Abstract
We have measured RBC velocity profiles for mammalian arterioles and venules from high-speed cinematographic motion pictures. Measurements were made at 320× and 400× optical magnification over an averaging time period of 10 ms. In vivo profiles are uniformly nonsymmetrical, the RBCs exhibit rotation, and they frequently deviate sidewise from the overall axial direction of motion. In general, this is more pronounced on the venous side. Since all of the profiles are time variant and the average values are synchronous with the midstream velocity, individual RBC velocities will vary about the average. Profiles become more blunted in vessels with smaller diameters. In vessels below 16 μm diameter, the velocity gradients between adjacent RBCs are quite small; for large vessels, recognizable profiles develop and become fully developed in blood vessels above 30 μm in diameter. This blunting is further affected by the midstream velocity and the local hematocrit; when the velocity is reduced below 1.2 mmls and/or an increased hematocrit is present, the profile becomes more blunted.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
References
Bugliarello G., and Hayden F. W., 1963, Detailed characteristics of the flow of blood in vitro, Trans. Soc. Rheol. 7:209.
Goldsmith H., 1972, The flow of model particles and blood cells and its relation to thrombogenesis, in: Progress in Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Vol. I (T. H. Spaets, ed.), pp. 97–139, Grune and Stratton, New York.
References
Bollinger A., Butti P., Barras J. P., Trachsler H., and Siegenthaler W., 1974, Red blood cell velocity in nailfold capillaries of man measured by a television microscopy technique, Microvasc. Res. 7:61.
Butti P., Intaglietta M., Reimann H., Holliger C., Bollinger A., and Anliker M., 1976, Capillary red blood cell velocity measurements in human nailfold by videodensitometric method, Microvasc. Res. (In press).
Fung, Y., 1973, Stochastic flow in capillary blood vessels, Microvasc. Res. 5:34. Intaglietta, M., and Tompkins, W. R., 1972, On-line microvascular blood cell flow velocity measurement by simplified correlation technique, Microvasc. Res. 4:217.
Johnson P. C., and Wayland H., 1967, Regulation of blood flow in single capillaries, Am. J. Physiol. 212:1405.
References
Baker M., and Wayland H., 1974, On-line volumetric flow rate and velocity profile measurement for blood in microvessels, Microvasc. Res. 7:131.
Intaglietta, M., Pawula, R. F., and Tompkins, W. R., 1970, Pressure measurements in the mammalian microvasculature, Microvasc. Res. 2:212.
Tompkins, W. R., Monti, R., and Intaglietta, M., 1974, Velocity measurements by selftracking correlator, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45:647.
Wayland, H., and Johnson, P. C., 1967, Erythrocyte velocity measurement in microvessels by a two-slit photometric method, J. Appl. Physiol. 22:333.
Wiederhielm C. A., Woodbury J. W., Kirk S., and Rushmer R. F., 1950, Pulsatile pressures in the microcirculation of the frog’s mesentery, Am. J. Med. 23:684.
References
Baker M., and Wayland H., 1974, On-line flow rate and velocity profile measurement for blood in microvessels, Microvasc. Res. 7:131.
Wayland, H., and Johnson, P. C., 1967, Erythrocyte velocity measurement in microvessels by a two-slit photometric method, J. Appl. Physiol. 22:333.
References
Butti, P., Intaglietta, M., Reimann, H., Holliger, C., Bollinger, A., and Anliker, M., 1975, Capillary red blood cell velocity measurements in human nailfold by videodensitometric method, Microvasc. Res. 10: in press.
Holliger, C., Anliker, M., Klingler, D., and Bollinger, A., 1975, Evaluation of an on-line videodensitometric measurement of the red blood cells speed in the capillaries of the human nailfold, Biomed. Tech. 20: in press.
Reference
Macagno E. O., and Hung T.-K., 1967, Computational and experimental study of a captive annular eddy, J. Fluid Mech. 28:43.
References
Gross G. P., and Hathaway W. E., 1972, Fetal erythrocyte deformability, Pediatr. Res. 6:593.
Haberman, S., Blanton, P., and Martin, J., 1967, Some observations on the ABO antigen sites of the erythrocyte membranes of adults and newborn infants, J. Immunol. 98:150.
Holroyde, C. P., Oski, F. A., and Gardner, F. H., 1969, The “pocked” erythrocyte, N. Engl. J. Med. 281:516.
Jay, A. W. L., 1975, Geometry of the human erythrocyte. I. Effect of albumin on cell geometry, Biophys. J. 15:205.
Oski, F. A., and Smith, C., 1968, Red cell metabolism in the premature infant. III. Apparent inappropriate glucose consumption for cell age, Pediatrics 43:473.
Sjolin, S., 1954, The resistance of red cells in vitro: A study of the osmotic properties, the mechanical resistance and the storage behaviour of red cells of fetuses, children and adults, Acta Paediatr. 43:1.
Whaun, J. M., and Oski, F. A., 1969, Red cell stromal adenosine triophosphatase (ATPase) of newborn infants, Pediatr. Res. 3:105
Zipursky A., LaRue T., and Israels L. G., 1960, The in vitro metabolism of erythrocytes from newborn infants, Can. J. Biochem. 38:727.
References
Brooks D. E., 1973, The effect of neutral polymers on the electrokinetic potential of cells and other charged particles. II. A model for the effect of adsorbed polymer on the diffuse double layer, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 43:687.
Chien, S., and Jan, K.-M., 1973a, Ultrastructural basis of the mechanism of rouleaux formation, Microvasc. Res. 5:155.
Chien, S., and Jan, K.-M., 1973b, Red cell aggregation by macromolecules: Roles of surface adsorption and electrostatic repulsion, J. Supramol. Struct. 1:385.
Jan, K.-M., and Chien, S., 1973, Role of surface electric charge in red blood cell interactions, J. Gen. Physiol. 61:638.
Overbeek, T. T. G., 1952, Electrochemistry of the double layer, in: Colloid Science, Vol. I (H. R. Kruyt, ed.), pp. 115-193, Elsevier Press, Amsterdam.
Seaman, G. V. F., 1975, Electrokinetic behavior of red cells, in: The Red Blood Cell, 2nd ed. (D. M. Surgenor, ed.), pp. 1135-1229, Academic Press, New York.
Usami S., and Chien S., 1973, Shear deformation of red cell ghosts, Biorheology 10:425.
References
Fitz-Gerald J. M., 1969, Mechanics of red-cell motion through very narrow capillaries, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 174:193.
Katchalsky, A., Kedem, O., Klibansky, C., and De Vries, A., 1960, Rheological considerations of the haemolysing red blood cell, in: Flow Properties of Blood and Other Biological Systems (A. L., Copley and G. Stainsby, eds.), pp. 155-171, Pergamon Press, New York.
Lighthill, M. J., 1968, Pressure-forcing of tightly fitting pellets along fluid-filled elastic tubes, J. Fluid Mech. 34:113.
Lingard, P. S., 1974, Capillary pore rheology of erythrocytes. 1. Hydroelastic behaviour of human erythrocytes, Microvasc. Res. 8:53.
Lingard, P. S., 1976, Erythrocyte motion in narrow capillaries-Effect of capillary diameter and haematocrit, Proc. Aust. Physiol. Pharmacol. Soc. (in press).
Rand, R. P., 1964, Mechanical properties of the red cell membrane. 11. Viscoelastic breakdown of the membrane, Biaphys. J. 4:303.
References
Jay A. W. L., 1973, Viscoelastic properties of the human red blood cell membrane. 1. Deformation, volume loss and rupture of red cells in micropipettes, Biophys. J. 13:1166.
Jay, A. W. L., 1975, Geometry of the human erythrocyte. 1. Effect of albumin on cell geometry, Biophys. J. 15:205.
Jay, A. W. L., Rowlands, S., and Skibo, L., 1972, The resistance to blood flow in the capillaries, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 50:1007.
Reference
Bond T. P., and Guest M. M., 1971, High speed cinematography of the microcirculation, in: Cinematographic Techniques in Biology and Medicine (A. L. Burton, ed.), pp. 151–172, Academic Press, New York.
References
Vaupel P., Hutten H., Wendling P., and Braunbeck W., 1974, Experimental and theoretical investigations on intrasplenic microcirculation in rabbits, Res. Exp. Med. 164:223.
Wagner, H. N., Razzak, M. A., Gaertner, R. A., Caine, W. P., and Feagin, O. T., 1962, Removal of erythrocytes from the circulation, Arch. Intern. Med. 110:128.
Zierler, K. L., 1965, Equations for measuring blood flow by external monitoring of radioisotopes, Circ. Res. 16:309.
Reference
Bessis, M., and Burte, B., 1964, Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 23:204 (Suppl. 1).
References
Atherton A., and Born G. V. R., 1973, Relationship between the velocity of rolling granulocytes and that of the blood flow in venules, J. Physiol. (London) 233:157.
Clark, E. R., and Clark, E. L., 1935, Observations on changes in blood vascular endothelium in the living animal, Am. J. Anat. 57:385.
Grant, L., 1973, The sticking and emigration of white blood cells in inflammation, in: The Inflammatory Process (B. W. Zweifach, L. Grant, and R. T. McCluskey, eds.), pp. 205249, Academic Press, New York.
Mayrovitz, H. N., and Wiedeman, M. P., 1975, Changes in leukocyte adhesiveness accompanying laser irradiation, Fed. Proc. 36:385.
Schmid-Schoenbein, G. W., Fung, Y. C., and Zweifach, B. W., 1975, Vascular endothelium-leukocyte interaction, Circ. Res. 36:173.
References
Frojmovic M. M., 1975, Rheo-optical studies of blood cells, Biorheology 12:193.
Frojmovic, M. M., Okagawa, A., and Mason, S. G., 1975, Rheo-optical transients in erythrocyte suspensions, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 62:17.
Goldsmith, H. L., and Marlow, J., 1972, Flow behaviour of erythrocytes. 1. Rotation and deformation in dilute suspensions, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 182:351.
Ponder, E., 1930, The measurement of the diameter of erythrocytes. V. The relation of the diameter to the thickness, J. Exp. Physiol. 20:29.
References
Copley A. L., 1961, Discussion of a paper by R. Fahraeus, 1961, Rheol. Acta 1:663.
Copley, A. L., 1973, On biorheology: Joint plenary lecture, Biorheology 10:87.
Copley, A. L., and King, R. G., 1970, Rheogoniometric viscosity measurements of whole human blood at minimal shear rates down to 0.0009 sec−1 Experientia 26:904.
Fahraeus, R., 1961, Die intravaskulare Erythrozytenaggregation and ihre Einwirkung auf die Rheologie des Blutes, Rheol. Acta 1:656.
Oka, S., 1975, Personal communication, Tokyo.
References
Bull B. S., and Brailsford J. D., 1972, The zeta sedimentation ratio, Blood 40:550.
Cerny, L. C., and Williams, R., 1975, “A sedimentimeter,” U.S. patent applied for. Davis, H. T., 1960, Introduction to Nonlinear Differential and Integral Equations, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C.
References
Dacie, J. V., and Lewis, S. M., 1968, Practical Haematology, p. 13, J. and A. Churchill, London.
Jay, A. W. L., 1975, Geometry of the human erythrocyte. 1. Effect of albumin on cell geometry, Biophys. J. 15:205.
LeFevre, P. G., 1964, The osmotically functional water content of the human erythrocyte, J. Gen. Physiol. 47:485.
Rand, R. P., 1964, Mechanical properties of the red cell membrane. 11. Viscoelastic breakdown of the membrane, Biophys. J. 4:303.
Seeman, P., Sauks, F., Argent, W., and Kwant, W. O., 1969, The effect of membranestrain rate and of temperature on erythrocyte fragility and critical hemolytic volume, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 183:476.
References
Dintenfass L., 1971, Blood Microrheology, Viscosity Factors in Blood Flow, Ischaemia and Thrombosis, Butterworths, London.
Dintenfass, L., and Zador, I., 1975, Effect of stress and anxiety on thrombus formation and blood viscosity factors, Bibl. Haematol. 41:133.
Zador, I., and Dintenfass, L., 1975, Blood viscosity in chronic anxiety states, First Pacific Congress of Psychiatry, Abst. No. 174 (Melbourne, May 11-17).
References
Dintenfass L., 1966, A preliminary outline of the blood high viscosity syndromes, Arch. Intern. Med. 118:427.
Dintenfass, L., 1971, Blood’ Microrheology, Viscosity Factors in Blood Flow, Ischaemia and Thrombosis, Butterworths, London.
Dintenfass, L., 1975, Malfunction of viscosity-receptors-(viscoreceptors)-as the cause of hypertension, Am. Heart J. (in press).
Dintenfass, L., and Ibels, L. S., 1975, Blood viscosity factors and occlusive arterial disease in renal transplant recipients, Nephron 11: in press.
Dintenfass, L., and Milton, G. W., 1973, Blood viscosity factors and prognosis in malignant melanoma: Effect of ABO blood groups, Med. J. Aust. 1:1091. Dintenfass, L., and Stewart, J. H., 1971, Formation, viscosity and degradation of artificial thrombi after cadaveric-donor kidney transplantation, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 26:24.
Reference
Bond T. P., and Guest M. M., 1971, High speed cinematography of the microcirculation, in: Cinematographic Techniques in Biology and Medicine (A. L. Burton, ed.), pp. 151–172, Academic Press, New York.
References
Fahraeus R., and Lindqvist T., 1931, The viscosity of blood in narrow capillary tubes, Am. J. Physiol. 96:562.
Thurston G. B., 1972, Viscoelasticity of human blood, Biophys. J. 12:1205.
Thurston G. B., 1975, Elastic effects in pulsatile blood flow, Microvasc. Res. 9:145.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schmid-Schoenbein, G.W. et al. (1976). Red Cell Interactions with the Microcirculation. In: Grayson, J., Zingg, W. (eds) Microcirculation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4334-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4334-9_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4336-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-4334-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive