Abstract
Canada’s experience tells a story of e-development that started with great promise and a national vision of “Connected Canada,” then got stuck in the snow. Canada became a highly connected nation early in the twenty-first century, thanks to citizens’ enthusiastic experimentation with the Internet use, coupled with federally led initiatives to secure universal access and government online services. Since, Canada’s ranking as information society has declined. This chapter explores the reasons for this decline. E-leadership capacity was not institutionalized. E-development was undermined by changes in the political leadership and an ideological commitment to reduce the role of government. Vested interests from primary telecom carriers, among others, took full advantage of the leadership vacuum to obstruct the structural reforms necessary for Canada’s further transition to an information economy. Canada neglected to build on its earlier achievements and to learn from its earlier experiments.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Since June 2004 to the date of writing, Canada has had 5 years of minority government and current polls predict a continuation of the trend. When asked to choose, Canadians are consistently saying, “None of the above.”
- 2.
Saul (2008) pp. 54–55.
- 3.
Although the roots of the shift appear in the arts and sciences in the early years of the twentieth century, the new voices for governance this amplifies have only begun to speak.
- 4.
As opposed to the “Government of Canada.”
- 5.
OECD Broadband Portal – as at June 2008, Canada was tenth overall in broadband penetration per 100 people.
- 6.
First appearing in a platform statement prior to the 1993 election called, “Creating Opportunity: The Liberal Plan for Canada,” and later incorporated into annual budgets. In Canada, Parliamentary Acts of Appropriation (budgets) are a form of law.
- 7.
Department Mandate Statement. Industry Canada Web site.
- 8.
For a deeper look into policy evolution, see: Bodnar et al. (2005). “This document constitutes a ‘policy map’ summary of activities relating to telecommunications and broadcasting in Canada, network access, e-commerce, e-learning, and various other informatics initiatives leading up to and through the development of what is now known as the Internet.”
- 9.
Public Works and Government Services Canada. Web site.
Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. Web site.
- 10.
Government Executive Series (2004).
- 11.
The Government Executive Series 2005. (Accenture ceased making reports that ranked e-government progress in countries after 2006.)
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
Largely a matter of networking software applications, not desk-tops.
- 15.
For some of the history of that pressure see: CAP (b).
- 16.
CAP (a).
- 17.
Telecommunities Canada (TC) is a national community of practice about the uses of online networks for community development. Together with like-minded groups, its goal is to connect theory, policy, and practice in ways that expand and improve the ability of communities to design their own future. TC has become a significant repository of, and network for, the local experience gained through public participation in the Community Access Program. TC advocates for control of open broadband networks as a local responsibility. http://www.tc.ca .
- 18.
IHAC, SchoolNet, CAP, Smart Communities, BRAND, etc.
- 19.
The most comprehensive example is: Key Elements of a National Access Strategy: A Public Interest Proposal . IPRP, Faculty of Information Studies, University of Toronto.
- 20.
National CAP Pictou–Vancouver Working Group 2004 .
- 21.
- 22.
CANCAP ( 2005 ).
- 23.
- 24.
Graham ( 2010 ).
- 25.
Correspondence from Gareth Shearman , President, Telecommunities Canada.
- 26.
CANARIE web site.
- 27.
Telecommunications Policy Review Panel ( 2006 ). Final Report.
- 28.
Or, to use the language of the e-development framework, TPRP did recommend a “cross-functional department to promote collaborative actions on policies and program implementation.”
- 29.
- 30.
Telecommunications Act: Order Issuing a Direction to the CRTC on Implementing the Canadian Telecommunications Policy Objectives ( 2006 ).
- 31.
Lawson ( 2008 ).
- 32.
Ramirez et al. ( 2007 ).
- 33.
Smolin ( 2003 ).
- 34.
Graham (2007).
- 35.
Thornton ( 2008 ).
- 36.
Verbal comments during the ceremony to sign a Memorandum of Understanding between ICANN and the new North American Regional At Large Organization. June 2007.
- 37.
Lessig ( 2004)
- 38.
Geertz ( 1973). “The concept of culture I espouse … is essentially a semiotic one. Believing, with Max Weber, that man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun, I take culture to be those webs, and the analysis of it to be therefore not an experimental science in search of law but an interpretative one in search of meaning. It is explication I am after …”
- 39.
Speakers at the OECD Ministerial Meeting on the future of the Internet Economy, Seoul, Korea, June 16–18, 2008:
– Mr. José Mariano Gago, (Minister of Science, Technology and Higher Education, Portugal): “Governments are committed to creating the conditions for the Internet to grow – even though we don’t know what they are. … the relation of amateurs to professionals is shaping the new organizational structure, and the Internet helps that movement to explode.”
– Mr. Juhan Parts, (Minister of Economic Affairs and Communications, Estonia): “They forgot to mention that Skype is an Estonian company… There is an economy and an Internet Economy? No, they are very difficult to separate. We will see Internet everywhere in sectors and affairs. … “users” are not users any more. They produce content. The level of complexity is rising.”
– Mr. David Cunliffe, (Minister for Communications and Information Technology, New Zealand): “States must use their power to offset the incumbents.”
- 40.
“Creating Opportunity: The Liberal Plan for Canada,” set out the platform of the Liberal Party of Canada in the 1993 federal election.
- 41.
Martin inherited the role of Prime Minister from Jean Chretien in December 2003. He won an election, in June 2004, but with a minority, and then was defeated by the Conservative Party of Canada under Stephen Harper in January 2006.
- 42.
Dobbin (2003).
- 43.
Tournemille (2001).
- 44.
Osborne and Gaebler (1992).
- 45.
- 46.
- 47.
Green and Hrab (2003).
- 48.
Gunningham (2007).
- 49.
Webster and Cathro (2007). “The Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) … stands as a shining example of smart regulation principles built on promises of strict enforcement. But [Margo] Priest says CEPA has been weakly enforced, and she should know: as the chief review officer hearing appeals of Environmental Protection Compliance Orders issues under CEPA, she laments ‘I do nothing’.”
- 50.
Ensuring a modern economy throughout rural and remote Canada: investing in rural and remote broadband access. Conservative Press Releases, Oct 11, 2008.
- 51.
- 52.
The Platform statement was removed from the Party web site after the election, but the origin of the policy was from Findley (2007). “Broadband, connecting Canadians,” is a significant issue all across the country in what are still underserved rural areas.
- 53.
- 54.
Preparing Europe’s digital future: i2010 Mid-Term Review. European Communities, 2008.
- 55.
Ramirez et al. (2007), p. 10.
- 56.
For example, Canada has no coherent energy or environmental strategies either. The reason for those absences is simply that they get in the way of business as usual.
- 57.
Information Highway Advisory Council (1997).
- 58.
Shirky (2009).
- 59.
- 60.
McTaggart (2008).
- 61.
Here are two examples:
-
(a)
Digitalontario. The Government of the Province of Ontario does have a strategy for the uses of the Internet in development, “Strengthening Digital Infrastructure Capacity.” It contrasts starkly with the total absence of anything comparable at the Federal level.
-
(b)
Coquitlam Optical Network Corporation (Qnet). At the municipal level, “QNet delivers superior, carrier grade fibreoptic network access within the City of Coquitlam, providing residents and businesses with the most competitive telecommunication choices of any municipality in Canada.”
-
(a)
- 62.
- 63.
For example, Ms. Viviane Reding, Commissioner for Information Society and Media, Commission of the European Community, speaking at the OECD (2008a), said: “Internet, like sea, space, the air, is shared by mankind. Net neutrality is a political question to be answered by people. The Internet is theirs. Do NOT weaken its openness as a public space. … The notion of Internet as a public utility must continue to be the primary guiding principle, backed by a stable notion of Internet Governance.”
- 64.
Graham (2006b).
- 65.
Nowak (2008). The study Nowak refers to is Oxford Said Business School and Universidad de Oviedo. Broadband Quality Score: a global study of broadband quality.
- 66.
Florida and Milway (2008).
- 67.
Zara (2008).
- 68.
Veenhof et al. (2008).
- 69.
Benkler (2006).
- 70.
OECD (2008b). According to the OECD, in 5 years Canada has dropped from second “most connected” to tenth.
- 71.
Lenihan et al. (2007). “...... the reality is that governments are very ambivalent about using community approaches on a large scale. There are at least two reasons for this. One is organizational. Governments still operate very much from within the old paradigm – the self-contained, hierarchical silos. As a result, even when they want to collaborate, the system makes it difficult, if not impossible. The other is more legal and constitutional. In many ways, our system of government was actually designed to discourage collaboration.”
- 72.
Lipsey (1996). The maladjustment is over beliefs underlying the technologies more than the technologies themselves.
- 73.
Tapscott (2008).
- 74.
- 75.
Creech et al. (2009).
- 76.
Communautique (2010).
- 77.
For example see: First Nations Technology Council (FNTC). British Columbia. Pathways to Technology Project. “… a First Nations-led initiative to provide all 203 First Nations in BC with high-speed Internet services. The project is being implemented and managed by First Nations organizations although many other organizations are being engaged in various capacities and are making important contributions.”
- 78.
Lenihan (2007). As a constitutional federation, the balance of national and local issues among the Federal Government and the Provinces and Territories has been the subject of continuous negotiation since 1867. But, as Don Lenihan says, “Now, with almost a century and a half of experience behind us, a clear lesson has emerged about our federation. The distinction between local and national roles is a relative one. Whether something is local or national often depends on how we look at it.”
- 79.
Hanna (2007).
- 80.
Lenihan (2007). “These technologies have an extraordinary ability to connect people and institutions in new ways. While we can still make many choices about the form our new levels of connectedness will take, that they will profoundly deepen interdependence – at all levels – is hardly open to question. It is simply a consequence of living in the information age.”
- 81.
Hanna (2007), pp. 92–93.
- 82.
Hanna (2007), p. 97.
- 83.
Stiglitz (1999).
- 84.
Hanna (2007).
- 85.
Saul (2008), p. 30.
- 86.
Lenihan (2007). “So our point is that a new emphasis on community engagement of the sort we are advancing would greatly enhance the role of elected officials by creating a new opportunity for them to act as facilitators in these processes.”
- 87.
The concept of context preservation and transformation comes from: Roberto (1984).
- 88.
Maxwell (2008).
- 89.
Tapscott and Williams (2010).
- 90.
See, for example, Canadian Chamber of Commerce, and Information Technology Association of Canada.
- 91.
Communautique (2010); Chebucto Community Net (Halifax); K-Net; First Nations Technology Council; Wiring the social Network; Vetter et al. (2009).
References
Applicant Declaration on Lobbying. CAP. http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cap-pac.nsf/vwapj/declaration_on_lobbying.pdf/$FILE/declaration_on_lobbying.pdf, accessed 13 March 2009.
Avery, Simon. 2008. BCE moves into the future – slowly. Globe and Mail, August 25, 2008.
Avery, Simon. 2008. Why Telus is keeping its TV plans under wrap. Globe and Mail, August 13, 2008.
Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The wealth of networks. Yale University Press.
Benkler, Yochai and Nissenbaum, Helen. 2006. Commons-based Peer Production and Virtue. The Journal of Political Philosophy: Volume 14, Number 4, pp. 394–419. http://www.nyu.edu/projects/nissenbaum/papers/jopp_235.pdf, accessed 17 March 2009.
Bodnar, Christopher, Moll, Marita and Shade, Leslie Regan. 2005. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Road Map. Canadian Research Alliance For Community Innovation And Networking, July 2005. http://www3.fis.utoronto.ca/research/iprp/cracin/policy/e-policy_map.html, accessed 13 March 2009.
Boyd, David R. 2003. Unnatural law: rethinking Canadian environmental law and policy. Vancouver, UBC Press.
Boyd, David R. 2004. Sustainability within a generation: a new vision for Canada, Vancouver, The David Suzuki Foundation.
Canada’s Community Access Program (CAP) (a). Industry Canada web site. http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cap-pac.nsf/eng/home, accessed 12 March 2009.
Canada’s Community Access Program (CAP) (b). Telecommunities Canada web site. http://www.tc.ca/cap/ accessed: March 13, 2009.
Canadian Chamber of Commerce, July 13, 2010. Submission on a Digital Economy for Canada: Capitalizing on the Digital Economy.
CANARIE web site, accessed 15 March 2009. About: http://www.canarie.ca/about/about.html. Advanced networks: http://www.canarie.ca/advnet/index.html Gigabit Internet to the home: http://www.canarie.ca/advnet/gitts.html
CANCAP. 2005. The Future of CAP: Proposed Recommendations to Industry Canada for feedback from the CAP Community. February 2005. http://cap.vcn.bc.ca/uploads/1336/CAP3.pdf, accessed 13 March 2009.
Chebucto Community Net (Halifax). 2010 Internet Town Hall Meeting Series on possible digital divide solutions for Nova Scotia. http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/townhall/index.shtml Accessed December 2010.
CIOB web site. http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/cio-dpi/index-eng.asp, accessed 15 March 2009.
Communautique. (2010) “Manifesto. A Digital Framework for Quebec.” http://www.communautique.qc.ca/reflexion-et-enjeux/internet-citoyen/manifesto-digital-framework.html. accessed 20 December 2010.
Correspondence from Gareth Shearman, President, Telecommunities Canada, to Hon. Tony Clement, Minister of Industry, December 30, 2008., archived to: http://vancouvercommunity.net/lists/arc/cracin-canada/2009-01/, accessed 15 March 2009.
Coquitlam Optical Network Corporation (Qnet). http://www.qnetbc.net/default.htm, accessed 18 March 2009.
Creating Opportunity: The Liberal Plan for Canada. (a.k.a. “The Red Book”) By the Platform Committee. (Co–chairs: Haviva Hosek and Paul Martin). Ottawa: Liberal Party of Canada, 1993.
Creech H, Andjelkovic M, Vetter T, MacLean D, Rothman D, Vergragt PJ. 2009. Mapping the Future of the Internet onto Global Scenarios: A preliminary view. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), January 2009. http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2008/internet_global_scenarios.pdf, accessed 21 March 2009.
Department Mandate Statement. Industry Canada Web site. http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ic1.nsf/eng/h_00018.html, accessed 2 February 2009.
Digitalontario Web Site. http://www.digitalontario.mgs.gov.on.ca/, accessed 18 March 2009.
Dobbin, Murray. 2003. Liberal or Neoliberal? What can we expect from P.M. Martin? Read his budget speeches. (This article is an excerpt from his book, Paul Martin: CEO for Canada?). Ottawa, The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, December 2003. http://www.policyalternatives.ca/monitorissues/2003/12/monitorissue840/?pa=ddc3f905, accessed 17 March 2009.
Ensuring a modern economy throughout rural and remote Canada: investing in rural and remote broadband access. Conservative Press Releases, October 11, 2008. http://www.conservative.ca/EN/1091/107195, accessed 18 March 2009.
Findley, Martha Hall. 2007. Platform Outreach 2007 Report. P.6. http://www.liberal.ca/pdf/docs/platformreport_e.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
First Nations Technology Council (FNTC). British Columbia. Pathways to Technology Project. http://www.pathwaystotechnology.ca/home Accessed December 2010.
Florida, Richard and Milway, James. 2008. Creative class the most recession proof. Globe and Mail, November 24, 2008, B2.
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. Emphasizing Interpretation. The Interpretation of Cultures, pp. 4-5.
Gillett SE, Lehr WH, Osorio CA, Sirbu MA. 2006. Measuring Broadband’s Economic Impact. Final Report Prepared for the U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration National Technical Assistance, Training, Research, and Evaluation Project #99-07-13829. MITʼs Communications Futures Program, February 28, 2006. http://www.eda.gov/ImageCache/EDAPublic/documents/pdfdocs2006/mitcmubbimpactreport_2epdf/v1/mitcmubbimpactreport.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
Graham, Garth. 2005. Community online and public policy: Telecommunities Canada’s submission to the Telecommunications Policy Review. Victoria, BC, Telecommunities Canada, August15, 2005. http://www.tc.ca/telecompolicyreviewed.pdf, accessed 15 March 2009.
Graham, Garth. 2005. Home Truths For Citizens Online: Telecommunities Canada’s Second Round Submission To The Telecommunications Policy Review, September 15, 2005. http://www.tc.ca/home_truths.pdf, accessed 15 March 2009.
Graham, Garth. 2006. Canadians online – creators not consumers: A critique from a community networking perspective of the Telecommunications Policy Review Panel’s Report. Victoria, BC, Telecommunities Canada, June 21, 2006. http://www.tc.ca/TC_on_TPRP2.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
Graham, Garth. 2006. Internet policy as socio-economic development: Market forces alone are not the answer! Panel. Telecommunications and the public good: Alternative Telecommunications Policy Forum, October 20/06. http://www3.fis.utoronto.ca/research/iprp/cracin/alttelecomcontent/Graham%20alternate%20view.pdf, accessed 17 March 2009.
Graham, Garth. 2007. IP rules! Internet Protocol as Commons and social contract. April 23, 2007. (Appendix A of Ricardo Ramirez, Garth Graham, Fred G. Bigham, and Dan Pellerin. Broadband for what? Policy implications of an essential public utility. April 30, 2007. pp 34-41). http://kmdi.utoronto.ca/broadband/publications/Files/ramirez_paper.pdf, accessed 15 March 2009.
Graham, Garth. 2010. Towards a National Strategy for Digital Inclusion: a discussion document adopted by Telecommunities Canada to support participation in public forums on the role of broadband in social change. January 19, 2010. http://tc.ca/digital_inc4.pdf
Green, Andrew and Hrab, Roy. 2003. Self-regulation and the protection of the public interest. Paper Prepared for the Panel on the Role of Government. June 2003. p.82. http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/investing/reports/rp26.pdf, accessed 17 March 2009.
Government Executive Series. 2004. eGovernment Leadership: High Performance, Maximum Value. Accenture, May 2004, P11. http://www.accenture.com/NR/rdonlyres/D7206199-C3D4-4CB4-A7D8-846C94287890/0/gove_egov_value.pdf, accessed 15 March 2009.
Government Executive Series. 2005. Leadership in Customer Service: New Expectations, New Experiences. Accenture, April 2005. (P.61). http://www.accenture.com/NR/rdonlyres/F45CE4C8-9330-4450-BB4A-AF4E265C88D4/0/leadership_cust.pdf, accessed 15 March 2009.
Gunningham, Neil. 2007. Reconfiguring Environmental Regulation: Next Generation Policy Instruments. Chapter 8 of Industrial innovation and environmental regulation: developing workable solutions. Edited by Saeed Parto and Brent Herbert-Copley. UNU Press/IDRC.
Gunningham, Neil and Grabosky, Peter. 1998. Smart regulation; designing environmental policy. Clarendon Press.
Hanna, Nagy. 2007. e-Leadership Institutions for the Knowledge Economy. Washington, D.C., The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDEVELOPMENT/Resources/Nagy_Hanna_ELeadershipInstitutionsFinal.pdf?resourceurlname=Nagy_Hanna_ELeadershipInstitutionsFinal.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
Information Highway Advisory Council. 1997. Preparing Canada for a digital world: final report of the Information Highway Advisory Council. Ottawa, Industry Canada, September 1997. P. 124.
Information Technology Association of Canada. 2009. Upping our Game” A National ICT Strategy for Canada.
Infrastructure Canada Web Site: http://www.buildingcanada-chantierscanada.gc.ca/plandocs/bg-di/bg-di-info5-eng.html#eco5, accessed 18 March 2009.
Internet for Everyone Campaign. http://www.internetforeveryone.ca/en.html, accessed 15 March 2009.
Katz, Raul L. 2008. The economic and social impact of telecommunications output: empirical evidence in the US and Europe. ETNO Regulatory Economics Task ForceBrussels, April 30, 2008. http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/null/download?&exclusive=filemgr.download&file_id=133716, accessed 20 March 2009.
Key Elements of a National Access Strategy: A Public Interest Proposal. Universal Access Project of the Information Policy Research Program [IPRP], Faculty of Information Studies, University of Toronto, August 5, 1998. http://www3.fis.utoronto.ca/research/iprp/ua/nacstrat.htm, accessed 13 March 2009.
K-Net, located in Northwestern Ontario, applies a social enterprise model for governing broadband development in remote Aboriginal communities in high cost serving areas. K-Net operates under the not-for -profit stewardship of the Keewaytinook Okimanak (KO) Tribal Council. http://knet.ca/ Accessed December 2010.
Lawson, Philippa. 2008. Gutting the Telecom Act. In: For sale to the highest bidder; telcom policy in Canada, edited by Marita Moll and Leslie Regan Shade, Ottawa, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, pp. 17–26.
Lenihan D, Milloy J, Fox G, Barber T. 2007. Progressive Governance for Canadians: What You Need to Know. Crossing Boundaries Governance Program, Public Policy Forum, March 2007. Pp65-66. http://www.ppforum.ca/common/assets/publications/en/book-progressive%20governance%20for%20canadians.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
Lessig, Lawrence. 2004. Coase’s First Question: When should there not be property rights? Cato Institute. Regulation, Vol.27, No. 3, Fall 2004. http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv27n3/v27n3-4.pdf, accessed 17 March 2009.
Lipsey, Richard G. 1996. Economic Growth, Technological Change, and Canadian Economic Policy. C.D. Howe Institute Benefactors Lecture, Vancouver, November 6, 1996. p28. http://www.cdhowe.org/pdf/lipsey.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
McTaggart, Craig. 2008. Net neutrality and Canada’s Telecommunications Act. Prepared for the Fourteenth Biennial National Conference on New Developments in Communications Law and Policy, Law Society of Upper Canada, Ottawa, 25-26 April 2008. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1127203, accessed 24 March 2009.
Maxwell, Judith. 2008. Communities must mobilize to find local solutions to a global crisis. Globe and Mail., November 17, 2008, B2.
National CAP Pictou–Vancouver Working Group. 2004. From Access to Inclusion: A future vision for CAP. March 16, 2004.
New Democratic Party of Canada (NDP) web site: http://www.ndp.ca/platform/otherpriorities/supportingculture, accessed 18 March 2009.
Nowak, Peter. 2008. Canada’s broadband networks not ready for future: report. CBC News, September 15, 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2008/09/15/tech-broadband.html, accessed 18 March 2009.
OECD. 2008. Ministerial Meeting on the future of the Internet Economy, Seoul, Korea, June 16-18, 2008. www.oecd.org/FutureInternet, accessed 17 March 2009.
OECD. 2008. Broadband subscribers per 100 inhabitants. June 2008. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/35/39574709.xls, accessed 18 March 2009.
OECD Broadband Portal. http://www.oecd.org/sti/ict/broadband, accessed 18 March 2009.
Organizational Readiness Office web site. http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/oro-bgc/index-eng.asp, accessed 15 March 2009.
Osborne, David and Gaebler, Ted. 1992. Reinventing Government: how the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public sector. Addison-Wesley Publishing.
Oxford Said Business School and Universidad de Oviedo. 2008. Broadband Quality Score: A global study of broadband quality. Sponsored by Cisco, September 2008 p8. http://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/downloads/Broadband_Quality_Study_press_presentation.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
Partnership For A Digital Chicago: The city that net/works: transforming society and economy through digital excellence. Report of the Mayor´s Advisory Council on closing the digital divide. Chicago, May 2007. http://egov.cityofchicago.org:80/webportal/COCWebPortal/COC_EDITORIAL/DigitalDivide.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
Preparing Europe’s digital future: i2010 Mid-Term Review. European Communities, 2008. http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/annual_report/2008/i2010_mid-term_review_en.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
Public Works and Government Services Canada. Web site: http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/apropos-about/fi-fs/ged-gol-eng.html, accessed 15 March 2009.
Priest, Margot. 1997. The Privatization of Regulation: Five Models of Self-Regulation. Ottawa Law Review, 1997: 29: 233 (1997-98).
Ramirez, Ricardo, Graham, Garth. Bigham, Fred G, and Pellerin, Dan. 2007. Broadband for what? Policy implications of an essential public utility. The Ontario Ministry of Government and Consumer Services. Toward a Broadband Research Agenda for Ontario. Working Papers. April 30, 2007. http://kmdi.utoronto.ca/broadband/publications/Files/ramirez_paper.pdf, accessed 15 March 2009.
Roberts, Sheridan. 2007. Measuring the impacts of ICT using official statistics. Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy, Working Party on Indicators for the Information Society, DSTI/ICCP/IIS(2007)1/FINAL. OECD/OCDE, October 2007. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/25/39869939.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
Saul, John Ralston. 2008. A fair country: telling truths about Canada. Toronto, Viking Canada.
Shirky, Clay. 2009. Ontology is overrated: categories, links, and tags. http://www.shirky.com/writings/ontology_overrated.html, accessed 18 March 2009.
Smolin, Lee. 2003. How science is like democracy. Technology, Entertainment, Design (TED), Filmed Feb 2003; Posted Nov 2008. http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/lee_smolin_on_science_and_democracy.html, accessed 15 March 2009.
Stiglitz, Joseph. Chief Economist, World Bank. 1999. Scan Globally, Reinvent Locally: Knowledge Infrastructure and the Localization of Knowledge. Keynote Address, First Global Development Network Conference, Bonn, Germany. December 1999. http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de400-3.htm, accessed 17 March 2009.
Stockholm Declaration on Open (broadband) Networks. http://www.1st-mile.com/resources/ospn-references/stockholm_declaration, accessed 18 March 2009.
Tapscott, Don. 2008. Grown Up Digital:How the Net Generation is Changing Your World. McGraw-Hill. http://www.grownupdigital.com/, accessed 18 March 2009.
Tapscott, Don and Williams, Anthony D. September 2010. Macrowikinomics: Rebooting Business and the World. Portfolio.
Telecommunications Act: Order Issuing a Direction to the CRTC on Implementing the Canadian Telecommunications Policy Objectives. P.C. 2006-1534 December 14, 2006. Canada Gazette, Vol. 140, No. 26, December 27, 2006. http://canadagazette.gc.ca/partII/2006/20061227/html/sor355-e.html, accessed 15 March 2009.
Telecommunications Policy Review Panel. 2006. Final Report 2006. Ottawa, Industry Canada. Chapter 1- p.32. http://www.telecomreview.ca/epic/site/tprp-gecrt.nsf/en/h_rx00054e.html, accessed 15 March 2009.
Thornton, Thomas F. 2008. Being and Place among the Tlingit. University of Washington Press.
Tournemille, Dale. 2001. Red Book: No new health, rural Internet spending. CTVnews.com Staff, Monday, December 10, 2001. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/budget2001, accessed 17 March 2009.
Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. Web site. http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/media/nr-cp/2003/0616-eng.asp, accessed 15 March 2009.
Unger, Roberto. 1984. Passion; an essay on personality, London, Collier Macmillan. http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/unger/english/passion.php, accessed 18 March 2009.
Veenhof B, Wellman B, Quell C, Hogan B. 2008. How Canadians’ use of the Internet affects social life and civic participation. Research Paper; Connectedness Series Statistics Canada, December 2008. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/56f0004m/56f0004m2008016-eng.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
Vetter, Tony; MacLean, Don; and Creech, Heather. June 2009. Projecting the Evolution of the Internet, its Technologies, Communities and Management: Canadian stakeholders’ understandings and perceptions of the issues. Report on a pilot workshop held in Vancouver, British Columbia, March 26–27, 2009. Winnipeg, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/projecting_internet_evolution.pdf Accessed December 2010.
Webster, Paul and Cathro, John. 2007. Hands off: is smart regulation dumb for Canada’s wilderness areas? The Walrus, November 2007, p.41.
Welsum, Desirée van. 2008. Broadband and the Economy. Ministerial Background Report, DSTI/ICCP/IE(2007)3/FINAL. OECD Ministerial Meeting on the future of the Internet Economy, Seoul, Korea, 17-18 June 2008. OECD Working Party on the Information Economy, May 2007. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/7/40781696.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
Wiring the social Network (a growing conversation in Vancouver, British Columbia) <http://wiringthesocialeconomy.wordpress.com/> Accessed December 2010.
Zara, Olivier. 2008. Managing Collective Intelligence: Toward a New Corporate Governance. M21 Editions. http://www.axiopole.com/pdf/Managing_collective_intelligence.pdf, accessed 18 March 2009.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Graham, G., Hanna, N.K. (2011). Toward a Community-Based E-Development in Canada. In: Hanna, N., Knight, P. (eds) Seeking Transformation Through Information Technology. Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0353-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0353-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-0352-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-0353-1
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsBusiness and Management (R0)