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Nullors, Their Bipolar and CMOS Implementations and Applications in Analog Circuit Synthesis and Design

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Integrated Circuits for Analog Signal Processing

Abstract

This chapter presents an account of the major developments taken place during the last four decades in the area of nullors, their bipolar and CMOS implementations and applications in modeling of various analog circuit building blocks and synthesis of analog signal processing and signal generation circuits, in a tutorial/review format. It is shown that judicious combinations of these pathological elements, a variety of active elements such as BJT, MOSFET, Op-amp, operational transconductance amplifier (OTA), CCII etc., can be modeled. Novel applications of four terminal floating nullors (FTFN) in analog signal processing and signal generation have been highlighted. Some prominent discrete, bipolar and CMOS implementations of FTFNs, including their fully differential versions, have been reviewed. A novel method of synthesizing analog circuits using nullors advanced by Haigh and his co-workers has been highlighted. Two new pathological elements of more recent origin, namely, the current mirror (CM) and voltage mirror (VM) introduced by Awad and Soliman have been briefly explained. At the end, a brief account of more recent developments and the current trends and the directions/problems for future research in this area have been provided.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For a differential difference version of an OFA, see [18].

  2. 2.

    It was suggested in [19] that the OTA Max 435 could also be used as an FTFN although to the best knowledge of the authors the same does not appear to have been employed as an FTFN experimentally anywhere in the open literature so far.

  3. 3.

    For another extension of FTFN or OFA termed as “Differential difference operational floating amplifier”, the reader is referred to [18].

  4. 4.

    In [13] 32 equivalent FI realizations were stipulated using a two-op-amp FTFN available then.

  5. 5.

    It is worthwhile to point out that the theory of [22] was usefully extended to derive a class of two FTFN-based SRCOs employing a minimum possible number of resistors in [49]. Yet another two FTFN-based GC SRCO was presented in [50].

  6. 6.

    It is worth pointing out that it has been shown in [61] that there are nine distinctly different analog building blocks which can be said to be “universal” in a generic sense. Also, it may be noted that as pointed out in [40] and [62], the so called PFTFN or FTFN+-(based on norator +) are strictly speaking not floating nullors and hence, are not included in this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India

    Raj Senani

  2. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ITS Engineering College, Greater Noida, India

    A. K. Singh

  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India

    Pragati Kumar

  4. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Ambedakar Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India

    R. K. Sharma

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  1. Raj Senani
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  4. R. K. Sharma
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Correspondence to Raj Senani .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. INAOE, Luis Enrique Erro No. 1. Tonantzintla, Puebla, 72840, Mexico

    Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle

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Senani, R., Singh, A.K., Kumar, P., Sharma, R.K. (2013). Nullors, Their Bipolar and CMOS Implementations and Applications in Analog Circuit Synthesis and Design. In: Tlelo-Cuautle, E. (eds) Integrated Circuits for Analog Signal Processing. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1383-7_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1383-7_2

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