Stress, Toxicity, and Adaptation

Abstract

In the biosphere, there are large and long-interval phenomena that shock ecosystems with infrequent destructive pulses. Examples are storms, floods, volcanic actions, fires, or surges of long-period consumers, such as snowy owls. When conditions change, ecosystems reorganize When outside influences cause severe disruption, new succession follows. To better understand these processes of stress, environmental impact, and recovery, agencies of environmental protection have supported extensive research on the effects of chemical, physical, and biological factors on microcosms.