Abstract
We have seen how reasoning in individuals operates through realistic or idealistic judgments about society – what is and what ought to be in society. This reasoning occurs in individuals and also within groups. In individuals, reasoning is focused by ideas. Within groups, reasoning is focused by ideology. Ideologies provide a shared view of how a world should be – normative view. But how a world really works is different – an empirical view. In social science, an empirical description of a society is called a “societal model.” We next look at how ideology and societal models interact. For this, we review the history of Joseph Stalin’s rule of the Soviet Union, after Stalin succeeded Lenin.
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Notes
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Tonnies used the German term “Gemeinshaftung” to mean a community gathered around a common identity and “Gesellschaftung” to mean a business association. In a 1955 translation, Loomis used the English terms of “Community” and “Association” (Tonnies 1955). Weber used the same terms to label expectations in a social exchange to center around a common identity (Gemeinshaftung) or around a business transaction (Gesellschaftung). We have used Weber’s terms with the English translation of “identity” (Gemeinschaftung) or “utility” (Gesellschaftung) (Weber 1947).
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Betz, F. (2012). Societal Models. In: Societal Dynamics. Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management, vol 11. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1278-6_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1278-6_4
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