Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Disorders of Human Learning, Behavior, and Communication ((HUMAN LEARNING))

Abstract

A view held by professionals working with mentally retarded persons is that, of all people who are in need of educational, social, or medical services, their clients represent the single most medicated group. If current prevalence figures for psychotropic drug prescriptions are taken as an indication, then this view may well be true. Thus, it is imperative that nonmedical professionals working with mentally retarded persons have some knowledge of behavioral pharmacology, the field of study that investigates how pharmacological agents affect behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackles, P.A. (1986). Evaluating pharmacological-behavioral treatment interactions. In M. Hersen (Ed.), Pharmacological and behavioral treatment interactions (pp. 54–86). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G. (1983). Psychoactive drugs in mental retardation. In J.L. Matson & F. Andrasik (Eds.), Treatment issues and innovations in mental retardation (pp. 455–513). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G. (1984). Drugs and learning in mentally retarded persons. In G.D. Burrows & J.S. Werry (Eds.), Advances in human psychopharmacology (Vol. 3, pp. 121–163). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G., Field, C.J., & Bridgman, G.D. (1985). City-wide survey of drug patterns among non-institutionalized retarded persons. Applied Research in Mental Retardation,5, 159–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G., & Singh, N.N. (1980). The usefulness of thioridazine for treating childhood disorders: Fact or folklore? American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1980, 331–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G., & Singh, N.N. (1982). Methylphenidate in severely retarded residents and the clinical significance of stereotypic behavior. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 3, 345–358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G., & Singh, N.N. (1983). Pharmacological intervention. In J.L. Matson, & J.A. Mulick (Eds.), Handbook of mental retardation (pp. 317–337). New York: Perga-mon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G., & Singh, N.N. (1986). A critical appraisal of recent drug research in mental retardation: The Coldwater studies. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research,30, 331–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G., & Singh, N.N. (1988a). Introduction: Drug prevalence and patterns of drug use, programs to reduce medication use, measurement techniques, and future trends. In M.G. Aman & N.N. Singh (Eds.), Psychopharmacology of the developmental disabilities (pp. 1–28). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G., and Singh, N.N. (1988b). Vitamin, mineral, and dietary treatment. In M.G. Aman & N.N. Singh (Eds.). Psychopharmacology of the developmental disabilities (pp. 168–196). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G., Singh, N.N., & Fitzpatrick, J. (1987). The relationship between nurse characteristics and perceptions of psychotropic medications in residential facilities for the retarded. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 511–523.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G., Singh, N.N., & White, A.J. (1987). Caregiver perceptions of psychotropic medication in residential facilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 8, 449–465.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G., Teehan, C.J., White, A.J., Turbott, S.H., & Vaithianathan, C. (in press). Haloperidol treatment with chronically medicated residents: Dose effects on clinical behavior and reinforcement contingencies. American Journal of Mental Retardation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G., White, A.J. & Field, C.J. (1984). Chlorpromazine effects on stereotypic and conditioned behavior: A pilot study. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 28, 253–260.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M.G., White, A.J., Vaithianathan, C., & Teehan, C.J. (1986). Preliminary study of imipramine in profoundly retarded residents. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 16, 263–273.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L.T., Hermann, L., & Dancis, J. (1976). The effects of L-5-hydroxytryptophan on self-mutilation in Lesch-Nyhan disease: A negative report. Neuropaediatrie, 7, 439–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A.W. & Ross, S. (1960). Glutamic acid and human intelligence. Psychological Bulletin, 57, 429–434.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayllon, T., Layman, D., & Kandel, H.J. (1975). A behavioral-educational alternative to drug control of hyperactive children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 8, 137–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R.A. (1976). Predicting the response of hyperkinetic children to stimulant drugs: A review. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 4, 327–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H., & Hersen, M. (1984). Single-case experimental designs (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, W.J., Smeltzer, D.J., & Arnoczky, S.M. (1986). Appropriate and inappropriate use of psychotherapeutic medications for institutionalized mentally retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 363–370.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beckwith, B.E., Couk, D.I., & Schumacher, K. (1986). Failure of naloxone to reduce self-injurious behavior in two developmentally disabled females. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 7, 183–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berchou, R.C. (1982). Effect of a consultant pharmacist on medication use in an institution for the mentally retarded. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 39, 1671–1674.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, H.A. (1988). Litigation and the use of drugs in developmental disabilities. In M.G. Aman & N.N. Singh (Eds.), Psychopharmacology of developmental disabilities. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, B., & Currah, J. (1973). The psychopharmacology of nocturnal enuresis. In I. Kolvin, R. McKeith, & S. Meadow (Eds.), Bladder control and enuresis. London: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, R., Hamad, C., Garrard, S., & Wills, F. (1985). A model for evaluating psychoactive medication use with mentally retarded persons. In J. Mulick & B. Mallany (Eds.), Transitions in mental retardation: Advocacy,technology and science (pp.229–248). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., Perry, R., Polonsky, B.B., Deutsch, S.I., Palij, M., & Lukashok, D. (1986). An open study of fenfluramine in hospitalized young autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,16, 495–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., Perry, R., Small, A.M., & Green, W.H. (1987). Overview of drug treatment in autism. In E. Schopler & G.B. Mesibov (Eds.), Neurobiological issues in autism (pp. 341–356). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M., Adams, P., Perry, R., Tesch, L., & Curren, E.L. (1988). Naltrexone in infantile autistim. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 135–139.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D.P., & Carlson, G.A. (1978). Stimulants. In J.S. Werry (Ed.), Pediatric psychopharmacology (pp. 171–207). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciaranello, R.D., Anders, T.F., Barchas, J.D., Bergers, P.A., & Cann, H.M. (1976). The use of 5-hydroxytryptophan in a child with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Child Psychiatry and Human Development,7, 127–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coid, J., Allolio, B., & Rees, L.H. (1983). Raised plasma metenkephalin in patients who habitually mutilate themselves. Lancet, 2, 545–546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, A.F., & Fowlie, H.C. (1973). Control of gross self-mutilation with lithium carbonate. British Journal of Psychiatry,22, 370–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, J.A., Harris, R., & Robinson, R.G. (1975). Epilepsy. In J. Wortis (Ed.), Mental retardation (Vol. 3). New York: Brunner/Maze].

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, P.W., Kleene, B.M., Carrol, M., & Rockowitz, R.J. (1983). Effects of naloxone on self-injurious behavior: A case study. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 4, 1–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, S.I. (1986). Rationale for the administration of opiate antagonists in treating infantile autism. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 631–635.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dostal, T., & Zvolsky, P. (1970). Antiaggressive effect of lithium salts in severe mentally retarded adolescents. International Pharmacopsychiatry, 5, 203–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand, V.M. (1982). A behavioral/pharmacological intervention for the treatment of self-injurious behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12, 243–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellenor, G.L., & Frisk, P.A. (1977). Pharmacist impact on drug use in an institution for the mentally retarded. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy,34, 604–608.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, D.G., Cullari, S., & Gadow, K.D. (1987). Comment on the “Coldwater” studies. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 31, 219–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, D.J., Aman, M.G., White, A.J., & Vaithianathan, C. (1986). Single subject study of imipramine in a retarded woman with depressive symptoms. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 30, 191–198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fielding, L.T., Murphy, R.J., Reagan, M.W., & Peterson, T.L. (1980). An assessment program to reduce drug use with the mentally retarded. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 31, 771–773.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, L., & Westling, D.L. (1986). The prevalence of students who are profoundly mentally handicapped receiving medication in a school district. Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded, 21, 205–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K.D. (1985). Prevalence and efficacy of stimulant drug use with mentally retarded children and youth. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 291–303.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K.D. (1986). Children on medication: Epilepsy, emotional disturbance, and adolescent disorders (Vol. 2). San Diego: College-Hill Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K.D. (1987). Comments on the community drug prevalence survey by Davis et al. (1982). Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 31, 215–219.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K.D., & Kalachnik, J. (1981). Prevalence and pattern of drug treatment for behavior and seizure disorder of TMR students. American Journal of Mental Deficiency,85,256–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galambos, M. (1965). Long-term clinical trial with diazepam on adult mentally retarded persons. Diseases of the Nervous System,26, 305–309.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, E., Ritvo, E.R., Freeman, B.J., & Yuwiler, A. (1982). Preliminary observations on the effects of fenfluramine on blood serotonin and symptoms in three autistic boys. New England Journal of Medicine,307, 165–169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goetze, U., Grunberg, R., & Berkowitz, B. (1977). Lithium carbonate in the management of hyperactive aggressive behavior of the mentally retarded. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 18,599–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, G.S. (1988). Tardive dyskinesia and developmental disabilities. In M.G. Aman & N.N. Singh (Eds.), Psychopharmacology of developmental disabilities. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greiner, T. (1958). Problems of methodology in research with drugs. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64, 346–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gualtieri, C.T. (1987). Letter to the editor. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 31, 222–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gualtieri, C.T., & Hawk, B. (1982). Antidepressant and antimanic drugs. In S.E. Breuning & A.D. Poling (Eds.), Drugs and mental retardation (pp. 215–234). Springfield, IL: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gualtieri, C.T., Schroeder, S.R., Keppel, J.M., & Breese, G.R. (1986). Rational pharmacotherapy for self-injurious behavior: Testing the DI model. Paper presented at the Gatlinburg Conference on Research and Theory in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamer, I.C., & Foiles, R.A.L. (1980). Effect of Feingold’s K-P diet on a residential mentally handicapped population. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 76, 575–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, R.F., Capp, R.H., Davis, D.R., Peerless, J., & Ravitz, L.R. (1981). Can nutritional supplements help mentally retarded children? An exploratory study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 78, 574–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, D.P., Gottman, J.M., Jones, R.R., Gardner, W., Kazdin, A.E. & Vaught, R. (1980). Interrupted time-series analysis and its application to behavioral data. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 543–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan, M.K., & Mooney, R.P. (1979). Three cases of manic-depressive illness in mentally retarded adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 1069–1071.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heise, G.A. (1984). Behavioral methods for measuring effects of drugs on learning and memory in animals. Medicinal Research Reviews, 4, 535–558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heise, G.A., & Milar, K.S. (1984). Drugs and stimulus control. In L.L. Iversen, S.D. Iversen, & S.H. Snyder (Eds.), Handbook of psychopharmacology (Vol. 18, pp. 129–190). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heistad, G.T., Zimmerman, R.L., & Doebler, M.I. (1982). Long-term usefulness of thioridazine for institutionalized mentally retarded patients. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 87, 243–254.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, B.H., Hammock, M.K., Arthur-Smith, A., Egan, J., Chatoor, I., Zelnick, N., & Boeckx, R.L. (1986). A biochemical role for opioid peptides in self-injurious behavior. Scientific proceedings for the annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2, 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, B.H., Hammock, M.K., Arthur-Smith, A., Egan, J., Chatoor, I., Zelnick, N., Appelgate, K., & Boeckx, R.L. (1986). Effects of naltrexone in autism: Correlation with plasma opioid concentrations. Scientific proceedings for the annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2, 11–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, B.K., Balow, E.A., & Bruininks, R.H. (1985). A national survey of prescribed drugs in institutions and community residential facilities for mentally retarded people. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 279–284.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holden, C. (1987). NIMH finds a case of “serious misconduct.” Science, 235, 1566–1567.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue, F. (1982). A clinical pharmacy service to reduce psychotropic medication use in an institution for mentally handicapped persons. Mental Retardation, 20, 70–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Intagliata, J., & Rinck, C. (1985). Psychoactive drug use in public and community residential facilities for mentally retarded persons. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21,268–278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakab, I. (1984). Short-term effect of thioridazine tablets versus suspension on emotionally disturbed/retarded children. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4, 210–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James, D.H. (1983). Monitoring drugs in hospitals for the mentally handicapped. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 163–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J.T., Koch, M., & Buegel, D. (1976). Lithium carbonate in juvenile manic-depressive illness. Diseases of the Nervous System,37, 90–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krakowski, A.J. (1963). Chlordiazepoxide in the treatment of children with emotional disturbance. New York State Journal of Medicine, 63,3388–3392.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kratochwill, T.R., & Levin, J.R. (1980). On the applicability of various data analysis procedures to the simultaneous and alternating treatments designs in behavior therapy research. Behavioral Assessment, 2,353–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaMendola, W., Zaharia, E.S., & Carver, M. (1980). Reducing psychotropic drug use in an institution for the retarded. Hospital and Community Psychiatry,31, 271–272.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Veck, G.D., & Buckley, P. (1961). The use of psychopharmacological agents in retarded children with behavior disorders. Journal of Chronic Disorders, 13, 174–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M.H., & Mailman, R.B. (1988). Drug blood levels: Measurement and relation to behavioral outcome in mentally retarded persons. In M.G. Aman & N.N. Singh (Eds.), Psychopharmacology of developmental disabilities (pp. 58–81). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lion, J.R., Hill, J., & Madden, D.J. (1975). Lithium carbonate and aggression: A preliminary report. Diseases of the Nervous System, 36, 97–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipman, R.S. (1970). The use of psychopharmacological agents in residential facilities for the retarded. In F.J. Menolascino (Ed.), Psychiatric approaches to mental retardation (pp. 387–398). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luiselli, J.K. (1986). Behavior analysis of pharmacological and contingency management interventions for self-injury. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 17, 275–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luiselli, J.K., & Evans, T.P. (1987). Assessing pharmacological and contingency management interventions with mentally retarded adolescents in a residential treatment program. Behavioral Residential Treatment,2, 139–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luiselli, J.K., Evans, T.P., & Boyce, D.A. (1986). Pharmacological assessment and comprehensive behavioral intervention in a case of pediatric self-injury. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 15, 323–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marholin, D. Jr., & Phillips, D. (1976). Methodological issues in psychopharmacological research. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 46, 477–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J.E., & Agran, M. (1985). Psychotropic and anticonvulsant drug use by mentally retarded adults across community residential and vocational placements. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 6, 33–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J.L., & Barrett, R.P. (1982). Psychopathology in the mentally retarded. New York: Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J.L., Kazdin, A.E., & Senatore, V. (1984). Psychometric properties of the psychopathology instrument for mentally retarded adults. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 5, 81–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menolascino, F.J., Ruedrich, S.L., Golden, C.J., & Wilson, J.E. (1985). Diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia in the retarded. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 316–322.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micev, V., & Lynch, D.M. (1974). Effect of lithium on disturbed severely mentally retarded patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millichamp, C.J., & Singh, N.N. (1987). The effects of intermittent drug therapy on stereotypy and collateral behaviors of mentally retarded persons. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 8, 213–227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno, T., & Yugari, Y. (1975). Prophylactic effects of L-5-hydroxytryptophan on self-mutilation in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Neuropaediatrie, 6, 13–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mouchka, S. (1985). Issues in psychopharmacology with the mentally retarded. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 262–267.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mullerova, S., Novotna, J., Rehan, V., & Skula, E. (1974). Lithium treatment of behavioral disturbances in patients with defective intellect. Activitas Nervosa Superior (Praha), 16, 196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, G.J., Donald, J.M., Le Poidevin, D., & Reid, A.H. (1974). A double-blind trial of long-term lithium therapy in mental defectives. British Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 52–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nyhan, W.L., Johnson, H.G., Kaufman, I.A., & Jones, K.L. (1980). Serotonergic approaches to the modification of behavior in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, I, 25–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panksepp, J., & Sahley, T.L. (1987). Possible brain opioid involvement in disrupted social intent and language development in autism. In E. Schopler & G.B. Mesibov (Eds.), Neurobiological issues in autism (pp. 357–372). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilkington, T.L. (1961). Comparative effects of Librium and Taractan on behavior dis- orders of mentally retarded children. Diseases of the Nervous System,22, 573–575.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pueschel, S.M., Reed, R.B., Cronk, C.E., & Goldstein, B.I. (1980). 5-Hydroxytryptophan and pyridoxine: Their effects in young children with Down’s syndrome. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 134, 838–844.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, J.L., & Mikkelsen, E.J. (1978). Antidepressants. In J.S. Werry (Ed.), Pediatric psychopharmacology: The use of behavior modifying drugs in children (pp. 208–233). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, J.L., Mikkelsen, E.J., & Werry, J.S. (1978). Antimanic, antianxiety, hallucinogenic and miscellaneous drugs. In J.S. Werry (Ed.), Pediatric psychopharmacology (pp. 316–355). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapport, M.D., Murphy, H.A., & Bailey, J.S. (1982). Ritalin vs response cost in the control of hyperactive children: A within subject comparison. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 205–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratey, J.J., Mikkelson, E.J., Smith, G.B., Upadhyaya, A., Zuckerman, H.S., Martell, D., Sorgi, P., Polakoff, S., & Bemporad, J. (1986). B-Blockers in the severely and profoundly mentally retarded. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6, 103–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratey, J.J., Morrill, R., & Oxenkrug, G. (1983). Use of propranolol for provoked and unprovoked episodes of rage. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1356–1357.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, A.J., & Leonard, A. (1977). Lithium treatment of cyclical vomiting in a mentally defective patient. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, S., Levitan, G.W., & Szyszko, J. (1982). Emotional disturbance and mental retardation: Diagnostic overshadowing. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86, 567–574.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Revusky, S.H. (1967). Some statistical treatments compatible with individual organism methodology. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10, 319–330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J.S., & Zaleski, W.A. (1983). Naloxone and self-mutilation. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 99–101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rimland, B. (1973). High-dosage levels of certain vitamins in the treatment of children with severe mental disorders. In D. Hawkins & L. Pauling (Eds.), Orthomolecular psychiatry (pp. 513–539). New York: W.H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritvo, E.R., Freeman, B.J., Yuwiler, A., Geller, E., Schroth, P., & Yokota, A. (1986). Fenfluramine treatment of autism: UCLA collaborative study of 81 patients at nine medical centers. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 22, 133–147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritvo, E.R., Yuwiler, A., Geller, E., Ornitz, E.M., Saeger, K., & Plotkin, S. (1970). Increased blood serotonin and platelets in infantile autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 23, 566–572.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivinus, T.M., & Harmataz, J.S. (1979). Diagnosis and lithium treatment of affective disorder in the retarded: Five case studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 551–554.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandman, C.A., Datta, P.C., Barron, J., Hoehler, F.K., Williams, C., & Swanson, J.M. (1983). Naloxone attenuates self-abusive behavior in developmentally disabled clients. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 4, 5–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandyk, R., & Gillman, M.A. (1986). Infantile autism. A dysfunction of the opioids. Medical Hypotheses, 19, 41–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schain, R.J. (1983). Carbamazepine and cognitive functioning. In P.L. Morselli, C.E. Pippenger, & J.K. Perry (Eds.), Antiepileptic drug therapy in pediatrics (pp. 189–192). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, S.R. (1985). Issues and future research directions of pharmacotherapy in mental retardation. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 323–326.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, S.R. (1988). Neuroleptic medications for persons with developmental disabilities. In M.G. Aman & N.N. Singh (Eds.), Psychopharmacology of the developmental disabilities (pp. 82–100). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, S.R., & Gualtieri, C.T. (1985). Behavioral interactions induced by chronic neuroleptic therapy in persons with mental retardation. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21,323–326.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, S.R., Lewis, M.H., & Lipton, M.A. (1983). Interactions of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy among children with learning and behavioral disorders. In K.D. Gadow (Ed.), Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities (Vol. 2, pp. 179–225). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shafto, F., & Sulzbacher, S. (1977). Comparing treatment tactics with a hyperactive preschool child: Stimulant medication and programmed teacher interventions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 13–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N.N. (1987). Diet and childhood behavior disorders. In J. Birkbeck (Ed.), Are we really what we eat? (pp. 35–45). Auckland, New Zealand: Dairy Advisory Bureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N.N., & Ahrens, M.G. (1978). Incidental learning in the mentally retarded. Exceptional Child, 35, 53–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N.N., & Aman, M.G. (1981). Effects of thioridazine dosage on the behavior of severely mentally retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1981, 580–587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N.N., & Beale, I.L. (1978). Attentional changes during discrimination learning by retarded children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29, 527–533.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N.N., & Beale, I.L. (1986). Behavioral assessment of pharmacotherapy. Behavior Change, 3, 34–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N.N., & Falconer, K.M. (1986). Effects of a drug alone and combined with a behavioral procedure on stereotypy and social behavior. Paper presented at the Australian Behaviour Modification Association Conference, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N.N., & Winton, A.S.W. (1984). Behavioral monitoring of pharmacological interventions for self-injury. Applied Research in Mental Retardation,5, 161–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sovner, R., & Hurley, A.D. (1983). Do the mentally retarded suffer from affective illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 61–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, R.L. (1987). Letter to the editor. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 31, 223–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, R.L., & Baxley, G.B. (1978). Drugs for behavior management, with comment on some legal aspects. In J. Wortis (Ed.), Mental retardation and developmental disabilities (Vol. 10, pp. 92–129). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, R.L., & Werry, J.S. (1971). Methodology of psychopharmacological studies with the retarded. In N.R. Ellis (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation (pp. 147–210). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stores, G. (1978). Antiepileptics (anticonvulsants). In J.S. Werry (Ed.), Pediatric psychopharmacology (pp. 274–315). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorley, G. (1984). Pilot study to assess behavioural and cognitive effects of artificial food colours in a group of retarded children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 26, 56–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trimble, M., & Reynolds, E.H. (1976). Anticonvulsant drugs and mental symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 6, 169–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trimble, M.R. (1981). Anticonvulsant drugs, behavior, and cognitive abilities. In W.B. Essman & L. Valzelli (Eds.), Current developments in psychopharmacology (Vol. 6, pp. 65–91). New York: Spectrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tryon, W.W. (1982). A simplified time-series analysis for evaluating treatment interventions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,15, 423–429.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tu, J., & Smith, J.T. (1979). Factors associated with psychotropic medication in mental retardation facilities. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 20, 289–295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tu, J., & Smith, J.T. (1983). The Eastern Ontario survey: A study of drug-treated psychiatric problems in the mentally handicapped. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 270–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyrer, S.P., Walsh, A., Edwards, D.E., Berney, T.P., & Stephens, D.A. (1984). Factors associated with a good response to lithium in aggressive mentally handicapped subjects. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 8, 751–755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, D.G. (1974). Breadth of attention and retention in mentally retarded and intellectually average children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 78, 640–648.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varley, C.K., & Trupin, E.W. (1982). Double-blind administration of methylphenidate to mentally retarded children with attention deficit disorder: A preliminary study. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86, 560–566.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waksman, S.A. (1983). Diet and children’s behavior disorders: A review of the research. Clinical Psychology Review, 3, 201–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, A., Singh, N.N., & Beale, I.L. (1977). Effects of lorazepam on hyperactivity in retarded children. New Zealand Medical Journal, 86, 473–475.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weise, P., Koch, R., Shaw, K.N.F., & Rosenfeld, M.J. (1974). The use of 5-HTP in the treatment of Down’s syndrome. Pediatrics, 54, 165–168.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, K.C., Conners, C.K., Imber, L., & Delamater, A. (1981). Use of single-subject methodology in clinical decision-making with a hyperactive child in the psychiatric inpatient unit. Behavioral Assessment, 3, 359–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wender, E.H. (1986). The food additive-free diet in the treatment of behavior disorders: A review. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,7, 35–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J.S. (1982). Pharmacotherapy. In B.B. Lahey & A.E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 283–321). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worrall, E.P., Moody, J.P., & Naylor, G.J. (1975). Lithium in nonmanic depressives: Antiaggressive effect and red blood cell lithium values. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 464–468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wulbert, M., & Dries, R. (1977). The relative efficacy of methylphenidate (Ritalin) and behavior modification techniques in the treatment of a hyperactive child. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 21–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yudofsky, S., Williams, D., & Gorman, J. (1981). Propranolol in the treatment of rage and violent behavior in patients with chronic brain syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 218–220.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, R.L., & Heistad, G.T. (1981). Correlates of psychotropic drug treatment at Cambridge State Hospital. In R. Young & J. Kroll (Eds.), The use of medication in controlling the behavior of the mentally retarded (pp. 123–132). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zrull, J.P., Westman, J.C., Arthur, B., & Bell, W.A. (1963). A comparison of chlordiazepoxide, d-amphetamine, and placebo in the treatment of the hyperkinetic syndrome in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 590–591.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zrull, J.P., Westman, J.C., Arthur, B., & Rice, D.L. (1964). A comparison of diazepam, d-amphetamine, and placebo in the treatment of the hyperkinetic syndrome in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 388–389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Singh, N.N., Winton, A.S.W. (1989). Behavioral Pharmacology. In: Luiselli, J.K. (eds) Behavioral Medicine and Developmental Disabilities. Disorders of Human Learning, Behavior, and Communication. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8844-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8844-9_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-8846-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-8844-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics