Skip to main content

Neuropsychological and Computed Tomographic Identification in Dementia

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Neuropsychology ((SSNEUROPSYCHOL))

Abstract

The presence of cortical atrophy, as demonstrated by computed tomographic (CT) imaging, is associated with a variety of neuropathological conditions, including progressive degenerative diseases, cerebral trauma, secondary effects of cerebrovascular disease, and anoxia (see Figure 2.1). Although the presence of cortical atrophy in the patient presenting with symptoms of dementia is considered to be one of the diagnostic signs associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Cutler et al., 1984; Scheibel & Wechsler, 1986), the mere presence of atrophy of CT imaging is not a sine qua non indicator of dementia or AD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Albert, M. (1984). Assessment of cognitive function in the elderly. Psychomatics, 25, 310–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albert, M., & Stafford, J.L. (1986). CT scan and neuropsychological relationships in aging and dementia. In G. Goldstein & R.E. Tarter (Eds.), Advances in clinical neuro-psychology. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albert, M., Naeser, M.A., Levine, H.L., & Garvey, A.J. (1984a). Ventricular size in patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Archives of Neurology, 41, 1258–1263.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albert, M., Naeser, M.A., Levine, H.L., & Garvey, A.J. (1984b). CT density numbers in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Archives of Neurology, 41, 1264–1269.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Appel, S.H. (1981). A unifying hypothesis for the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinsonism and Alzheimer’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 10, 499–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, L., Danziger, W.L., Storandt, M., Cohen, L.A., Gado, M., Hughes, C.P., Knesevich, J.W., & Botwinick, J. (1984). Predictive features in mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology, 34, 563–569.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bigler, E.D. (1984). Diagnostic clinical neuropsychology. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigler, E.D., Hubler, D.W., Cullum, C.M., & Turkheimer, E. (1985). Intellectual and memory impairment: CT volume correlations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173, 347–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, J.M. (1982). Computerized tomography, atrophy and dementia: A review. Progress in Neurobiology, 19, 91–115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blinkov, S.M., & Glezer, I.I. (1968). The human brain in figures and tables. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, R.A., & Matarazzo, J.D. (1984). Relationship of sex and the effects of unilateral lesions on the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172, 707–710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botwinick, J., Storandt, M., & Berg, L. (1986). A longitudinal behavioral study of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Neurology, 43, 1124–1127.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkman, S.D., & Braun, P. (1984). Classification of dementia patients by a WAIS profile related to central cholinergic deficiencies. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 393–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brouwers, P., Cox, C., Martin, A., Chase, T., & Fedio, P. (1984). Differential perceptual-spatial impairment in Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s dementias. Archives of Neurology, 41, 1073–1076.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corballis, M.D. (1983). Human laterality. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creasy, H., & Rapoport, S.I. (1985). The aging human brain. Annals of Neurology, 17, 2–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creasy, H., Schwartz, M., Frederickson, H., Haxby, J.V., & Rapoport, S.I. (1986). Quantitative computed tomography in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology, 36, 1563–1568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crystal, H.A., Horoupian, D.S., & Katzman, R. (1982). Biopsy-proved Alzheimer disease presenting as a right parietal lobe syndrome. Annals of Neurology, 12, 186–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullum, C.M., Steinman, D.R., & Bigler, E.D. (1984). Relationship between “fluid” and “crystallized” cognitive function using Category and WAIS test scores. Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 172–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, J.L., & Benson, D.F. (1983). Dementia: A clinical approach. Boston: Butter-worths.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, N.R., Duara, R., Creasy, H., Grady, C.L., Haxby, J.V., Schapiro, M.B., & Rapoport, S.I. (1984). Brain imaging: Aging and dementia. Annals of Internal Medicine, 101, 355–369.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, H., Eslinger, P., Damasio, A.R., Rizzo, M., Huang, H.K., & Demeter, S. (1983). Quantitative computer tomographic analysis in the diagnosis of dementia. Archives of Neurology, 40, 715–719.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Leon, M.J., & George, A.E. (1983). Computed tomography in aging and senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. In R. Mayeux & W.G. Rosen (Eds.), The dementias (pp. 103–122 ). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Direnfeld, L.K., Albert, M.L., Volice, L., Langlais, P.J., Marquis, J., & Kaplan, E. (1984). Parkinson’s disease: The possible relationship of laterality to dementia and neurochemical findings. Archives of Neurology, 41, 935–941.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duara, R., Grady, C., Haxby, J., Ingvar, D., Sokoloff, L., Margolin, R.A., Manning, R.G., Cutler, N.R., & Rapoport, S.I. (1984). Human brain glucose utilization and cognitive function in relation to age. Annals of Neurology, 16, 702–713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eslinger, P.J., Damasio, A.R., Benton, A.L., & Van Allen, M. (1985). Neuropsychologic detection of abnormal mental decline in older persons. Journal of the American Medical Association, 253, 670–674.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eslinger, P.J., Damasio, H., Graff-Radford, N., & Damasio, A.R. (1984). Examining the relationship between computed tomography and neuropsychological measures in normal and demented elderly. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 47, 1319–1325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filley, C.M., Kelly, J., & Heaton, R.K. (1986). Neuropsychologic features of early-and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 43, 574–576.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, N.L., Chase, T.N., Mansi, L., Brooks, R., Fedio, P., Patronas, H.J., & DiChiro, G. (1984). Cortical abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 16, 649–654.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J.H., Kaszniak, A.W., & Huckman, M. (1979). Computerized tomographic screening not very helpful in dementia-nor in craniopharyngioma. New England Journal of Medicine, 300, 437.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J.H., Topel, J.L., & Huckman, M.S. (1975). Use of computed tomography in senile dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 38, 948–953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedland, R.P., Budinger, T.F., Brant-Zawadzki, M., & Jagust, W.J. (1984). The diagnosis of Alzheimer-type dementia: A preliminary comparison of positron emission tomography and proton magnetic resonance. Journal of the American Medical Association, 252, 2750–2752.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuld, P.A. (1984). Test profile of cholinergic dysfunction and of Alzheimer-type dementia. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 380–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gazzaniga, M.S., & Blakemore, C. (1975). Handbook of psychobiology. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, L., Hagberg, B., & Ingvar, D. (1978). Speech disturbances in presenile dementia related to local cerebral blood flow abnormalities in the dominant hemisphere. Brain and Language, 5, 103–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hershey, L.A., Modic, M.T., Greenough, G., & Jaffe, D.F. (1987). Magnetic resonance imaging in vascular dementia. Neurology, 37, 29–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyman, B.T., Van Hoesen, G.W., Damasio, A.R., & Barnes, C.L. (1984). Alzheimer’s disease: Cell-specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation. Science, 225, 1168–1170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyman, B.T., Van Hoesen, G.W., Kromer, L.J., & Damasio, A.R. (1986). Perforant pathway changes and memory impairment of Alzheimer’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 20, 472–481.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacoby, R., & Levy, R. (1980). CT scanning and the investigation of dementia: A review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 73, 366–369.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaszniak, A.W., Fox, J., Gandell, D.L., Garron, D.C., Huckman, M.S., & Ramsey, R.G. (1978). Predictors of mortality in presenile and senile dementia. Annals of Neurology, 3, 246–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirshner, H.S., Webb, W.G., Kelly, M.P., & Wells, C.E. (1984). Language disturbance: An initial symptom of cortical degenerations and dementia. Archives of Neurology, 41, 491–496.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitagawa, Y., Meyer, J.S., Tachibana, H., Mortel, K.F., & Rogers, R.L. (1984). CT-CBF correlations of cognitive deficits in multi-infarct dementia. Stroke, 15, 1000–1009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitt, C.A., Price, D.L., Struble, R.G., Cork, L.C., Wainer, B.H., Becher, M.W., & Mobley, W.C. (1984). Evidence for cholinergic neurites in senile plaques. Science, 226, 1443–1445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koller, W.C., Wilson, R.S., Glatt, S.L., & Fox, J.H. (1984). Motor signs are infrequent in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Annals of Neurology, 16, 514–516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loring, D.W., & Largen, J.W. (1985). Neuropsychological patterns of presenile and senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Neuropsychologia, 23, 351–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacInnes, W.D., Golden, C.J., Gillen, R.W., Sawicki, R.F., Quaife, M., Uhl, H.S.M., & Greenhouse, A.J. (1984). Aging, regional cerebral blood flow, and neuropsychological functioning. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 32, 712–718.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massman, P.J., Bigler, E.D., Cullum, C.M., & Naugle, R.I. (1986). The relationship between cortical atrophy and ventricular volume in Alzheimer’s disease and closed head injury. International Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 87–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDuff, T., & Sumi, S.M. (1985). Subcortical degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 35, 123–126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGeer, P.L., Kamo, H., Harrop, R., McGeer, E.G., Martin, W.R.W., Pate, B.D., & Li, D.K.B. (1986). Comparison of PET, MRI, and CT with pathology in a proven case of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 36, 1569–1574.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGeer, P.L., McGeer, E.G., Suzuki, J., Dolman, C.E., & Nagai, T. (1984). Aging, Alzheimer’s disease and the cholinergic system of the basal forebrain. Neurology, 34, 741–745.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mesulam, M.M. (1982). Slowly progressive aphasia without generalized dementia. Annals of Neurology, 11, 592–598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, J.C., Cole, M., Banker, B.Q., & Wright, D. (1984). Hereditary dysphasic dementia and the Pick-Alzheimer spectrum. Annals of Neurology, 16, 455–466.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz-Garcia, D., & Ludwin, S.K. (1984). Classic and generalized variants of Pick’s disease: A clinicopathological, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical comparative study. Annals of Neurology, 16, 467–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakano, I., & Hirano, A. (1984). Parkinson’s disease: Neuron loss in the nucleus basalis without concomitant Alzheimer’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 15, 415–418.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naugle, R.I., Cullum, C.M., Bigler, E.D., & Massman, P. (1985). Neuropsychological and CT volume characteristics of empirically derived dementia subgroups. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173, 596–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naugle, R.I., Cullum, C.M., Bigler, E.D., & Massman, P. (1986). Neuropsychological characteristics of atrophic brain changes in senile and presenile dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1, 219–230.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramani, S.V., Loewenson, R.B., & Gold, L. (1979). Computerized tomographic scanning and the diagnosis of dementia. New England Journal of Medicine, 300, 1336–1337.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raz, N., Raz, S., Yeo, R.A., Turkheimer, E., Bigler, E.D., & Cullum, C.M. (In press). Relationship between cognitive and morphological asymmetry in dementia of the Alzheimer type: At CT scan study. International Journal of Neuroscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitan, R.M., & Davison, L.A. (1974). Clinical neuropsychology: Current status and applications. Washington, DC: Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, M.A., Caird, F.L., Grossart, K.W., & Steven, J.L. (1976). Computerized tomography and the diagnosis of cerebral atrophy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 39, 909–915.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, W.G., Mohs, R.C., & Davis, K.L. (1984). A new rating scale for Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1356–1364.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, E.W. (1979). Three patterns of brain damage on the WAIS. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 611–620.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, E.W. (1981). The pathology and clinical examination of memory. In S.B. Filskov, & T.J. Boll (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 287–319 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sajdel-Sulkowska, E.M., & Marotta, C.A. (1984). Alzheimer’s disease brain: Alterations in RNA levels and in a ribonuclease-inhibitor complex. Science, 225, 947–949.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheibel, A.B., & Wechsler, A.F. (1986). The biological substrates of Alzheimer’s disease. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, M., Creasy, H., Grady, C.L., deLeo, J.M., Frederickson, H.A., Cutler, N.R., & Rapoport, S.I. (1985). Computed tomographic analysis of brain morphometrics in 30 healthy men, aged 21 to 81 years. Annals of Neurology, 17, 146–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, B., & Sherwin, I. (1983). A comparison of clinical features in early-and late-onset primary degenerative dementia. Archives of Neurology, 40, 143–146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spath, H. (1980). Cluster analysis algorithms. Chichester, England: Ellis Harwood. Springer, S.P., & Deutsch, G. (1981). Left brain, right brain. San Francisco: Freeman. Steingart, A., Hachinski, V. C., Lau, C., Fox, A.J., Diaz, F., Cape, R., Lee, D., Inzitari

    Google Scholar 

  • D., & Merskey, H. (1987). Cognitive and neurologic findings in subjects with diffuse white matter lucencies on computed tomographic scan (Leuko-Araiosis). Archives of Neurology, 44, 32–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steingart, A., Hachinski, V.C., Lau, C., Fox, A.J., Fox, H., Lee, D., Inzitari, D., & Merskey, H. (1987). Cognitive and neurologic findings in demented patients with diffuse white matter lucencies on computed tomographie scan (Leuko-Araiosis). Archives of Neurology, 44, 36–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storandt, M., Botwinick, J., Danziger, W.L., Berg, L., & Hughes, C.P. (1984). Psi“chometric differentiation of mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Archives of Neurology, 41, 497–499.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turkheimer, E., Cullum, C.M., Hubler, D.W., Paver, S.W., Yeo, R.A., & Bigler, E.D. (1984). Quantifying cortical atrophy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 47, 1314–1318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turkheimer, E., Yeo, R., & Bigler, E.D. (1983). Digital planimetry in APLSF. Behavioral Research Methods and Instrumentation, 15, 471–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, A.F. (1977). Presenile dementia presenting as aphasia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 40, 303–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, A.F., Verity, M.A., Rosenschein, S., Fried, I., & Scheibel, A.B. (1982). Pick’s disease: A clinical, computed tomographic and histologic study with golgi impregnation observations. Archives of Neurology, 39, 287–290.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1945). A standardized memory scale for clinical use. Journal of Psychology, 19, 87–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1955). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Manual. New York: Psychological Corp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1958). The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, C.E. (1984). Diagnosis of dementia: A reassessment. Psychosomatics, 25, 183–190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeo, R.A., Turkheimer, E., & Bigler, E.D. (1984). The influence of sex and age on unilateral cerebral lesion sequelae. International Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 299–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bigler, E.D. (1988). Neuropsychological and Computed Tomographic Identification in Dementia. In: Whitaker, H.A. (eds) Neuropsychological Studies of Nonfocal Brain Damage. Springer Series in Neuropsychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8751-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8751-0_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-8753-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-8751-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics