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Cancer Associated Viruses pp 677–704Cite as

Mechanisms of Oncogenesis by Avian and Murine Retroviruses

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Part of the book series: Current Cancer Research ((CUCR))

Abstract

Oncogenic retroviruses have made major contributions to cancer research since their discovery 100 years ago in chickens. Their close genetic interaction with hosts, due to the obligatory proviral integration into host genomes, has led to better understanding of mechanisms of nonviral oncogenesis as well. Some retroviruses, such as Rous sarcoma virus, have captured host genes and incorporated them into their genomes – a finding that led to the discovery of oncogenes and showed that cancer is a genetic disease. Comparisons of viral oncogenes and cellular protooncogenes revealed mutations and expression differences important for oncogenesis. Retroviruses lacking oncogenes, including avian leukosis virus and murine leukemia virus, can alter expression of host genes by insertional mutagenesis, supplying new transcriptional regulatory sequences. This discovery uncovered many new oncogenes and led to the first oncogenic microRNA, miR-155. Studies elucidating cooperativity between oncogenes have contributed to our understanding of cancer as a multistep process. A few types of retroviruses use viral structural or noncoding genes for oncogenesis. Others interact with endogenous retroviral sequences present in the host. Finally, since retroviruses are frequently used as gene therapy vectors, the potential role of the vectors in oncogenesis must be considered and weighed against the benefits of the intervention.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the help of Mohan Bolisetty and Sarah Short with the preparation of the manuscript.

KLB was supported by NIH grants R01CA048746-20 and R01CA124596-04.

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  1. Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA

    Karen Beemon

  2. Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA

    Naomi Rosenberg

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Correspondence to Karen Beemon .

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  1. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Hamilton Walk 3610, Philadelphia, 19104, Pennsylvania, USA

    Erle S. Robertson

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Beemon, K., Rosenberg, N. (2012). Mechanisms of Oncogenesis by Avian and Murine Retroviruses. In: Robertson, E. (eds) Cancer Associated Viruses. Current Cancer Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0016-5_27

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