marina Ines Flamini
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  2. Angel Matias Sanchez
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  3. Xiao-Dong Fu
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  4. Tommaso Simoncini
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Correspondence to Tommaso Simoncini .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Naples, Naples, 80138, Italy

    Gabriella Castoria

  2. Department of Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, 80138, Italy

    Antimo Migliaccio

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Flamini, M.I., Sanchez, A.M., Fu, XD., Simoncini, T. (2012). Sex-Steroid Rapid Action and Its Role in Invasiveness and Metastasis of Breast Cancer. In: Castoria, G., Migliaccio, A. (eds) Advances in Rapid Sex-Steroid Action. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1764-4_6

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