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Search in Artificial Intelligence pp 287–342Cite as

Tree Search and ARC Consistency in Constraint Satisfaction Algorithms

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Part of the Symbolic Computation book series (1064)

Abstract

Constraint satisfaction problems are ubiquitous in Artificial Intelligence and many algorithms have been developed for their solution. This paper provides a unified introduction to some of these algorithms, including Backtracking, Haralick’s Forward Checking, Partial Lookahead and Full Lookahead, and three based on the arc-consistency algorithms that Mackworth has called AC1, AC2 and AC3. It is shown that these can all be unified as having the common structure of tree search (TS) augmented with arc-consistency algorithms (AC) of various extent. Haralick’s algorithms, and even traditional Backtracking, are seen to contain a partial-arc-consistency component. In analogy to Mackworth’s nomenclature these are named AC1/5, AC1/4, AC1/3 and AC1/2 — the fractional suffix being more or less proportional to the degree of arc-consistency attained. The algorithms may then be unified as being of the form TS + ACi 1 or TS + ACi 1 + ACi 2, for various fractional and integer i 1 and i 2. A combined algorithm based on this structure is presented and algorithm efficiencies are compared empirically, using the n-queens problem and a new version called confused n-queens. We find that it may very well pay to trade more tree search for a reduction in arc consistency — that is, to allow a larger search tree (in terms of nodes), as a result of less arc consistency at the nodes, in order that the overall effort (in terms of constraint checks) be reduced.

Keywords

  • Tree Search
  • Constraint Satisfaction
  • Constraint Satisfaction Problem
  • Combine Algorithm
  • Constraint Check

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Previously: Nudel.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Computer Science Dept., Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA

    Bernard A. Nadel

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  1. Bernard A. Nadel
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, USA

    Laveen Kanal

  2. Computer Science Department, University of Texas at Austin, 78712-1188, Austin, TX, USA

    Vipin Kumar

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© 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

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Nadel, B.A. (1988). Tree Search and ARC Consistency in Constraint Satisfaction Algorithms. In: Kanal, L., Kumar, V. (eds) Search in Artificial Intelligence. Symbolic Computation. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8788-6_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8788-6_9

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