Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Optic Nerve Disorders pp 267–280Cite as

Optic Disc Tumors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1283 Accesses

Abstract

Although metastasis to the optic nerve is more common, it is important to be able to distinguish primary optic disc tumors from other types of disorders that mimic optic disc elevation with a different visual prognosis. Tumors of the sensory retina and medullary epithelium affecting the optic disc include retinoblastomas and medulloepitheliomas. Astrocytic hamartomas are glial tumors of the retina that can affect the optic disc. Vascular retinal tumors affecting the optic disc include capillary hemangiomas, cavernous hemangiomas, optic nerve hemangioblastomas, and racemose hemangiomas. Melanocytomas, choroidal melanomas, and combined hamartomas of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium comprise the melanocytic tumors of the optic disc.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Shields JA, Augsburger JJ. Current approaches to the diagnosis and management of retinoblastoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1981;25(6):347–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Shields JA. Diagnosis and management of intraocular tumors. St. Louis: Mosby; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Knudson Jr AG. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971;68(4):820–3.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ellsworth RM. The practical management of retinoblastoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1969;67:462–534.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kingston JE, Plowman PN, Hungerford JL. Ectopic intracranial retinoblastoma in childhood. Br J Ophthalmol. 1985;69(10):742–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bader JL, Meadows AT, Zimmerman LE, et al. Bilateral retinoblastoma with ectopic intracranial retinoblastoma: trilateral retinoblastoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1982;5(3):203–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Howard GM, Ellsworth RM. Differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma. A statistical survey of 500 children. II. Factors relating to the diagnosis of retinoblastoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1965;60(4):618–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Shields JA, Leonard BC, Michelson JB, et al. B-scan ultrasonography in the diagnosis of atypical retinoblastomas. Can J Ophthalmol. 1976;11(1):42–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hermsen VM. Echographic diagnosis. In: Lodi FC, editor. Retinoblastoma. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1985. p. 62–71.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Merriam Jr GR. Retinoblastoma: analysis of 17 autopsies. Arch Ophthalmol. 1950;44(1):71–108.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Abramson DH, Ellsworth RM. Optic nerve involvement in retinoblastoma. Ophthalmology. 1989;96(2):217–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Shields CL, Shields JA. Retinoblastoma management: advances in enucleation, intravenous chemoreduction, and intra-arterial chemotherapy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010;21(3):203–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Karch SB, Urich H. Medulloepithelioma: definition of an entity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1972;31(1):27–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Green WR, Iliff WJ, Trotter RR. Malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma of the optic nerve. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;91(6):451–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Grover WD, Harley RD. Early recognition of tuberous sclerosis by funduscopic examination. J Pediatr. 1969;75(6):991–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Robertson DM. Astrocytic hamartomas. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1991;615(1):17–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Barksy D, Wolter JR. The retinal lesion of tuberous sclerosis: an angiogliomatous hamartoma? J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1971;8:261.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Foos RY, Straatsma BR, Allen RA. Astrocytoma of the optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol. 1965;74:319–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Reeser FJ, Aaberg TM, van Horn D. Astrocytic hamartoma of the retina not associated with tuberous sclerosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;86(5):688–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lagos JC, Gomez MR. Tuberous sclerosis: reappraisal of a clinical entity. Mayo Clin Proc. 1967;42(1):26–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cleasby GW, Fung WE, Shekter WB. Astrocytoma of the retina. Report of two cases. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;64 suppl 3:633–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Font RL, Ferry AP. The phakomatoses. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1972;12(1):1–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Turek M, Raistrick ER, Hart CD. Retinal tumours in neurofibromatosis. Can J Ophthalmol. 1977;12(1):68–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Darling TN, Skarulis MC, Steinberg SM, et al. Multiple facial angiofibromas and collagenomas in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133(7):853–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nickel WR, Reed WB. Tuberous sclerosis. Special reference to the microscopic alterations in the cutaneous hamartomas. Arch Dermatol. 1962;85:209–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Roach ES, Gomez MR, Northrup H. Tuberous sclerosis complex consensus conference: revised clinical diagnostic criteria. J Child Neurol. 1998;13(12):624–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. McLean EB. Hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;82(2):227–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Macmichael IM. Von Hippel-Lindau’s disease of the optic disc. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1970;90:877–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nicholson DH, Green WR, Kenyon KR. Light and electron microscopic study of early lesions in angiomatosis retinae. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;82(2):193–204.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Pierro L, Guarisco L, Zaganelli E, et al. Capillary and cavernous hemangioma of the optic disc. Echographic and histological findings. Acta Ophthalmol Suppl. 1992;204:102–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Schindler RF, Sarin LK, MacDonald PR. Hemangiomas of the optic disc. Can J Ophthalmol. 1975;10(3):305–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Brown GC, Magargal LE, Schachat A, et al. Neovascular glaucoma. Etiologic considerations. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(4):315–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Augsburger JJ, Shields JA, Goldberg RE. Classification and management of hereditary retinal angiomas. Int Ophthalmol. 1981;4(1–2):93–106.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hardwig P, Robertson DM. von Hippel-Lindau disease: a familial, often lethal, multi-system phakomatosis. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(3):263–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Carr RE, Noble KG. Retinal angiomatosis. Ophthalmology. 1980;87(9):956–9, 961.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Goldberg ME, Koenig S. Argon laser treatment of von Hippel-Lindau retinal angiomas. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;92:121.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Annesley Jr WH, Leonard BC, Shields JA, et al. Fifteen year review of treated cases of retinal angiomatosis. Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1977;83(83 Pt1):OP446–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cardoso RD, Brockhurst RJ. Perforating diathermy coagulation for retinal angiomas. Arch Ophthalmol. 1976;94(10):1702–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Salazar EG, Lamiell JM. Early identification of retinal angiomas in a large kindred with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;89:540.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lewis RA, Cohen MH, Wise GN. Cavernous haemangioma of the retina and optic disc. A report of three cases and a review of the literature. Br J Ophthalmol. 1975;59(8):422–34.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Davies WS, Thumim M. Cavernous hemangioma of the optic disc and retina. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1956;60(2):217–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Maruoka N, Yamakawa Y, Shimauchi M. Cavernous hemangioma of the optic nerve. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1988;69(2):292–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Castel JP, Delorge-Kerdiles C, Rivel J. Cavernous angioma of the optic chiasm. Neurochirurgie. 1989;35(4):252–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kushner MS, Jampol LM, Haller JA. Cavernous hemangioma of the optic nerve. Retina. 1994;14(4):359–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Manschot WA. Juxtapapillary retinal angiomatosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968;80(6):775–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kerr DJ, Scheithauer BW, Miller GM, et al. Hemangioblastoma of the optic nerve: case report. Neurosurgery. 1995;36(3):573–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. In S, Miyagi J, Kojho N, et al. Intraorbital optic nerve hemangioblastoma with von Hippel-Lindau disease. J Neurosurg. 1982;56(3):426–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ginzburg BM, Montanera WJ, Tyndel FJ, et al. Diagnosis of von Hippel-Lindau disease in a patient with blindness resulting from bilateral optic nerve hemangioblastomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;159(2):403–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Nerad JA, Kersten RC, Anderson RL. Hemangioblastoma of the optic nerve. Report of a case and review of literature. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(3):398–402.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hardwig P, Robertson DM. von Hippel-Lindau disease: a familial, often lethal, multisystem phakomatosis. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(3):263–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Seizinger BR, Rouleau GA, Ozelius LJ, et al. Von Hippel-Lindau disease maps to the region of chromosome 3 associated with renal cell carcinoma. Nature. 1988;332(6161):268–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Krill AE. Hereditary retinal and choroidal diseases, vol. 2. Hagerstown: Harper and Row; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Lonser RR, Glenn GM, Walther M, Chew EY, Libutti SK, Linehan WM, et al. Von Hippel-Lindau disease. Lancet. 2003;361:2059–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Rosenberg RN, Prusiner SB, DiMauro S, et al. The molecular and genetic basis of neurologic and psychiatric disease. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth Heinemann; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Raila FA, Zimmerman J, Azordegan P, et al. Successful surgical removal of an asymptomatic optic nerve hemangioblastoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease. J Neuroimaging. 1997;7(1):48–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wong WT, Chew EY. Ocular von Hippel-Lindau disease: clinical update and emerging treatments. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2008;19(3):213–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Archer DB, Deutman A, Ernest JT, et al. Arteriovenous communications of the retina. Am J Ophthalmol. 1973;75(2):224–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Cameron ME, Greer CH. Congenital arteriovenous aneurysm of the retina. A post mortem report. Br J Ophthalmol. 1968;52(10):768–72.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Theron J, Newton TH, Hoyt WF. Unilateral retinocephalic vascular malformations. Neuro-radiology. 1974;7(4):185–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Wyburn-Mason R. Arteriovenous aneurysm of the midbrain and retina, facial nevi and mental changes. Brain. 1943;66:163.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Kikuchi K, Kowada M, Sakamoto T, et al. Wyburn-Mason syndrome: report of a rare case with computed tomography and angiographic evaluations. J Comput Tomogr. 1988;12(2):111–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ladow CS, McFall TA. Central hemangioma of the maxilla, with von Hippel’s disease: report of a case. J Oral Surg Anesth Hosp Dent Serv. 1964;22:252–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sperner J, Schmauser I, Bittner R, et al. MR imaging findings in children with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Neuropediatrics. 1990;21(3):146–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Rundles Jr WZ, Falls HF. Congenital arteriovenous (racemose) aneurysm of the retina; report of 3 cases. AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1951;46(4):408–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Cameron ME. Congenital arteriovenous aneurysm of the retina. Br J Ophthalmol. 1958;42(11):655–66.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Destro M, D’Amico DJ, Gragoudas ES, et al. Retinal manifestations of neurofibromatosis. Diagnosis and management. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109(5):662–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Traboulsi EI. Neovascular glaucoma and ischemia. J Clin Neuro-Ophthalmol. 1986;6(2):126–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Joffe L, Shields JA, Osher RH, et al. Clinical and follow-up studies of melanocytomas of the optic disc. Ophthalmology. 1979;86(6):1067–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Shields JA, Demirci H, Mashayekhi A, et al. Melanocytoma of optic disc in 115 cases: the 2004 Samuel Johnson Memorial Lecture, part 1. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(9):1739–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Juarez CP, Tso MO. An ultrastructural study of melanocytomas (magnocellular nevi) of the optic disk and uvea. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;90(1):48–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Mansour AM, Zimmerman L, La Piana FG, et al. Clinicopathological findings in a growing optic nerve melanocytoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73(6):410–5.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Apple DJ, Craythorn JM, Reidy JJ, et al. Malignant transformation of an optic nerve melanocytoma. Can J Ophthalmol. 1984;19(7):320–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Croxatto JO, Ebner R, Crovetto L, et al. Angle closure glaucoma as initial manifestation of melanocytoma of the optic disc. Ophthalmology. 1983;90(7):830–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Shields CL, Demirci H, Karatza E, et al. Clinical survey of 1643 melanocytic and nonmelanocytic conjunctival tumors. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(9):1747–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Shields JA, Shields CL, Eagle Jr RC, et al. Malignant melanoma associated with melanocytoma of the optic disc. Ophthalmology. 1990;97(2):225–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Shields JA, Shields CL, Eagle Jr RC, et al. Central retinal vascular obstruction secondary to melanocytoma of the optic disc. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(1):129–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Wiznia RA, Price J. Recovery of vision in association with a melanocytoma of the optic disk. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974;78(2):236–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Osher RH, Shields JA, Layman PR. Pupillary and visual field evaluation in patients with melanocytoma of the optic disc. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97(6):1096–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. De Potter P, Shields CL, Shields JA, et al. Plaque radiotherapy for juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma. Visual acuity and survival outcome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114(11):1357–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Gahankari MD, Jehangir R, Bhatti SS. Melanocytoma of the optic disc. J Postgrad Med. 1992;38(3):135–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Shields JA. Melanocytoma of the optic nerve head: a review. Int Ophthalmol. 1978;1(1):31–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Shields JA, Demirci H, Mashayekhi A, et al. Melanocytoma of the optic disk: a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2006;51(2):93–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Sharma PM, Sangal K, Malik P, et al. Malignant transformation of optic disc melano-cytoma? A clinical dilemma at presentation with a review of the literature. Ophthalmologica. 2002;216(4):292–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Graham BJ, Duane TD. Ocular melanoma task force report. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;90(5):728–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Margo CE, McLean IW. Malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body in black patients. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(1):77–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Haukin T, Teppo L, Saxen F. Cancer of the eye: a review of trends and differentials. World Health Stat Q. 1978;31:143–58.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Scotto J, Fraumeni Jr JF, Lee JA. Melanomas of the eye and other noncutaneous sites: epidemiologic aspects. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1976;56(3):489–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Ferry AP. Lesions mistaken for malignant melanoma of the posterior uvea: a clinicopathologic analysis of 100 cases with ophthalmoscopically visible lesions. Arch Ophthalmol. 1964;72:463–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Font RL, Spaulding AG, Zimmerman LE. Diffuse malignant melanoma: a clinicopathologic report of 54 cases. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1968;72(6):877–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Shields JA. Lesions simulating malignant melanoma of the posterior uvea. Arch Ophthalmol. 1973;89(6):466–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Affeldt JC, Minckler DS, Azen SP, et al. Prognosis in uveal melanoma with extrascleral extension. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98(11):1975–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Shields CL, Shields JA. Recent developments in the management of choroidal melanoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2004;15(3):244–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Vogel MH, Zimmerman LE, Gass JD. Proliferation of the juxtapapillary retinal pigment epithelium simulating malignant melanoma. Doc Ophthalmol. 1969;26:461–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Cardell BS, Starbuck MS. Juxtapapillary hamartoma of retina. Br J Ophthalmol. 1961;45:672–7.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Gass JD. An unusual hamartoma of the pigment epithelium and retina simulating choroidal melanoma and retinoblastoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1973;71:171–83. discussions 184–185.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Schachat AP, Shields JA, Fine SL, et al. Combined hamartomas of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(12):1609–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Rosenberg PR, Walsh JB. Retinal pigment epithelial hamartoma: unusual manifestations. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68(6):439–42.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Kahn D, Goldberg MF, Jednock N. Combined retinal pigment epithelial hamartoma presenting as a vitreous hemorrhage. Retina. 1984;4(1):40–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Flood TP, Orth DH, Aaberg TM, et al. Macular hamartomas of the retinal pigment epithelium and retina. Retina. 1983;3(3):164–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Schachat AP, Glaser BM. Retinal hamartoma, acquired retinoschisis, and retinal hole. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;99(5):604–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Kaye LD, Rothner AD, Beauchamp GR, et al. Ocular findings associated with neurofibromatosis type II. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(9):1424–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Palmer ML, Carney MD, Combs JL. Combined hamartomas of the retinal pigment epithelium and retina. Retina. 1990;10(1):33–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Sivalingam A, Augsburger J, Perilongo G, et al. Combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 2. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1991;28(6):320–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Vianna RN, Pacheco DF, Vasconcelos MM, et al. Combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Int Ophthalmol. 2001;24(2):63–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Fonseca RA, Dantas MA, Kaga T, et al. Combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium associated with juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132(1):131–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Mason III JO. Visual improvement after pars plana vitrectomy and membrane peeling for vitreoretinal traction associated with combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Retina. 2002;22(6):824–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Sappenfield DL, Gitter KA. Surgical intervention for combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelial hamartoma. Retina. 1990;10(2):119–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Stallman JB. Visual improvement after pars plana vitrectomy and membrane peeling for vitreoretinal traction associated with combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Retina. 2002;22(1):101–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Inoue M, Noda K, Ishida S, et al. Successful treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization associated with combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138(1):155–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. McDonald HR, Abrams GW, Burke JM, et al. Clinicopathologic results of vitreous surgery for epiretinal membranes in patients with combined retinal and retinal pigment epithelial hamartomas. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;100(6):806–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Neuro-Ophthalmology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, 975 Kirman Avenue (111), Reno, Nevada, 89502, USA

    Jane W. Chan M.D.

Authors
  1. Jane W. Chan M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jane W. Chan M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology/Neuro-Ophthalmology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA

    Jane W. Chan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chan, J.W. (2014). Optic Disc Tumors. In: Chan, J. (eds) Optic Nerve Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0691-4_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0691-4_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-0690-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-0691-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation