Abstract
External control of both upper and lower limbs can be achieved by electrical stimulation of muscles, allowing paralyzed patients to regain useful function. External control by Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation (FNS) has been achieved for restoration of hand grasp (Peckham et al., 1988; Keith et al., 1989; Handa et al., 1986), arm and elbow control (Allin and Inbar, 1986; Hoshimiya et al., 1989; Miller et al., 1989), standing (Kralj et al., 1986; Jaeger et al., 1989), and locomotion (Kralj et al., 1983; Marsolais and Kobetic, 1986). All of these systems are open loop in the sense that no automatic corrections are made for errors in the output. It is well recognized that incorporation of feedback control into these systems can improve the repeatability of performance by automatically compensating for internal disturbances (particularly the nonlinear and time varying properties of muscles) as well as external disturbances due to interaction with objects in the environment.
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Crago, P.E., Lemay, M.A., Liu, L. (1990). External Control of Limb Movements Involving Environmental Interactions. In: Winters, J.M., Woo, S.LY. (eds) Multiple Muscle Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9030-5_21
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9030-5_21
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