Skip to main content

Workers’ Compensation: Occupational Injury Insurance’s Influence on the Workplace

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Insurance

Abstract

Worker’s compensation provides health care and partial wage loss replacement to workers injured on the job. It is more complex in its scope and impact on workers than other social insurance both because it is a system of diverse state-based laws funded through private, public, and self-insuring entities, and because it has significant overlap with health insurance, unemployment insurance, and other employer-provided benefits. While research indicates strong incentive responses to the structure of indemnity benefits and medical reimbursements, future research will benefit from employing a worker-centric (rather than a program-centric) orientation using integrated databases that ultimately link workplace productivity to program characteristics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 469.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 599.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 599.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Appel D, Borba S (1988) Workers compensation insurance pricing Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnetz BB, Sjogren B, Rydehn B, Meisel R (2003) Early workplace intervention for employees with musculoskeletal-related absentisem: a prospective controlled intervention study. JOEM 45(5):499–506

    Google Scholar 

  • Asfaw A, Pana-Cryan R (2009) The impact of self-insuring for workers’ compensation on the incidence rates of worker injury and illness. J Occup Environ Med 51:1466–1473

    Google Scholar 

  • Atlas SJ, Chang Y, Keller RB, Singer DE, Yen AW, Deyo RA (2006) The impact of disability compensation on long-term treatment outcomes of patients with sciatica due to a lumbar disc herniation. Spine 31(26):3061–3069

    Google Scholar 

  • Atlas SJ, Tosteson TD, Blood EA, Skinner JS, Pransky GS, Weinstein JN (2010) The impact of workers’ compensation on outcomes of surgical and nonoperative therapy for patients with a lumbar disc herniation: sport. Spine 35(1):89–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin M, Johnson WG, Butler RJ (2006) The effects of occupational injuries after returns to work: work absences and the losses of on-the-job productivity. J Risk Insur 73(2):309–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin M, Butler RJ, Johnson WG, Cote P (2007) Self-reported severity measures as predictors of return-to-work outcomes in occupational back pain. J Occup Rehabil 17(4):683–700

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker GS, Murphy K (1988) A theory of rational addiction. J Polit Econ 96(4):675–700

    Google Scholar 

  • Biddle J, Roberts K, Rosenman K, Welch E (1998) What percentage of workers with work-related illnesses receive workers’ compensation benefits? J Occup Environ Med 40(4):325–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Biddle J (2001) Do high claim-denial rates discourage claiming? Evidence from workers’ compensation insurance. J Risk Insur 68(4):631–658

    Google Scholar 

  • Biddle J, Roberts K (2003) Claiming behavior in workers’ compensation. J Risk Insur 70(4):759–780

    Google Scholar 

  • Boden L, Galizzi M (1999) Economic consequnces of workplace injuries and illnesses: lost earnings and benefit adequacy. Am J Ind Med 36(5):487–503

    Google Scholar 

  • Boden L, Galizzi M (2003) Income losses of women and men injured at work. J Hum Resour 38(3):722–757

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolduc D, Fortin B, Labrecque F, Lanoie P (2002) Workers’ compensation, moral hazard, and the composition of workplace injuries. J Hum Resour 37(3): 623–652

    Google Scholar 

  • Boone J, van Ours JC (2006) Are recessions good for workplace safety? J Health Econ 25:1069–1093

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslin FC, Tompa E, Mustard C, Zhao R, Smith P, Hogg-Johnson S (2007) Association between the decline in workers’ compensation claims and workforce composition and job characteristics Am J Public Health 97(3):453–455

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronchetti ET, McInerney M (2012) Revisiting incentive effects in workers’ compensation: do higher benefits really induce more claims? Ind Labor Relat Rev 65(2):288–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler M (2011) Three Essays in Labor Economics, unpublished. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ (1983) Wage and injury rate response to shifting levels of workers’ compensation. In: Worrall JD (ed) Safety and the work force: incentives and disincentives in workers’ compensation, ILR Press, Ithaca, NY, pp 61–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Worrall JD (1983) Workers’ compensation: benefit and injury claims rates in the seventies. Rev Econ Stat 65(4):580–589

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Worrall JD (1985) Work injury compensation and the duration of nonwork spells. Econ J 95:714–724

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Worrall JD (1988) Labor market theory and the distribution of workers’ compensation losses. In: Borba PS, Appel D (eds) Workers’ compensation insurance pricing: current programs and proposed reforms, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp 19–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Worrall JD (1991) Claims reporting and risk bearing moral hazard in workers’ compensation. J Risk Insur 58(2):191–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ (1994) The economic determinants of worker compensation trends. J Risk Insur 61(3):383–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Durbin DL, Helvacian NM (1996) Increasing claims for soft tissue injuries in workers’ compensation: cost shifting and moral hazard. J Risk Uncertainty 13(1):73–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Hartwig R, Gardner H (1997) HMOS, moral hazard and cost shifting in workers’ compensation. J Health Econ 16(2):191–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Delworth Gardner B, Gardner HH (1997) Workers‘ compensation costs when maximum benefits change. J Risk Uncertainty 15:259–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ (2000) Economic incentives in disability insurance and behavioral responses. J Occup Rehabil 10(1):7–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Park Y-S (2000) Impairment ratings for back claims are poor predictors of wage loss. J Occup Rehabil 10(2):153–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Park Y-S (2005) Safety practices, firm culture, and workplace injuries. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, MI

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Johnson WG, Gray B (2007) Timing makes a difference: early employer intervention and low back pain. Prof Case Manag J 12(6):316–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Johnson WG, Cote P (2007) It pays to be nice: employer-worker relationships and the management of back pain claims. J Occup Environ Med 49(2):214–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Johnson WG (2008) Satisfaction with low back pain care. Spine 8(3):510–521

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Johnson WG (2010) Adjusting rehabilitation costs and benefits for health capital: the case of low back occupational injuries. J Occup Rehabil 20:90–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Gardner HH (2011) Moral hazard and benefits consumption capital in program overlap: the case of workers’ compensation. Found Trends Micro 6(1):1–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler RJ, Kleinman NL, Gardner HH (2012) Higher monday work injury claims are more ergonomic than economic. working paper, BYU economics department, revised, July 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Campolieti M, Hyatt D (2006) Further evidence on the Monday effect in workers’ compensation. Ind Labor Relat Rev 59(3):438–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Card D, McCall BP (1996) Is workers’ compensation covering uninsured medical costs? evidence from the ‘monday effect’. Ind Labor Relat Rev 49(4):690–706

    Google Scholar 

  • Carreon LY, Glassman SD, Kantamneni NR, Mugavin MO, Djurasovic M (2010) Clinical outcomes after posterolateral lumbar fusion in workers’ compensation patients: a case-control study Spine 35(19):1812–1817

    Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright W, Hu T, Huang L (1992) Impact of varying medigap insurance coverage on the use of medical services of the elderly. Appl Econ 24:529–539

    Google Scholar 

  • Chelius JR (1982). The influence of worker’s compensation on safety incentives. Ind Labor Relat Rev 35(2):235–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Chelius JR, Smith RS (1983) Experience-rating and injury prevention. In: Worrall JD (ed) Safety and the workforce, ILR Press, Ithaca, NY, pp 128–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Chelius JR, Kavanaugh K (1988) Workers’ compensation and the level of occupational injuries. J Risk Insur 55(2):315–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Carreon A, Eppig E, Hogan M, Waldo D, Arnett R (1993) Health insurance and the elderly: data from MCBS. Health Care Financ Rev 14:163–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Chelius JR, Smith RS (1993) The impact of experience-rating on employer behavior: the case of Washington state. In: Durbin D, Borba PS (eds) Workers’ compensation insurance: claim costs, prices, and regulation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp 293–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper JE, Tate RB, Yassi A, Khokhar J (1996) Effect of early intervention program on the relationship between subjective pain and disability measures in nurses with low back injury. Spine 21(20):2329–2336

    Google Scholar 

  • Dionne G, St-Michel P (1991) Workers’ compensation and moral hazard. Rev Econ Stat 73(2):236–244

    Google Scholar 

  • De B, Justin DP, Ghandi R, Winemaker M (2005) Primary total knee arthroplasty in patients receiving workers’ compensation benefits Can J Surg 48(2):100–105

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBerard MS, Lacaille RA, Spielmans G, Colledge A, Parlin MA (2009) Outcomes and presurgery correlates of lumbar discectomy in Utah workers’ compensation patients Spine 9(3):193–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducatman AM (1986) Workers’ compensation cost shifting: a unique concern of providers and purchasers of prepaid health care. J Occup Med 28(11):1174–1176

    Google Scholar 

  • Durbin DL, Corro D, Helvacian N (1996) Workers’ compensation medical expenditures: price vs. quantity. J Risk Insur 63(1):13–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Durbin D, Butler RJ (1998) Prevention of disability from work related sources: the roles of risk management, government intervention, and insurance. In: Thomason T, Burton JF, Hyatt D, (eds) New approaches to disability in the workplace, IRRA Press, Madison, WI, pp 63–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmiston KD (2006) Workers’ compensation and state employment growth J Reg Sci 46(1):121–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenberg R Oaxaca R (1976) Unemployment insurance, duration of unemployment, and subsequent wage gain. Am Econ Rev 66(5):754–766

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan ZJ, Bonauto DK, Foley MP, Silverstein BA (2006) Underreporting of work-related injury or illness to workers’ compensation: individual and industry factors J Occup Environ Med 48(9):914–922

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortin B, Lanoie P (1992) Substitution between unemployment insurance and workers’ compensation: an analysis applied to the risk of workplace accidents. J Publ Econ 49(3):287–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortin B, Lanoie P, LaPorte C (1999) Is workers’ compensation a substitute for unemployment insurance? J Risk Uncertainty 18(3):165–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin GM, Stover BD, Turner JA, Fulton-Kehoe D, Wickizer TM (2008) Early opioid prescription and subsequent disability among workers with back injuries: the disability risk identification study cohort Spine 33(2):199–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner HH, Gardner BD, and Butler RJ (1999) Benefits management beyond the adding machine: using integrated, worker specific analysis. Benefits Q 15(3):30–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner HH, Kleinman N, Butler RJ (2000) Waiting periods and health-related absenteeism: the need for program integration. Benefits Q 16(3):47–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner HH, Kleinman N, Butler RJ (2000) Workers’ compensation and family and medical leave act claim contagion. J Risk Uncertainty 20(1):89–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner HH (2006) Walking the talk: bridging the gap to human capital management. HCMS working paper, HCMS. Cheyenne, WY

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner JA (1991) Benefit increases and system utilization: the Connecticut experience. Workers’ Compensation Research Institute, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatchel RJ, Polatin PB, Noe C, Gardea M, Pulliam C, Thompson J (2003) Treatment and cost effectiveness of early intervention for acute low-back pain patients: a one-year prospective study. J Occup Rehabil 13(1):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross DP, Battié MC (2005a) Factors influencing results of functional capacity evaluations in workers’ compensation claimants with low back pain Phys Ther 85(4):315–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross DP, Battié MC (2005b) Work-related recovery expectations and the prognosis of chronic low back pain within a workers’ compensation setting J Occup Environ Med 47(4):428–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo X, Burton JF Jr (2010) Workers’ compensation: recent developments in moral hazard and benefit payments. Ind Labor Relat Rev 63(2):340–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou W-H, Tsauo J-Y, Lin C-H, Lian H-W, Chung-Li D (2008) Workers’ compensation and return-to-work following orthopaedic injury to extremities J Rehabil Med 40(6):440–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt HA, Habeck RV, VanTol B, Scully SM (1993) Disability prevention among Michigan employers, 1988–1993. W.E. Upjohn Institute technical report no. 93-004, September 1993

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki K, Takahashi M, Nakata A (2006) Health problems due to long working hours in Japan: working hours, workers’ compensation (karoshi), and preventive measures. Ind Health 44:537–540

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson WG, Ondrich J (1990) The duration of post-injury absences from work. Rev Econ Stat 72:578–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson WG, Burton JF, Thornquist L, Zaidman B (1993) Why does workers compensation pay more for health care? Benefits Q 9(4):22–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson WG, Baldwin ML, Butler RJ (1997) Back pain and work disability: the need for a new paradigm. Ind Relat 37(1):9–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson WG, Butler RJ, Baldwin M, Cote P (2011) Loss reduction through worker satisfaction: the case of workers’ compensation. Risk Manag Insur Rev 14(1):1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger AB (1990) Incentive effects of workers’ compensation insurance. J Publ Econ 41:73–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger AB (1990) Workers’ compensation insurance and the duration of workplace injuries. Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University, Working Paper No. 261

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakdawalla DN, Reville RT, Seabury SA (2005) How does health insurance affect workers’ compensation filing? RAND Institute for Civil Justice Working Paper, ER-205–1-ICJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Landers M, Cheung W, Miller D, Summons T, Wallmann HW, McWhorter JW, Ty D (2007) Workers’ compensation and litigation status influence the functional outcome of patients with neck pain Clin J Pain 23(8): 676–682

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanoie P (1992a) Safety regulation and the risk of workplace accidents in Quebec. South Econ J 58: 950–965

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanoie P (1992b) The impact of occupational safety and health regulation on the risk of workplace accidents: Quebec: 1983–87. J Hum Resour 27(4):643–660

    Google Scholar 

  • Link C, Long S, Settle R (1980) Cost sharing, supplementary insurance, and health services utilization among the elderly. Health Care Financ Rev 2:25–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipton B, Laws C, Li L (2009) Narcotics in workers compensation NCCI Research Brief December 2009. https://www.ncci.com/documents/Narcotics_in{_}WC{_}1209.pdf. Accessed 24 Jan 2012

  • Loisel P, Abenhaim L, Durand P, Esdalle JM, Suissa S, Gosselin L, Simard R, Turcotte J, Lemaire J (1997) A population-based, randomized clinical trial on back pain management. Spine 22(24):2911–2918

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch WD, Gardner HH (2008) Aligning incentives, information, and choice. Health as Human Capital Foundation, Cheyenne, WY

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning W, Newhouse J, Duan N, Keeler E, Leibowitzand A, Marquis M (1987) Health insurance and the demand for medical care: evidence from a randomized experiment. Am Econ Rev 11:251–211

    Google Scholar 

  • McCall N, Boismier J, West R (1991) Private health insurance and medical care utilization: evidence from the medicare population. Inquiry 28:276–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer BD, Viscusi WK, Durbin DL (1995) Workers’ compensation and injury duration: evidence from a natural experiment. Am Econ Rev 85(3):322–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Molde Hagen E, Eriksen H, Gradal A (2000) Does early intervention with light mobilization program reduce long-term sick leave for low back pain: a 3-year followup. Spine 25(15):1973–1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Molde Hagen E, Gradal A, Eriksen H (2003) Does early intervention with light mobilization program reduce long-term sick leave for low back pain: a 3-year followup. Spine 28(20):2309–2315

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon SD, Sauter SL (eds) (1996) Psychological aspects of musculoskeletal disorders in office work, Taylor and Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore MJ, Viscusi WK (1990) Compensation mechanisms for job risks. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuhauser F Raphael S (2004) The effect of an increase in workers’ compensation benefits on the duration and frequency of benefit receipt. Rev Econ Stat 86(1): 288–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostbye T, Dement JM, Krause KM (2007) Obesity and workers’ compensation. Arch Intern Med 167(8): 766–773

    Google Scholar 

  • Park Y-S, Butler RJ (2000) Permanent partial disability awards and wage loss. J Risk Insur 67(3):331–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Park Y-S, Butler RJ (2001) The safety costs of contingent work: evidence from Minnesota. J Lab Res 22(4): 831–849

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson J, Corro D (2006) Workers compensation vs. group health: a comparison of utilization NCCI Research Brief, November 2006. https://www.ncci.com/documents/research-wc-vs-group-health.pdf Accessed 24 Jan 2012

  • Robertson LS, Keeve JP (1983) Worker injuries: the effects of workers’ compensation and OSHA inspections. J Health Polit Policy Law 8(3):581–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruser JW (1985) Workers’ compensation insurance, experience-rating, and occupational injuries. Rand J Econ 16(4):487–503

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruser JW (1991) Workers’ compensation and occupational injuries and illnesses. J Labor Econ 9(4): 325–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruser JW (1993) Workers’ compensation and the distribution of occupational injuries. J Hum Resour 28(3): 593–617

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruser JW (1998) Does workers’ compensation encourage hard to diagnose injuries? J Risk Insur 65(1): 101–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruser JW (1999) Changing composition of lost-workday injuries. Mon Labor Rev 122:11–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruser JW, Pergamit MR (2004) Workers’ compensation reforms and benefit claiming. Third International Conference on Health Economics, Policy and Management, Athens, Greece

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruser J, Butler R (2010) The economics of occupational safety and health. Found Trends Micro 5(5): 301–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Scuderi GJ, Sherman AL, Brusovanik GV, Pahl MA, Vaccaro AR (2005) Symptomatic cervical disc herniation following a motor vehicle collision: return to work comparative study of workers’ compensation versus personal injury insurance status Spine 5(6): 639–644

    Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta I, Reno V, Burton, JF Jr (2011) Workers’ compensation: benefits, coverage, and costs, 2009. National Academy of Social Insurance. http://www.nasi.org/research/2011/report-workers-compensation-benefits-coverage-costs-2009 Accessed 4 Feb 2012

  • Shuford H, Restrepo T, Beaven N, Paul Leigh J (2009) Trends in components of medical spending within workers compensation: results from 37 states combined J Occup Environ Med 51(2):232–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith RS (1990) Mostly on mondays: is workers’ compensation covering off-the-job injuries? In: Borba PS, Appel D (eds) Benefits, costs, and cycles in workers’ compensation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp 115–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith RS (1992) Have OSHA and workers’ compensation made the workplace safer? In: Lewin D, Mitchell OS, Sherer PD (eds) Research frontiers in industrial relations and human resources, IRRA Press, Madison, WI, pp 557–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomason T, Pozzebon S (2002) Determinants of firm workplace health and safety and claims management practices. Ind Labor Relat Rev 55(2):286–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner JA, Franklin G, Fulton-Kehoe D, Sheppard L, Wickizer TM, Rae W, Gluck JV, Egan K (2006) Worker recovery expectations and fear-avoidance predict work disability in a population-based workers’ compensation back pain sample Spine 31(6):682–689

    Google Scholar 

  • Victor RB (1982) Workers’ compensation and workplace safety: the nature of employer financial incentives. Rand Corporation Report R-2979-ICJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Waehrer GM, Miller TR (2003) Restricted work, workers’ compensation, and days away from work. J. Hum Resour XXXVIII (4):964–991

    Google Scholar 

  • Welland DA (1986) Workers’ compensation liability changes and the distribution of injury claims. J Risk Insur 53(4):662–678

    Google Scholar 

  • Worrall JD, Butler RJ (1985) Benefits and claim duration. In: Worrall JD, Appel D (eds) Workers’ compensation benefits: adequacy, equity, and efficiency, ILR Press, Ithaca, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Worrall JD, Butler RJ (1986) Lessons from the workers’ compensation program. In: Berkowitz M, Anne Hill M (eds) Disability and the labor market: economic problems, policies, and programs, ILR Press, Ithaca, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Worrall JD, Butler RJ (1988) Experience rating matters. In: Borba PS, Appel D (eds) Workers’ compensation insurance pricing: current programs and proposed reforms, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp 81–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Yassi A, Tate R, Cooper JE, Snow C, Vallentyne S, Khokhar JB (1995) Early Intervention for back-injured nurses at a large Canadian tertiary care hospital: an evaluation of the effectiveness and cost benefits of a two-year pilot project. Occup Med 45(4): 209–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelle BA, Panzica M, Vogt MT, Sittaro NA, Krettek C, Pape HC (2005) Influence of workers’ compensation eligibility upon functional recovery 10 to 28 years after polytrauma Am J Surg 190(1):30–36

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard J. Butler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science + Business media, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Butler, R.J., Gardner, H.H., Kleinman, N.L. (2013). Workers’ Compensation: Occupational Injury Insurance’s Influence on the Workplace. In: Dionne, G. (eds) Handbook of Insurance. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0155-1_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics