Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Contributions to Psychology and Medicine ((CONTRIBUTIONS))

Abstract

This chapter has three objectives. The first is to provide a few historical details respecting the development of illness cognition research in our laboratory. As these activities extended over three decades, our brief comments may help the interested reader to integrate several lines of research that are frequently viewed as separate. The second, primary objective is to advance a constructivist view of behavioral processes. We believe people are active problem solvers and work in illness cognition must identify the procedures that people use to elaborate and test their illness models. If taken seriously, this theme can generate new directions for conceptual and empirical development. Our third, final objective is to highlight a few of the points made in prior chapters suggesting how they relate to the directions we now envision.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahles, T. A., Blanchard, E. B., & Leventhal, H. (1983). Cognitive control of pain: Attention to the sensory aspects of the cold pressor stimulus. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 159–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumann, L., Cameron, L. D., Zimmerman, R., & Leventhal, H. (1989). Illness representations and matching labels with symptoms. Health Psychology, 8, 449–469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, G. D. (1987). Lay conceptions of physical symptoms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17(2), 127–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumhagen, D. (1980). Hyper-tension: A folk illness with a medical name. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 4, 197–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, D. (1961). The repression-sensitization scale: Rationale, reliability and validity. Journal of Personality, 29, 344–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caccioppo, J. T., Andersen, B. L., Turnquist, D. C., & Petty, R. E. (1985). Psychophysiological comparison processes: Interpreting cancer symptoms. In B. L. Andersen (Ed.), Women with cancer: Psychological perspectives (pp. 141–171). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Contrada, R., Leventhal, H., & O’Leary, A. (1990). Personality and health. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 638–669). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 24, 349–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croyle, R. T., & Sande, G. N. (1988). Denial and confirmatory search: Paradoxical consequences of medical diagnosis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18(6), 473–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Easterling, D., & Leventhal, H. (1989). The contribution of concrete cognition to emotion: Neutral symptoms as elicitors of worry about cancer. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 787–796.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1957). Instincts and their vicissitudes. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (pp. 111–142). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1915)

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, L. W. (1984). Modifying and developing health behavior. Annual Reviews of Public Health, 5, 215–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jamison, K. R., Wellisch, D. K., & Pasnau, R. O. (1978). Psychosocial aspects of mastectomy. I. The woman’s perspective. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 432–436.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janis, I. L. (1958). Psychological stress. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janis, I. L., & Leventhal, H. (1967). Human reactions to stress. In E. Borgatta & W. Lambert (Eds.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 1041–1085). Chicago: Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jemmott, J. B., III, Ditto, P. H., & Croyle, R. T. (1986). Judging health status: Effects of perceived prevalence and personal relevance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 899–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. E. (1973). Effects of accurate expectations about sensations on the sensory and distress components of pain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 261–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. E. (1975). Stress reduction through sensation information. In I. G. Sarason & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 2, pp. 361–373). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. E., Lauvier, D. R., & Nail, L. M. (1989). Process of coping with radiation therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 358–364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. E., & Leventhal, H. (1974). The effects of accurate expectations and behavioral instructions on reactions during a noxious medical examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 710–718.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, M. L., Leventhal, H., Prohaska, T. R., & Leventhal, E. A. (1989). Beliefs about aging and illness in a community sample. Research in Nursing and Health, 12, 247–255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kornzweig, N. D. (1967). Behavior change as a function of fear arousal and personality. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, R. R., Bernard, T. M., & Hartman, K. A. (1989). Further explorations of common sense representations of common illnesses. Health Psychology, 8, 195–219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, R. R., & Hartman, K. A. (1983). Common sense representations of common illnesses. Health Psychology, 2, 167–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Launier, R. (1978). Stress related transactions between person and environment. In L. A. Pervin & M. Lewis (Eds.), Perspectives in interactional psychology. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, E. A. (in press). Gender and their aging: Women and their aging. In D. M. Reddy, V. J. Adesso, & R. Fleming (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on womens’s health. New York: Hemisphere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, E. A., Leventhal H., Shacham, S., & Easterling, D. V. (1989). Active coping reduces reports of pain from childbirth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 365–371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 119–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H. (1975). The consequences of depersonalization during illness and treatment: An information processing model. In J. Howard & A. Strauss (Eds.), Humanizing health care (pp. 119–161). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H. (1976). Comments on the study of smoking and the study of special subcultures and cancer. In J. W. Cullen, B. H. Fox, & R. N. Isom (Eds.), Cancer, the behavioral dimensions (pp. 111–115). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H. (1979). A perceptual-motor processing model of emotion. In P. Pliner, K. Blankstein, & I. M. Spigel (Eds.), Advances in the study of communication and affect: Perception of emotion in self and others (Vol 5, pp. 1–46). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., Brown, D., Shacham, S., & Engquist, G. (1979). Effects of preparatory information about sensations, threat of pain, and attention on cold pressor distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 688–714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., & Johnson, J. E. (1983). Laboratory and field experimentation: Development of a theory of self-regulation. In P. J. Wooldridge, M. H. Schmitt, J. K. Skipper, & R. C. Leonard (Eds.), Behavioral science and nursing theory (pp. 189–262). St. Louis: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., Jones, S., & Trembly, G. (1966). Sex differences in attitude and behavior change under conditions of fear and specific instructions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 387–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., Meyer, D., & Nerenz, D. (1980). The common sense representation of illness danger. In S. Rachman (Ed.), Contributions to medical psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 17–30). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., Nerenz, D., & Steele, D. (1984). Illness representations and coping with health threats. In A. Baum & J. Singer (Eds.), A Handbook of Psychology and Health (Vol. 4, pp. 219–252). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., & Niles, P. (1965). Persistence of influence for varying durations of exposure to threat stimuli. Psychological Reports, 16, 223–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., Singer, R., & Jones, S. (1965). Effects of fear and specificity of recommendations upon attitudes and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 20–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., & Singer, R. P. (1966). Affect arousal and positioning of recommendations in persuasive communications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 137–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., Watts, J. C., & Pagano, F. (1967). Effects of fear and instructions on how to cope with danger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 313–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linz, D., Penrod, S., Siverhus, S., & Leventhal, H. (1982). The cognitive organization of disease and illness among lay persons. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, K. A., Siegel, J. M., Kuller, L. H., Thompson, M., & Vanat, M. (1983). Determinants of decision to seek medical treatment by patients with acute myocardial infarction symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1144–1156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mechanic, D. (1972). Social psychological factors affecting the presentation of bodily complaints. New England Journal of Medicine, 286, 1132–1139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mechanic, D. (1980). The experience and reporting of common physical complaints. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 146–155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mechanic, D. (1986). Illness behavior: An overview. In S. McHugh & T. M. Vallis (Eds.), Illness behavior: A multi-disciplinary model. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D., Leventhal, H., & Gutmann, M. (1985). Commonsense models of illness: The example of hypertension. Health Psychology, 4, 115–135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S. (1980). When is a little information a dangerous thing? Coping with stressful events by monitoring versus blunting. In S. Levine & H. Ursin (Eds.), Coping and health: Proceedings of a NATO conference (pp. 145–169). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myerowitz, B. E. (1980). Psychosocial correlates of breast cancer and its treatments. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 108–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parrott, G. W., & Sabini, J. (1989). On the “emotional” qualities of certain types of cognition: A reply to arguments for the independence of cognition and affect. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 49–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker, J. W. (1982). The psychology of physical symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker, J. W., & Skelton, J. A. (1978). Psychological parameters of physical symptoms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 524–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker, J. W., & Skelton, J. A. (1981). Selective monitoring of bodily sensations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 213–223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pilowsky, I. (1986). Abnormal illness behavior: A review of the concept and its implications. In S. McHugh & T. M. Vallis (Eds.), Illness behavior: A multidisciplinary model (pp. 391–408). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prohaska, T. R., Keller, M. L., Leventhal, E. A., & Leventhal, H. (1987). Impact of symptoms and aging attribution on emotions and coping. Health Psychology, 6, 495–514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Caccioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology (pp. 153–176). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, O. (1984). A leg to stand on. London: Duckworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safer, M. A., Tharps, Q. J., Jackson, T. C., & Leventhal, H. (1979). Determinants of three stages of delay in seeking care at a medical clinic. Medical Care, 12(1), 11–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, G. S. (1982). Social comparison and perceptions of health and illness. In G. S. Sanders & J. Suis (Eds.), Social psychology of health and illness (pp. 129–157). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shontz, F. C. (1975). The psychological aspects of physical illness and disability. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuval, J. T. (1970). Social functions of medical practice : Doctor-patient relationships in Israel. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silberfarb, P. M., Maurer, L. H., & Crouthamel, C. S. (1980). Psychosocial aspects of neoplastic disease. I. Functional status of breast cancer patients during different treatment regimens. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 450–455.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suchman, E. A. (1965). Stages of illness and medical care. Journal of Health Social Behavior, 6, 114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suls, J., & Fletcher, B. (1985). The relative efficacy of avoidant and non-avoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 4, 249–288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suls, J., Maco, C. A., & Tobin, S. (in press). The role of temporal comparison, social comparison, and direct appraisal in the elderly’s self-evaluations of health. Journal of Applied Social Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suls, J., & Wan, C. K. (1989). Effects of sensory and procedural information on coping with stressful medical procedures and pain: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 372–379.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suls, J. Wan, C. K., & Sanders, G. S. (1988). False consensus and false uniqueness in the perception of health-promotive behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 18, 66–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, S., Leventhal, H., & Gilderson-Duwe, C. Repression and the experience of chemotherapy: A self regulation perspective. Manuscript in preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, S., Leventhal, H., & Love, R. (1988). Repression revisited: Tactics used in coping with a severe health threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 735–746.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D. (1988). Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: Their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1020–1030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234–254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger, A. D., Schwartz, G. E., & Davidson, R. J. D. (1979). Low-anxious, high-anxious, and repressive coping styles: Psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 369–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whiting, J. W. M., & Child, I. L. (1953). Child training and personality (pp. 119–128). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Leventhal, H., Diefenbach, M. (1991). The Active Side of Illness Cognition. In: Skelton, J.A., Croyle, R.T. (eds) Mental Representation in Health and Illness. Contributions to Psychology and Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9074-9_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9074-9_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9076-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9074-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics