Abstract
This chapter has three objectives. The first is to provide a few historical details respecting the development of illness cognition research in our laboratory. As these activities extended over three decades, our brief comments may help the interested reader to integrate several lines of research that are frequently viewed as separate. The second, primary objective is to advance a constructivist view of behavioral processes. We believe people are active problem solvers and work in illness cognition must identify the procedures that people use to elaborate and test their illness models. If taken seriously, this theme can generate new directions for conceptual and empirical development. Our third, final objective is to highlight a few of the points made in prior chapters suggesting how they relate to the directions we now envision.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahles, T. A., Blanchard, E. B., & Leventhal, H. (1983). Cognitive control of pain: Attention to the sensory aspects of the cold pressor stimulus. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 159–177.
Anderson, J. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Baumann, L., Cameron, L. D., Zimmerman, R., & Leventhal, H. (1989). Illness representations and matching labels with symptoms. Health Psychology, 8, 449–469.
Bishop, G. D. (1987). Lay conceptions of physical symptoms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17(2), 127–146.
Blumhagen, D. (1980). Hyper-tension: A folk illness with a medical name. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 4, 197–227.
Byrne, D. (1961). The repression-sensitization scale: Rationale, reliability and validity. Journal of Personality, 29, 344–349.
Caccioppo, J. T., Andersen, B. L., Turnquist, D. C., & Petty, R. E. (1985). Psychophysiological comparison processes: Interpreting cancer symptoms. In B. L. Andersen (Ed.), Women with cancer: Psychological perspectives (pp. 141–171). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Contrada, R., Leventhal, H., & O’Leary, A. (1990). Personality and health. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 638–669). New York: Guilford.
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 24, 349–354.
Croyle, R. T., & Sande, G. N. (1988). Denial and confirmatory search: Paradoxical consequences of medical diagnosis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18(6), 473–490.
Easterling, D., & Leventhal, H. (1989). The contribution of concrete cognition to emotion: Neutral symptoms as elicitors of worry about cancer. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 787–796.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20–35.
Freud, S. (1957). Instincts and their vicissitudes. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (pp. 111–142). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1915)
Green, L. W. (1984). Modifying and developing health behavior. Annual Reviews of Public Health, 5, 215–236.
Jamison, K. R., Wellisch, D. K., & Pasnau, R. O. (1978). Psychosocial aspects of mastectomy. I. The woman’s perspective. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 432–436.
Janis, I. L. (1958). Psychological stress. New York: Wiley.
Janis, I. L., & Leventhal, H. (1967). Human reactions to stress. In E. Borgatta & W. Lambert (Eds.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 1041–1085). Chicago: Rand McNally.
Jemmott, J. B., III, Ditto, P. H., & Croyle, R. T. (1986). Judging health status: Effects of perceived prevalence and personal relevance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 899–905.
Johnson, J. E. (1973). Effects of accurate expectations about sensations on the sensory and distress components of pain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 261–275.
Johnson, J. E. (1975). Stress reduction through sensation information. In I. G. Sarason & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 2, pp. 361–373). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing.
Johnson, J. E., Lauvier, D. R., & Nail, L. M. (1989). Process of coping with radiation therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 358–364.
Johnson, J. E., & Leventhal, H. (1974). The effects of accurate expectations and behavioral instructions on reactions during a noxious medical examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 710–718.
Keller, M. L., Leventhal, H., Prohaska, T. R., & Leventhal, E. A. (1989). Beliefs about aging and illness in a community sample. Research in Nursing and Health, 12, 247–255.
Kornzweig, N. D. (1967). Behavior change as a function of fear arousal and personality. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Lau, R. R., Bernard, T. M., & Hartman, K. A. (1989). Further explorations of common sense representations of common illnesses. Health Psychology, 8, 195–219.
Lau, R. R., & Hartman, K. A. (1983). Common sense representations of common illnesses. Health Psychology, 2, 167–185.
Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lazarus, R. S., & Launier, R. (1978). Stress related transactions between person and environment. In L. A. Pervin & M. Lewis (Eds.), Perspectives in interactional psychology. New York: Academic Press.
Leventhal, E. A. (in press). Gender and their aging: Women and their aging. In D. M. Reddy, V. J. Adesso, & R. Fleming (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on womens’s health. New York: Hemisphere.
Leventhal, E. A., Leventhal H., Shacham, S., & Easterling, D. V. (1989). Active coping reduces reports of pain from childbirth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 365–371.
Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 119–186.
Leventhal, H. (1975). The consequences of depersonalization during illness and treatment: An information processing model. In J. Howard & A. Strauss (Eds.), Humanizing health care (pp. 119–161). New York: Wiley.
Leventhal, H. (1976). Comments on the study of smoking and the study of special subcultures and cancer. In J. W. Cullen, B. H. Fox, & R. N. Isom (Eds.), Cancer, the behavioral dimensions (pp. 111–115). New York: Raven Press.
Leventhal, H. (1979). A perceptual-motor processing model of emotion. In P. Pliner, K. Blankstein, & I. M. Spigel (Eds.), Advances in the study of communication and affect: Perception of emotion in self and others (Vol 5, pp. 1–46). New York: Plenum Press.
Leventhal, H., Brown, D., Shacham, S., & Engquist, G. (1979). Effects of preparatory information about sensations, threat of pain, and attention on cold pressor distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 688–714.
Leventhal, H., & Johnson, J. E. (1983). Laboratory and field experimentation: Development of a theory of self-regulation. In P. J. Wooldridge, M. H. Schmitt, J. K. Skipper, & R. C. Leonard (Eds.), Behavioral science and nursing theory (pp. 189–262). St. Louis: Mosby.
Leventhal, H., Jones, S., & Trembly, G. (1966). Sex differences in attitude and behavior change under conditions of fear and specific instructions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 387–399.
Leventhal, H., Meyer, D., & Nerenz, D. (1980). The common sense representation of illness danger. In S. Rachman (Ed.), Contributions to medical psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 17–30). New York: Pergamon Press.
Leventhal, H., Nerenz, D., & Steele, D. (1984). Illness representations and coping with health threats. In A. Baum & J. Singer (Eds.), A Handbook of Psychology and Health (Vol. 4, pp. 219–252). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Leventhal, H., & Niles, P. (1965). Persistence of influence for varying durations of exposure to threat stimuli. Psychological Reports, 16, 223–233.
Leventhal, H., Singer, R., & Jones, S. (1965). Effects of fear and specificity of recommendations upon attitudes and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 20–29.
Leventhal, H., & Singer, R. P. (1966). Affect arousal and positioning of recommendations in persuasive communications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 137–146.
Leventhal, H., Watts, J. C., & Pagano, F. (1967). Effects of fear and instructions on how to cope with danger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 313–321.
Linz, D., Penrod, S., Siverhus, S., & Leventhal, H. (1982). The cognitive organization of disease and illness among lay persons. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Matthews, K. A., Siegel, J. M., Kuller, L. H., Thompson, M., & Vanat, M. (1983). Determinants of decision to seek medical treatment by patients with acute myocardial infarction symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1144–1156.
Mechanic, D. (1972). Social psychological factors affecting the presentation of bodily complaints. New England Journal of Medicine, 286, 1132–1139.
Mechanic, D. (1980). The experience and reporting of common physical complaints. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 146–155.
Mechanic, D. (1986). Illness behavior: An overview. In S. McHugh & T. M. Vallis (Eds.), Illness behavior: A multi-disciplinary model. New York: Plenum Press.
Meyer, D., Leventhal, H., & Gutmann, M. (1985). Commonsense models of illness: The example of hypertension. Health Psychology, 4, 115–135.
Miller, S. (1980). When is a little information a dangerous thing? Coping with stressful events by monitoring versus blunting. In S. Levine & H. Ursin (Eds.), Coping and health: Proceedings of a NATO conference (pp. 145–169). New York: Plenum Press.
Myerowitz, B. E. (1980). Psychosocial correlates of breast cancer and its treatments. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 108–131.
Parrott, G. W., & Sabini, J. (1989). On the “emotional” qualities of certain types of cognition: A reply to arguments for the independence of cognition and affect. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 49–65.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1982). The psychology of physical symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Skelton, J. A. (1978). Psychological parameters of physical symptoms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 524–530.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Skelton, J. A. (1981). Selective monitoring of bodily sensations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 213–223.
Pilowsky, I. (1986). Abnormal illness behavior: A review of the concept and its implications. In S. McHugh & T. M. Vallis (Eds.), Illness behavior: A multidisciplinary model (pp. 391–408). New York: Plenum Press.
Prohaska, T. R., Keller, M. L., Leventhal, E. A., & Leventhal, H. (1987). Impact of symptoms and aging attribution on emotions and coping. Health Psychology, 6, 495–514.
Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Caccioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology (pp. 153–176). New York: Guilford Press.
Sacks, O. (1984). A leg to stand on. London: Duckworth.
Safer, M. A., Tharps, Q. J., Jackson, T. C., & Leventhal, H. (1979). Determinants of three stages of delay in seeking care at a medical clinic. Medical Care, 12(1), 11–29.
Sanders, G. S. (1982). Social comparison and perceptions of health and illness. In G. S. Sanders & J. Suis (Eds.), Social psychology of health and illness (pp. 129–157). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Shontz, F. C. (1975). The psychological aspects of physical illness and disability. New York: Macmillan.
Shuval, J. T. (1970). Social functions of medical practice : Doctor-patient relationships in Israel. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.
Silberfarb, P. M., Maurer, L. H., & Crouthamel, C. S. (1980). Psychosocial aspects of neoplastic disease. I. Functional status of breast cancer patients during different treatment regimens. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 450–455.
Suchman, E. A. (1965). Stages of illness and medical care. Journal of Health Social Behavior, 6, 114.
Suls, J., & Fletcher, B. (1985). The relative efficacy of avoidant and non-avoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 4, 249–288.
Suls, J., Maco, C. A., & Tobin, S. (in press). The role of temporal comparison, social comparison, and direct appraisal in the elderly’s self-evaluations of health. Journal of Applied Social Psychology.
Suls, J., & Wan, C. K. (1989). Effects of sensory and procedural information on coping with stressful medical procedures and pain: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 372–379.
Suls, J. Wan, C. K., & Sanders, G. S. (1988). False consensus and false uniqueness in the perception of health-promotive behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 18, 66–79.
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory. New York: Academic Press.
Ward, S., Leventhal, H., & Gilderson-Duwe, C. Repression and the experience of chemotherapy: A self regulation perspective. Manuscript in preparation.
Ward, S., Leventhal, H., & Love, R. (1988). Repression revisited: Tactics used in coping with a severe health threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 735–746.
Watson, D. (1988). Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: Their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1020–1030.
Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234–254.
Weinberger, A. D., Schwartz, G. E., & Davidson, R. J. D. (1979). Low-anxious, high-anxious, and repressive coping styles: Psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 369–380.
Whiting, J. W. M., & Child, I. L. (1953). Child training and personality (pp. 119–128). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Leventhal, H., Diefenbach, M. (1991). The Active Side of Illness Cognition. In: Skelton, J.A., Croyle, R.T. (eds) Mental Representation in Health and Illness. Contributions to Psychology and Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9074-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9074-9_11
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9076-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9074-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive