Abstract
Growth of the eye must occur to exact specifications because the various ocular tissues must bear precise geometric relations to one another if effective optic and photoreceptive functions are to be possible. As summarized by Curtin (1985), there is strong support for the concept that the retina organizes ocular growth. Although growth factors probably play an important mediating role, there is evidence to suggest that the retina induces various effects on growth of the eye by influencing the development of the vitreous.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ali S, Bettelheim FA (1984): Distribution of freezable and non-freezable water in bovine vitreous. Curr Eye Res 3: 1233–1239.
Araki M, Tokoro T, Matsuo C (1964): Movement of the ciliary body associated to accommodation. Acta Ophthalmol Jap 68: 1852.
Arciniegas A, Amaya LE, Ruiz LA (1980): Myopia a bioengineering approach. Ann Ophthalmol 12: 805.
Balazs EA (1960): Physiology of the vitreous body in retina surgery with special emphasis on reoperations, in Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the Retina Foundation ( CL Schepens, ed). CV Mosby, St. Louis, pp 29–48.
Balazs EA (1961): Molecular morphology of the vitreous body, in The Structure of the Eye ( GK Smelser, ed). Academic Press, New York & London, pp 293–310.
Balazs EA (1966): Sediment volume and visco-elastic behavior of hyaluronic acid solutions. Fed Proc 25: 1817–1822.
Balazs EA (1968): Die Mikrostruktur und Chemie des Glaskörpers, in Bericht über die 68. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalmo- logischen Gesellschaft, Heidelberg 1967 ( W. Jaeger, ed). JF Bergmann Verlag, Munich, pp 536–572.
Balazs EA (1984): The vitreous, in The Eye, Vol 1A ( H Davson, ed). Academic Press, London, pp 533–589.
Balazs EA, Gibbs DA (1970): The rheological properties and biological function of hyaluronic acid, in Chemistry and Molecular Biology of the Intercellular Matrix ( EA Balazs, ed). Academic Press, New York, pp 1241–1254.
Bay M (1974): Water movement in the vitreous body evaluated experimentally and theoretically. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 34: 174–180.
Beauchamp R, Mitchell B (1985): Ultrasound measures of vitreous chamber depth during ocular accommodation. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 62: 523–532.
Beebe DC, Latker CH, Jebens HAH, et al (1986): Transport and steady–state concentration of plasma proteins in the vitreous humor of the chicken embryo—implications for the mechanism of eye growth during early development. Dev Biol 114: 361–368.
Bettelheim FA, Wang TJY (1976): Dynamic viscoelastic properties of bovine vitreous. Exp Eye Res 23: 435–441.
Bettelheim FA, Christian S, Lee LK (1983): Differential scanning calorimetric measurements on human lenses. Curr Eye Res 2: 803–808.
Boettner EA, Wolter JK (1962): Transmission of the ocular media. Invest Ophthalmol 13: 776.
Brubaker RF, Riley FC Jr. (1972): Vitreous body volume reduction in the rabbit. Arch Ophthalmol 87: 438.
Chien JC, Chang EP (1972): Dynamic mechanical and rheo-optical studies of collagen and gelatin. Biopolymers 2: 2015–2031.
Chylack LT, Kinoshita JH (1972): The interaction of the lens and the vitreous. I. The high glucose cataract in a lens-vitreous preparation. Exp Eye Res 14: 58–64.
Coleman DJ (1970): Unified model for accommodative mechanism. Am J Ophthalmol 69: 1063–1079.
Comper WD, Laurent TC (1978): Physiological functions of connective tissue polysaccharides. Physiol Rev 58 (1): 255–315.
Coull BM, Cutler RWP (1978): Light-evoked release of endogenous glycine into the perfused vitreous in the intact rat eye. Invest Ophthalmol 17: 682–684.
Coull BM, Owens DK, Cutler RWP (1981): The release of endogenous amino acids into the vitreous of the intact eye of the albino rat—Effect of light, potassium and ouabain. Brain Res 210: 301–309.
Coulombre AJ (1956): The role of intraocular pressure in the development of the chicken eye. J Exp Zool 133: 211.
Coulombre AJ, Steinberg SN, Coulombre JL (1963): The role of intraocular pressure in the development of the chick eye. V. Pigmented epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol 2: 83–89.
Curtin BJ (1985): The Myopias—Basic Science and Clinical Management. Harper & Row, Philadelphia, pp 61–151.
Darzynkiewicz Z, Balazs EA (1971): Effect of hyaluronic acid on lymphocyte stimulation. Exp Eye Res 66: 113–123.
Disalvo J, Schubert M (1966): Interaction during fibril formation of soluble collagen with cartilage protein polysaccharides. Biopolymers 4: 247–258.
Doft BH, Weiskopf J, Nilsso-Ehle I, Wingard LB (1985): Amphotericin clearance in vitrectomized versus non-vitrectomized eyes. Ophthalmology 92: 1601–1605.
Enoch JM, Birch DG (1980): Evidence for alteration in photoreceptor orientation. Ophthalmology 87: 821.
Fatt I (1975): Flow and diffusion in the vitreous body of the eye. Bull Math Biol 37: 85–90.
Fatt I (1977): Hydraulic flow conductivity of the vitreous gel. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 16: 565–568.
Fatt I, Hedbys, BO (1970): Flow of water in the sclera, Exp Eye Res 10: 243–249.
Fessier JH (1960): A structural function of mucopolysaccharide in connective tissue. Bio chem J 76: 124–132.
Fincham EF (1937): The mechanism of accommodation. Br J Ophthalmol 8: 70, 40.
Fisher RF (1982): The vitreous and lens in accommodation. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 102: 318–322.
Fisher RF (1983): Is the vitreous necessary for accommodation in man? Br J Ophthalmol 67: 206.
Forrester JV, Balazs EA (1977): Effect of hyaluronic acid and vitreous on macrophage phagocytosis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 97: 554–547.
Forrester, JV, Grierson I (1979): The cellular response to blood in the vitreous—An ultra-structural study.J Pathol 129: 43–52.
Forrester JV, Grieson I, Lee WR (1979): The pathology of vitreous hemorrhage II. Ultra-structure. Arch Ophthalmol 97: 2368–2374.
Forrester JV, Balazs EA (1980): Inhibition of phagocytosis by high molecular weight hyaluronate. Immunology 40: 435–446.
Foulds WS (1985): Do we need a retinal pigment epithelium (or choroid) for the maintenance of retinal apposition? Br J Ophthalmol 69: 237–239.
Foulds WS (1987): Is your vitreous really necessary? The role of the vitreous in the eye with particular reference to retinal attachment, detachment and the mode of action of vitreous substitutes. Eye 1: 641–664.
Foulds WS, Allan D, Moseby H, et al (1985): Effect of intravitreal hyaluronidase on the clearance of tritiated water from the vitreous to the choroid. Br J Ophthalmol 69: 529–532.
Gardner-Medwin AR (1984): Retinal physiology—A foot in the vitreous fluid. Nature 309: 113.
Gibbs DA, Merrille EW, Smith DA, Balazs EA (1968): The rheology of hyaluronic acid. Biopolymers 6: 777–791.
Goss DA, Criswell MH (1981): Myopia development in experiemntal animals a literature review. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 58: 859.
Gulati AK, Reyer RW (1980): Role of neural retina and vitreous body during lens regeneration—Transplantation and autoradiography. J Exp Zool 214: 109–118.
Helmholtz H von (1924): Über die Akkomodation des Auges. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1: 2.
Hultsch E (1977): Peripheral uveitis in the owl monkey—Experimental model. Mod Probl Ophthalmol 18: 247–251.
Hultsch E (1979): Vitreous structure and ocular inflammation, in Immunology and Immuno- pathology of the Eye (Silverstein AM & O’Connor GR eds). Masson, New York, pp 97–102.
Ichinohasama J (1979): Influence of metabolic disorder in the vitreous induced by experimental uveitis on the rabbit lens. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 83: 1225–1233.
Jacobson B, Basu PK, Hassany SM (1984): Vascular endothelial cell growth inhibitor of normal and pathologic vitreous. Arch Ophthalmol 102: 1543–1545.
Jacobson B, Dorfman T, Basu PK, et al (1985): Inhibition of vascular endothelial cell growth and trypsin activity by vitreous. Exp Eye Res 41: 581–595.
Kaczurowski MI (1967): The surface of the vitreous. Am J Ophthalmol 63: 419–429.
Kayazawa F, Tamura S, Tsuji T, Matsuda T, Kuwayama W, Machide T (1983): The influence of aging on vitreous fluorophotometry. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 87: 380–383.
Khodadoust AA, Stark WJ, Bell WR (1983): Coagulation properties of intraocular humors and cerebrospinal fluid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24: 1616–1619.
Kinsey VW, Grant WM, Cogan DG (1942): Water movement and the eye. Arch Ophthalmol 27: 242.
Kinsey VW, Reddy DVN, Skrentny BA (1960): Intraocular transport of 14C-labelled urea and the influence of diamox on its rate of accumulation in the aqueous humours. Am J Ophthalmol 50: 1130–1141.
Kitchen RG (1975): Diffusion in Model Connective Tissue Systems (Thesis). Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Monash University, 1975.
Knudsen LL (1987): Binding of fluorescein to vitreous in vitro. Acta Ophthalmol 65: 352–357.
Koretz JF, Handelman GH (1982): Model of the accommodative mechanism in the human eye. Vision Res 22: 917–927.
Laurent TC, Pietruszkiewiez A (1961): The effect of hyaluronic acid on the sedimentation rate of other substances. Biochim Biophys Acta 49: 258–264.
Laurent TC, Bjork I, Pietruszkiewiez A, Persson H (1963): On the interaction between polysaccharides and other maeromolecules. II. The transport of globular particles through hyaluronic acid solutions. Biochim Biophys Acta 78: 351–359.
Laurent TC, Obrink B (1972): On the restriction of the rotational diffusion of proteins in polymer networks. Eur J Biochem 28:94– 101.
Laurent TC, Preston BN, Pertoft M, Gustafsson B, McCabe M (1975): Diffusion of linear polymers in hyaluronate solutions. Eur J Biochem 53: 129–136.
Lin T, Stone RA, Laties AM et al (1988): Altered dopamine metabolism and form-deprivation myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29: (ARVO): 33.
Linsemeyer TF, Little CD (1978): Embryonic neural retina collagen—in vitro synthesis of high molecular weight forms of type II plus a new genetic type. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75: 3235–3239.
Lutty GA, Thompson DC, Gallup JY (1983): Vitreous—An inhibitor of retinal extract- induced neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24: 52–56.
Lutty GA, Mello RJ, Chandler C et al (1985): Regulation of cell growth by vitreous humor. J Cell Sci 76: 53–65.
Maurice DM (1957): The exchange of sodium between the vitreous body and the blood and aqueous humour.J Physiol 137: 100 — 125.
McBrien NA, Barnes DA (1984): A review and evaluation of theories of refractive error development. Ophthalm Physiol Opt 4: 201.
McBrien NA, Millodot M (1987): The relation–ship between tonic accommodation and refractive error. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 28: 997–1004.
McBrien NA, Norton TT (1988): Experimental myopia in tree shrew is increased by treatment with lathyritic agents. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29 (ARVO): 33.
McCulloch C (1954): The zonule of Zinn: Its origin, course, insertion and relation to neighboring structures. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 52: 525.
Mosely H (1981): Mathematical model of diffusion in the vitreous humour of the eye. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 2: 175–181.
Newman EA (1984): Regional specialization of retinal glial cell membrane. Nature 309: 155–157.
Newsome DA, Linsemayer TF, Trelstad RJ (1976): Vitreous body collagen. Evidence for a dual origin from the neural retina and hyalocytes. J Cell Biol 71: 59–67.
Obrink B, Laurent TC (1974): Further studies on the rotation of globular proteins in polymer solutions. Eur J Biochem 41: 83–90.
Ogston AG, Phelps CF (1961): The partition of solutes between buffer solutions containing hyaluronic acid. Biochem J 78: 827–833.
Ogston AG, Sherman TF (1961): Effects of V. Functions of the Vitreous hyaluronic acid upon diffusion of solutes and flow of solvents. J Physiol Lond 156: 67–74.
Pederson JE, Cantrill HL (1984): Experimental retinal detachment. V. Fluid movement through the retinal hole. Arch Ophthalmol 102: 136–139.
Porte A, Stockei MD, Brini A et al (1968): Structure et differentiation du corps cilliare et du feuillet pigmenté de la retine chez le poulet. Arch Ophthalmol 28: 259–282.
Prager TC, Chu HH, Garcia CA, Anderson RE (1982): The influence of vitreous change on vitreous fluorophotometry. Arch Ophthalmol 100: 594–596.
Preston BN, Davies M, Ogston AG (1965): The composition and physiochemical properties of hyaluronic acids prepared from synovial fluid and from a case of mesothelioma. Biochem J 96: 449–474.
Preston BN, Obrink B, Laurent TC (1973): The rotational diffusion of albumin in solutions of connective–tissue polysaccharides. Eur J Biochem 33: 401–406.
Preston BN, Snowden J McK (1973): Diffusion properties in model extracellular systems, in Biology of Fibroblast ( E Kulonen, J Pillarainen, eds). Academic Press, New York, pp 215–230.
Raymond L, Jacobson B (1982): Isolation and identification of stimulatory and inhibiting growth factors in bovine vitreous. Exp Eye Res 34: 267–286.
Reddy VN (1979): Dynamics of transport systems in the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 18: 1000–1008.
Sebag J, Balazs EA, Eakins KE, Kulkarni PS (1981): The effects of Na-Hyaluronate on prostaglandin synthesis and phagocytosis by mononuclear phagocytes in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 20 (ARVO): 33.
Streeten BA (1982): Disorders of the vitreous, in Pathobiology of Ocular Disease—A Dynamic Approach, Part B ( A Garner, GK Klintworth, eds). Marcel Dekker, New York & Basel, pp 1381–1419.
Swann DA (1980): Chemistry and biology of vitreous body. Int Rev Exp Pathol 22: 1–64.
Swann DA, Chesney C, Constable IJ, et al (1974): The role of vitreous collagen in plate–let aggregation in vitro and in vivo. J Lab Clin Med 84: 264–274.
Tanioka A, Jojima E, Miyasaka J, Tshikawa K (1973): Effect of water on the mechanical properties of collagen fibers. J Poly Sci 11: 1489–1502.
Taylor CM, Weiss JB (1985): Partial purification of a 5.7 K glycoprotein from bovine vitreous which inhibits both angiogenesis and collagenase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 133: 911–916.
Thompson JT, Nguyen-Tan JO, Hillstrom MM (1988): The diffusion of tracers in isolated vitreous body. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29 (ARVO): 222.
Tokita M, Fujiya Y, Hikichi K (1984): Dynamic viscoelasticity of bovine vitreous body. Biorheology 21: 751–756.
Ueno N, Sebag J, Hirokawa H, Chakrabarti B (1987): Effects of visible light irradiation on vitreous structure in the presence of a photo-sensitizer. Exp Eye Res 44: 863–870.
Van Alphen GWHM (1961): On emmetropia and ametropia. Int J Ophthalmol 142: 1.
Von Noorden GK, Crawford MCJ (1978): Lid closure and refractive error in macaque monkeys. Nature 272: 53.
Von Pflug KA (1935): Neue Wege zur Efors- chung der Lehre von der Akkommodation; der Glaskorper im akkommodierenden Auge. Arch Ophthalmol 133: 545.
Walker F, Patrick RS (1967): Constituent monosaccharides and hexosamine concentration of normal vitreous humor. Exp Eye Res 6: 227.
Wassilewa P, Hockwin O, Korte I (1976): Glycogen concentration changes in retina, vitreous body and other eye tissues caused by disturbances of blood circulation. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 199: 115–120.
Weber H, Landuehr G, Kilp H, Neubauer H (1982): Mechanical properties of the vitreous in pig and human donor eyes. Ophthalm Res 14: 335–343.
Weisel TN, Raviola E (1977): Myopia and eye enlargement after neontal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature 266: 66.
Weisel TN, Raviola E (1979): Increase in axial length of the macaque monkey eye after corneal opacification. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 18: 1232.
Weiss H (1972): The carbohydrate reserve in the vitreous body and retina of the rabbit eye during and after pressure ischaemia and insulin hypoglycemia. Ophthalm Res 3: 360–371.
Xiong H, Cheng H-M (1988): Change of vitreous tonicity in “sugar” cataracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29 (ARVO): 149.
Yannas IV (1972): Collagen and gelatin in the solid state. J Macromol Sci Rev Macromol Chem CF: 49–104B.
Zhu ZR, Goodnight R, Sorgente N, et al (1988): Cellular proliferation induced by subretinal injection of vitreous in the rabbit. Arch Ophthalmol 106: 406–411.
Zimmerman RL (1980): In vivo measurements of the microelasticity of the human vitreous humor. Biophys J 29:539–544.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sebag, J. (1989). Functions of the Vitreous. In: The Vitreous. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8908-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8908-8_5
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-8910-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-8908-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive