Abstract
From a theoretical point of view, the fact that glycine has many metabolic roles as well as a functional role in the CNS is extremely interesting to the neurobiologist. Glycine does not have an assymetric carbon atom nor is it an essential amino acid (except in the chick). It is found in most tissues and its synthesis has been demonstrated in animals, plants and microorganisms. It has also been shown to be present in varying amounts in the tissues of the central nervous system. Most standard textbooks of biochemistry indicate that glycine is metabolically active and is utilized in the formation of proteins, heme, purines, glutathione, hippuric acid, creatine, glycocholic acid, serine, formate (for the one-carbon pool), glucose and glycogen. However, although glycine is biosynthetically involved in these important metabolic processes, in 1965 and shortly thereafter, a series of papers from the laboratories of Aprison and Werman announced that glycine was a segmental inhibitory transmitter in the cat spinal cord and thus also had an important functional role in the CNS (Aprison and Werman, 1965; Graham et al., 1967; Davidoff et al., 1967a,b; Werman et. al., 1967, 1968). Thus, in addition to GABA, the role of glycine had to be considered in studying inhibitory processes of CNS functions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andersen, P., Eccles, J.C., and Schmidt, R.F., 1962, Presynaptic inhibition in the cuneate nucleus, Nature (Lond.) 194: 741–743.
Andersen, P., Eccles, J.C., Shima, K. and Schmidt, R.F., 1964, Mechanism of synaptic transmission in the cuneate nucleus, J. Neurophysiol. 27: 1096–1116.
Ando, T. and Nyhan, W.L., 1974. Proprionic acidemia and the ketotic hyperglycinemia syndrome, in “Heritable Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism” (W.L. Nyhan, ed.), Wiley, New York.
Applegarth, D.A. and Poon, S., 1975, Interpretation of elevated blood glycine levels in children, Clin. Chim. Acta 63: 49–54.
Aprison, M.H., 1965. Research approaches to problems in mental illness: brain neurohumor-enzyme systems and behavior, Prog. Brain Res. 16: 48–80.
Aprison, M.H., 1970a, Evidence of the release of 14C glycine from hemisectioned toad spinal cord with dorsal root stimulation, Pharmacologist 12: 222.
Aprison, M.H., 1970b. Studies on the release of glycine in the isolated spinal cord of the toad, Trans. Am. Soc. Neurochem. 1: 25.
Aprison, M.H., 1977, Glycine as a neurotransmitter, in “Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress” (M.A. Lipton, A. Di Mascio and K.F. Killam, eds.) pp. 333–346, Raven Press, New York.
Aprison, M.H. and Hingtgen, J.N., 1970, Neurochemical correlates of behavior, Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 13: 325–341.
Aprison, M.H. and McBride, W.J., 1973. Evidence for the net accumulation of glycine into a synaptosomal fraction isolated from the telencephalon and spinal cord of the rat, Life Sci. 12: 449–458.
Aprison, M.H. and Werman, R., 1965, The distribution of glycine in cat spinal cord and roots, Life Sci. 2075–2083.
Aprison, M.H. and Werman, R., 1968, A combined neurochemical and neurophysiological approach to the identification of central nervous system neurotransmitters, in “Neurosciences Research”, Vol. 1 (S. Ehrenpreis and O.C. Solnitzky, eds.) pp. 143–174, Academic Press, New York.
Aprison, M.H., Graham, Jr. L.T., Livengood, D.R. and Werman, R., 1965. Distribution of glutamic acid in the cat spinal cord and roots, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 24: 462.
Aprison, M.H., Shank, R.P. and Davidoff, R.A., 1969. A comparison of the concentration of glycine, a transmitter suspect, in different areas of the brain and spinal cord in seven different vertebrates, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28: 1345–1355.
Aprison, M.H., Hingtgen, J.N. and McBride, W.J., 1975. Serotonergic and cholinergic mechanisms during disruption of approach and avoidance behavior, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 34: 1813–1822.
Aprison, M.H., Daly, E.C., Shank, R.P. and McBride, W.J., 1976, Neurochemical evidence for glycine as a transmitter and a model for its intrasynaptosomal compartment at ion, In “Metabolic Compartmentation and Neurotransmission” ( S. Berl, D.D. Clarke and D. Schneider, eds.) pp. 37–63, Plenum Press, New York.
Balázs, R., Kovacs, S., Cocks, W.A., Johnson, A.L. and Eayrs, J.T., 1971. Effective thyroid hormone on the biochemical maturation of rat brain: postnatal cell formation, Brain Res. 25: 555–570.
Balcar, V.J. and Johnston, G.A.R., 1973, High affinity uptake of transmitters. Studies of the uptake of L-aspartate, GABA, L-glutamate, and glycine in cat spinal cord, J. Neurochem. 20: 529–539.
Bank, W.J. and Morrow, G., 1972, A familial spinal cord disorder with hyperglycinemia, Arch. Neurol. 27: 136–144.
Baumgartner, E.R., Bauchman, C., Brechbuhler, T. and Wick, H., 1975» Acute neonatal nonketotic hyperglycinemia: normal propionate and methylmalomate metabolism, Pediat. Res. 9: 559–564.
Beart, P.M. and Bhial, K.B., 1976, Compartmentation and release of glycine in vitro, Neuroscience Abst. 11: 594.
Belcher, G., Davies, J. and Ryall, R.W., 1976, Glycine mediated inhibitory transmission of group IA-excited inhibitory inter- neurones by Renshaw cells, J. Physiol. (London) 256: 651–662.
Benecke, R., Takano, K., Schmidt, J. and Henatsch, H.D., 1977. Tetanus toxin induced actions on spinal Renshaw cells and la inhibitory interneurones during development of local tetanus in the cat, Exp. Brain Res. 27: 271–286.
Berger, S.J., Carter, J.G. and Lowry, O.H., 1977a, The distribution of glycine, GABA, glutamate and aspartate in rabbit spinal cord cerebellum and hippocampus, J. Neurochem. 28: 149–158.
Berger, S.J., McDaniel, M.L., Carter, J.G. and Lowry, O.H., 1977b, Distribution of four potential transmitter amino acids in monkey retina, J. Neurochem. 28: 159–163.
Biscoe, T.J., Duggan, A.W., and Lodge, D., 1972, Antagonism between bicuculline, strychnine, and picrotoxin and depressant amino-acids in the rat nervous system, Comp. Gen. Pharmacol. 3, 423–433.
Boehme, D.H., Fordice, M.W., Marks, N., and Vogel, W., 1973, Distribution of glycine in human spinal cord and selected regions of brain, Brain Res. 353–359.
Bradford, H.F., 1970, Metabolic response of synaptosomes to electrical stimulation: Release of amino acids, Brain Res. 19: 239–247.
Bradford, H.F., Bennett, G.W. and Thomas, A.J., 1973, Depolarizing stimuli and the release of physiologically active amino acids from suspensions of mammalian synaptosomes, J. Neurochem. 21: 495–505.
Bridges, W.F., 1968, Serine transhydroxymethylase in developing mouse brain, J. Neurochem. 15: 1325–1328.
Brody, T., Shane, B., and Stokstad, E.L.R., 1975. Identification and subcellular distribution of folates in rat brain, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 34: 905.
Brooks, V.B. and Asanuma, H., 1965. PEarmacological studies of recurrent cortical inhibition and facilitation, Am. J. Physiol. 208: 674–681.
Bruggencate, G. Ten and Engberg, I., 1968, Analysis of glycine actions on spinal, interneurones by intracellular recording, Brain Res. 11: 446–450.
Bruggencate, G. Ten and Engberg, I., 1971. Iontophoretic studies in deiters nucleus of the inhibitory actions of GABA and related amino acids and the interactions of strychnine and picrotoxin, Brain Res. 25: 431–448.
Bruggencate, G. Ten and Sonnhof, U., 1972, Effects of glycine and GABA and blocking actions of strychnine and picrotoxin in the hypoglossus nucleus, Arch. Ges. Physiol. 334: 240–252.
Bruin, W.J., Frontz, B.M. and Sallach, H.J., 1975, The occurrence of a glycine cleavage system in mammalian brain, J. Neurochem. 20: 1649–1658.
Burton, E.G. and Sallach, H.J., 1975. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in the rat central nervous system: intracellular and regional distribution, Arch. Biochem. and Biophys. 166: 483–494.
Cho, Y.D., Martin, R.O. and Tunnicliff, G., 1973. Uptake of (3H) glycine and (14C) glutamate by cultures of chick spinal cord, J. Physiol. (London) 235: 437–446.
Crawford, J.M. and Curtis, D.R., 1964, The excitation and depression of mammalian cortical neurones by amino acids, Brit. J. Pharmacol. Chemotherap. 23: 313–329.
Crawford, J.M., Curtis, D.R., Voorhoeve, P.E. and Wilson, V.J., 1963, Strychnine and cortical inhibition, Nature (London) 200: 845–846.
Curtis, D.R., 1963, The pharmacology of central and peripheral inhibition, Pharmacol. Rev. 15: 333–364.
Curtis, D.R. and DeGroat, W.C., 1968, Tetanus toxin and spinal inhibition, Brain Res. 10: 208–212.
Curtis, D.R. and Watkins, J.C., 1960, The excitation and depression of spinal neurons by structurally related amino acids, J. Neurochem. 6: 117–141.
Curtis, D.R. and Watkins, J.C., 1963, Acidic amino acids with strong excitatory actions on mammalian neurones, J. Physiol. (London) 166: 1–14.
Curtis, D.R. and Watkins, J.C., 1965. The pharmacology of amino acids related to gamma-aminobutyric acid, Pharmacol. Rev. 17: 347–392.
Curtis, D.R., Phillis, J.W. and Watkins, J.C., 1959, The depression of spinal neurones by γ-amino-n-butyric acid and β-alanine, J. Physiol. (London) 146: 185–203.
Curtis, D.R., Phillis, J.W. and Watkins, J.C., 1960, The chemical excitation of spinal neurones by certain acidic amino acids, J. Physiol. (London) 150: 656–682.
Curtis, D.R., Hosli, L., Johnston, G.A.R. and Johnston, I.H., 1968a, The hyperpolarization of spinal interneurones by glycine and related amino acids, Exptl. Brain Res. 5: 235–258.
Curtis, D.R., Hosli, L. and Johnston, G.A.R., 1968b, A pharmacological study of the depression of spinal neurones by glycine and related amino acids, Exptl. Brain Res. 61: 1–18.
Curtis, D.R., Felix, D., Game, C.J.A. and McCulloch, R.M., 1973, Tetanus toxin and the synaptic release of GABA, Brain Res. 51: 358–362.
Curtis, D.R., Game, C.J.A. and Lodge, D., 1976a, The in vivo inactivation of GABA and other inhibitory amino acids in the cat nervous system, Exp. Brain Res. 25: 413–428.
Curtis, D.R., Game, C.J.A. and Lodge, D., 1976b, Benzodiazepines and central glycine receptors, Br. J. Pharmac. 56: 307–311.
Curtis, D.R., Game, C.J.A., Lodge, D. and McCulloch, R.M., 1976c, A pharmacological study of Renshaw cell inhibition, J. Physiol. 258: 227–242.
Daly, E.C. and Aprison, M.H., 1974a, Distribution of serine transhydroxymethylase and glycine transaminase in several areas of the central nervous system of the rat, J. Neurochem. 22: 877–885
Daly, E.C. and Aprison, M.H., 1974b, Serine hydroxymethyItransferase, glycine transaminase, and the glycine cleavage system in the CNS of the rat, Trans. Am. Soc. Neurochem. 5: 131.
Daly, E.C., Nadi, N.S. and Aprison, M.H., 1976, Regional distribution and properties of the glycine cleavage system within the central nervous system of the rat: evidence for an endogenous inhibitor during in vitro assay, J. Neurochem. 26: 179–185.
Davidoff, R.A., Shank, R.P., Graham, L.T., Jr., Aprison, M.H. and Werman, R., 1967a, Association of glycine with spinal interneurons, Nature (London) 214: 680–681.
Davidoff, R.A., Graham, L.T., Jr., Shank, R.P., Werman, R. and Aprison, M.H., 1967b, Changes in amino acid concentrations associated with loss of spinal interneurons, J. Neurochem. 14: 1025–1031.
Davidoff, R.A., Aprison, M.H. and Werman, R., 1969, The effects of strychnine on the inhibition of interneurons by glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid, Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 8: 191–194.
Davis, R. and Huffmann, R.D., 1969. Pharmacology of the brachium conjunctivum-red nucleus synaptic system in the baboon, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 28: 775.
DeBelleroche, J.S. and Bradford, H.F., 1973, Amino acids in synaptic vesicles from mammalian cerebral cortex: a reappraisal, Neurochem. 21: 441–451.
DeGroat, W.C., 1970, The effects of glycine, GABA and strychnine on sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurones, Brain Res. 18: 542–544.
DeMarchi, W.J. and Johnston, G.A.R., 1969. The oxidation of glycine by D-amino acid oxidase in extracts of mammalian central nervous tissue, J. Neurochem. 16: 335–361.
Denavit-Saubie, M. and Champagnat, J., 1975. The effect of some depressing amino acids on bulbar respiratory and non-respiratory neurons, Brain Res. 97: 356–361.
Dennison, M.E., Jordan, C.C. and Webster, R.A., 1976, Distribution and localization of tritiated amino acids by autoradiography in the cat spinal cord in vivo, J. Physiol. (London) 258: 55–56 P.
Dickinson, J.C. and Hamilton, P.B., 1966, The free amino acids of human spinal fluid determined by ion exchange chromatography, J. Neurochem. 13: 1179–1187.
Dimpfel, W. and E. Habermann, 1973, Histoautoradiographic localization of 125I-labeled tetanus toxin in rat spinal cord, Naunyn-Schniedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 280: 177–182.
Eccles, J.C.,’1964, “The physiology of synapses.” Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Fedineć, A.A. and Shank, R.P., 1971, Effect of tetanus toxin on the content of glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, glutamine, and aspartic acid in the rat spinal cord, J. Neurochem. 18: 2229–2234.
Gaitoncde, M.K., Fayein, N.A., and Johnson, A.L., 1975, Decreased metabolism in vivo of glucose into amino acids of the brain of thiamine-deficient rats after treatment with pyrithiamine, J. Neurochem. 24: 1215–1223.
Galindo, A., 1969, GEBA-picrotoxin interaction in the mammalian central nervous system, Brain Res. l4: 763–767.
Galindo, A., Krnjevic, K. and Schwartz, ST, 1967, Micro-iontophoretic studies on neurones in the cuneate nucleus, J. Physiol. (London) 192: 359–377.
Galindo, A., Krnjević, K. and Schwartz, S., 1968, Patterns of firing in cuneate neurones and some effects of Flaxedil, Expt. Brain Res. 87–101.
Gerritsen, T., Nyhan, W.L., Rehberg, M.L. and Ando, T., 1969, Metabolism of glyoxylate in nonketotic hyperglycinemia, Pediat. Res. 3: 269–274.
Graham, L.T., Jr. and Aprison, M.H., 1966, Fluorometric determination of aspartate, glutamate and γ-aminobutyrate in nerve tissue by using enzymic methods, Anal. Biochem. 15: 487–497.
Graham, L.T., Jr., Shank, R.P., Werman, R. and Aprison, M.H., 1967. Distribution of some synaptic transmitter candidates in cat spinal cord: glutamic acid, aspartic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, glycine and glutamine, J. Neurochem. 14: 465–472.
Greene, M.L., Lietman, P.S., Rosenberg, L.E. and Seegmiller, J.E., 1973. Familial hyperglycinemia: new defect in renal tubular transport of glycine and amino acids, Am. J. Med. 54: 265–271.
Gregson, N.A. and Williams, P.L., 1969» A comparative study of brain and liver mitochondria from newborn and adult rats, J. Neurochem. 16: 617–626.
Guertzenstein, P.G. and Silver, A., 1974. Fall in blood presssure produced from discrete regions of the ventral surface of the medulla by glycine and lesions, J. Physiol. (London) 242: 489–503.
Gushchin, S., Kozhechkin, S.N. and Sverdlov, Y. S., 1969, Presynaptic nature of depression by tetanus toxin of postsynaptic inhibition, Doklady Akademii Nauk. (USSR) 187: 685–688.
Habermann, E. and Wellhomer, H.H., 1974, Advances in tetanus research, Klin. Wschr. 52: 255–265.
Hall, P.V., Smith, J.E., Campbell, R.L., Felten, D.L. and Aprison, M.H., 1976, Neurochemical correlates of spasticity, Life Sci. 18: 1467–1472.
Hill, R.G. and Taberner, P.V., 1976, Some neuropharmacological properties of the new non-barbiturate hypnotic etomidate (R(+)-ethyl-l-(α-methyl-benzyl) imidazole-5-carboxylate), Brit. J. Pharmac. 54: 24l P.
Hill, R.G., Simmonds, M.A. and Straughan, D.W., 1973, Amino acid antagonists and the depression of cuneate neurones by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, Brit. J. Pharmac. 47: 642–643 P.
Hill, R.G., Simmonds, M.A. and Straughan, D.W., 1976, Antagonism of γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine by convulsants in the cuneate nucleus of cat, Br. J. Pharmac. 56: 9–19.
Hökfelt, T. and Ljungdahl, A., 1971, Light and electron microscopic autoradiography on spinal cord slices after incubation with labelled glycine, Brain Res. 32: 189–194.
Hösli, L. and Tebecis, A.K., 1970, Actions of amino acids and convulsants on bulbar reticular neurones, Exp. Brain Res. 11: 111–127.
Hösli, L., Andres, P.F. and Hosli, F., 1971, Effects of glycine on spinal neurones grown in tissue culture, Brain Res. 34: 399–402.
Humoller, F.L., Mahler, D.J. and Parker, M.M., 1966, Distribution of amino acids between plasma and spinal fluid, Int. J. Neuropsychiatry 2: 293–297.
Johnston, G.A.R.T 1968, The intraspinal distribution of some de-pressant amino acids, J. Neurochem. 15: 1013–1017.
Johnston, G.A.R. and Iversen, L.L., 1971. Glycine uptake in the central nervous system slices and homogenates: evidence for different uptake mechanisms in spinal cord and cerebral cortex, J. Neurochem. 18: 1951–1961.
Johnston, G.A.R. and Vitali, M.V., 1969a, Glycine producing transaminase activity in extracts of spinal cord, Brain Res. 15: 471–472.
Johnston, G.A.R. and Vitali, M.V., 1969b, Glycine-2-oxoglutarate transaminase in rat cerebral cortex, Brain Res. 15: 201–208.
Johnston, G.A.R., DeGroat, W.C. and Curtis, D.R., 1969. Tetanus toxin and amino acid levels in cat spinal cord, J. Neurochem. 16: 797–800.
Jordan, C.C. and Webster, R.A., 1971, Release of acetylcholine and 14C-glycine from the cat spinal, cord in vivo, Brit. J. Pharmacol. 43: 441 P.
Kawamura, H. and Provini, L., 1970, Depression of cerebellar Purkinje cells by microiontophoretic application of GABA and related amino acids, Brain Res. 24: 293–304.
Kelly, J.S. and Krnjević, K., 1969, The action of glycine on cortical neurones, Exp. Brain Res. 9: 155–163.
Kelly, J.S. and Renaud, L.P., 1971. Postsynaptic inhibition in the cuneate blocked by GABA antagonists, Nature New Biol. 232: 25–26.
Kelly, J.S. and Renaud, L.P., 1973, On the pharmacology of the glycine receptors on the cuneothalamic relay cells of the cat, Brit. J. Pharmac. 48: 387–395.
Kikuchi, G., 1973, The glycine cleavage system: composition reaction mechanism and physiological significance, Mol. Cell Biol. 1: 169–187.
Krieger, I. and Hart, Z.H., 1974, Valine sensitive nonketotic hyperglycinemia, J. Pediat. 85: 43–48.
Krnjević, K. and Phillis, J.WT, 1963, Iontophoretic studies of neurones in the mammalian cerebral cortex, J. Physiol. (London) 165: 274–304.
Krnjevć, K., Randic, M. and Straughan, D.W., 1966, Pharmacology of cortical inhibition, J. Physiol. (London) 184: 78–105.
Lajtha, A. and Toth, J., 1963, The brain barrier system V: stereo-specificity of amino acid uptake, exchange and efflux, J. Neurochem. 10: 909–920.
cinamie: klinik., diatetik, und pathologisch-anatomische veranderungen, Z.. Kinderheilk., 116: 95–114.
Liang, C.G., 1962, Studies on experimental thiamine deficiency. Trends of keto acid formation and detection of glyoxylic acid, Biochem. J., 82: 429.
Ljungdahl, A. and Hökfelt, T., 1973, Autoradiographic uptake patterns of (3H) GABA and (3H) glycine in central nervous tissues with special reference to the cat spinal cord, Brain Kes., 62: 587–590.
Logan, W.J. and Snyder, S.H., 1972, High affinity uptake systems for glycine, glutamic and aspartic acids in synaptosomes of rat central nervous tissues, Brain Res., 42: 413–431.
Matus, I.I. and Dennison, M.E., 1972, An autoradiographic study of uptake of exogenous glycine by vertebrate spinal cord slices in vitro, J. Neurocytology, 1: 27–34.
McBride, W.J., Daly, E. and Aprison, M.H., 1973, Interconversion of glycine and serine in a synaptosome fraction isolated from the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, telencephalon, and cerebellum of the rat, J. Neurobiol., 4: 557–566.
McLaughlin, B.J., Barber, R., Saito, K., Roberts, E. and Yu, J.Y., 1975, Immunocytochemical localization of glutamate decarboxylase in rat spinal cord, J. Comp. Neurol., 164: 305–321.
Motokawa, Y. and Kikuchi. G., 1971, Glycine metabolism in rat liver mitochondria: V. Intramitochondrial localization of the reversible glycine cleavage system and serine hydroxymethyl- transferase, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 146: 461–466.
Mulder, A.H. and Snyder, S.H., 1974, Potassium induced release of amino acids from cerebral cortex and spinal cord slices of the rat, Brain Res., 76: 297–308.
Neal, M.J., 1971, The uptake of (14C) glycine by slices of mammalian spinal cord, J. Physiol. (London), 215: 103–117.
Neal, M.J. and Pickles, H., 1969, Uptake of (lhC) glycine by spinal cord, Nature (London), 223: 679.
Oppenheim, R.W. and Reitzel, J., 1975, Ontogeny of behavioral sensitivity to strychnine in the chick embryo: evidence for the early onset of CNS inhibition, Brain Behav. Evol., 11: 130–159.
Osborne, R.H., Bradford, H.F. and Jones, D.G., 1973, Patterns of amino acid release from nerve endings isolated from spinal cord and medulla, J. Neurochem., 21: 407–419.
Paulsen, E.P. and Hsia, Y.E., 1974, Asymptomatic propionicacidemia: variability of clinical expression in a Mennonite kindred, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 26: 66a.
Perry, T.L., Urguhart, N., MacLean, J., Evans, M.E., Hansen, S., Davidson, G.F., Applegarth, D.A., MacLeod, P.J. and Lock, J.E., 1975a, Nonketotic hyperglycinemia: glycine accumulation due to absence of glycine cleavage in the brain, New Engl. J. Med., 292: 1269–1273.
Perry, T.L., Urguhart, N., MacLean, J. and Hansen, S., 1975b, Response to a letter to the editor, New Engl. J. Med., 293: 778.
Price, D.L., Griffin, J., Young, A., Peck, K. and Stocks, A., 1975, Tetanus toxin; direct evidence for retrograde intraaxonal transport, Sci., 188: 945–947.
Price, D.L., Stocks, A., Griffin, J.W., Young, A. and Peck, K., 1976, Glycine specific synapses in rat spinal cord: identification by electron microscope autoradiography, J. Cell Biol., 68: 389–395.
Price, D.L., Griffin, J.W. and Peck, K., 1977. Tetanus toxin: evidence for binding at presynaptic nerve endings, Brain Res., 121: 379–384.
Rassin, D.K. and Gaull, G.E., 1975, Transmethylation and transsulfuration enzymes in rat brain: their subcellular distri ution, Trans. Am. Soc. Neurochem., 6: 134.
Reubi, J.C. and Cúenod, M., 1976, Release of exogenous glycine in the pigeon optic tectum during stimulation of a midbrain nucleus, Brain Res., 112: 347–361.
Roberts, P.J., 1974. The release of amino acids with proposed neurotransmitter function from the cuneate and gracile nuclei of the rat in vivo, Brain Res., 67: 419–428.
Roberts, P.J. and Mitchell, J.F., 1972, The release of amino acids from the hemisected spinal cord during stimulation, J. Neurochem., 19: 2473–2481.
Romano, M. and Cerra, M., 1967, Further studies on the toxicity of glyoxylate in the rat, Gazz. Biochem., 16: 354–358.
Sato, T., Kochi, H., Sato, N. and Kikuchi, G., 1969, Glycine metabolism by rat liver mitochondria, J. Biochem., 65: 77–83.
Scriver, C.R., White, A., Sprague, W. and Horwood, S.P., 1975, Plasma-CSF glycine ratio in normal and nonketotic hyperglycinemic subjects, New Engl. J. Med., 293: 778.
Shank, R.P. and Aprison, M.H., 1970a, The metabolism of glycine and serine in eight different areal of the rat central nervous system, J. Neurochem., 17: 1461–1475.
Shank, R.P. and Aprison, M.H., 1970b, Method for multiple analyses of concentration and specific radioactivity of indivudual amino acids in nervous tissue extracts, Anal. Biochem., 35: 136–145.
Shank, R.P., Aprison, M.H. and Baxter, C.F., 1973, Precursors of glycine in the central nervous system: comparison of specific activities in glycine and other amino acids after administration of (U-14C) glucose, (3,414C) glycose, (1-14C) glycose, (U-14C) serine or (l,514C) citrate to the rat, Brain Res., 52: 301–308.
Smith, J.E., Hall, P.V., Campbell, R.L., Jones, A.R. and Aprison, M.H., 1976, Level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the dorsal grey lumbar spinal cord during the development of spinal spasticity, Life Sci., 19: 1525–1530.
Stern, P. and Catovic, S., 1975, Brain glycine and aggressive behavior, Pharmacol. Biochem. Beh. 3: 723–726.
Stokes, B.T. and Bignall, K.E., 1975, The emergence of inhibition in the chick embryo spinal cord, Brain Res., 77: 231–242.
Sverdlov, Y.S., Alekseeva, T.I., 1966, Effect of tetanus toxin on presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 25: 931–935.
Tada, K., Corbeel, L.M., Eeckels, R., and Eggermont, E., 1974, A block in glycine cleavage reaction as a common mechanism in ketotic and nonketotic hyperglycinemia, Pediat. Res., 8: 721–723.
Takano, K. and Neumann, K., 1972, Effect of glycine upon stretch reflex tension, Brain Res., 36: 474–475.
Tarlov, I.M., 1967, Rigidity in man due to spinal interneuron loss, Arch. Neurol., l6: 537–543.
Tarlov, I.M., 1974, Rigidity and primary motoneuron damage in tetanus, Exp. Neurol., 44: 246–254.
Tarlov, I.M., Ling, H. and Yamada, H., 1973, Neuronal pathology in experimental local tetanus, clinical implications, Neurol. ( Minneapolis ), 23: 580–591.
Tebecis, A.K. and DiMaria, A., 1972, Strychnine-sensitive inhibition in the medullary reticular formation: evidence for glycine as an inhibitory transmitter, Brain Res., 40: 373–383.
Tebecis, A.K., Hosli, L. and Haas, H., 1971, Bicuculline and the depression of medullary reticular neurones by GABA and glycine, Experientia (Basel), 27: 548.
Trijbels, J.M.F., Monnens, L.A.H., van der Zee, S.P.M., Vrenken, J.A. Th, Sengers, R.C.A. and Schretlen, E.D.A.M., 1974, A patient with nonketotic hyperglycinemia biochemical findings and therapeutic approaches, Pediat. Res., 8: 598–605.
Tsukada, Y., Nagata, Y., Hirano, S. and Matsutani, T., 1963, Active transport of amino acid into cerebral cortex slices, J. Neurochem., 10: 241.
Uchizono, K., 1965, Characteristics of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the central nervous system of the cat, Nature (London), 207: 642–643.
Uhr, M.L., 1973, Glycine decarboxylation in the central nervous system, J. Neurochem., 20: 1005–1009.
Voaden, M.J., 1974, Light and spontaneous efflux of radioactive glycine from the frog retina, Exp. Eye Res., 18: 467–475.
Yoshida, T. and Kikuchi, G., 1973, Major pathways of serine and glycine catabolism in various organs of the rat and cock, J. Biochem., 73: 1013–1022.
Young, A.B. and Snyder, S.H., 1973, Strychnine binding associated with glycine receptors of the central nervous system, Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 70: 2832–2836.
Young, A.B. and Snyder, S.H., 1974a, Strychnine binding in rat spinal cord membranes associated with the synaptic glycine receptor: cooperativity of glycine interactions, Molec. Pharmac., 10: 790–809.
Young, A.B. and Snyder. S.H., 1974b, The glycine synaptic receptor-evidence that strychnine binding is associated with the ionic conductance mechanism, Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 71: 4002–4005.
Young, A.B., Zukin, S.R. and Snyder, S.H., 1974, Interaction of benzodiazepines with central nervous glycine receptors: possible mechanism of action? Proc. natn. Acad, Sci. U.S.A., 71: 2246–2250.
Werman, R., 1965, The specificity of molecular processes involved in neuronal transmission, J. Theoret. Biol., 9: 471–477.
Werman, R. and Aprison, M.H., 1968, Glycine: the search for a spinal cord inhibitory transmitter, in “Structure and Functions of Inhibitory Neuronal Mechanisms” (C. von Euler, S. Skoglund and U. Soderberg, eds.) pp. 473–486, Pergamon Press, New York.
Werman, R., Davidoff, R.A. and Aprison, M.H., 1966, Glycine and postsynaptic inhibition in cat spinal cord, Physiologist, 9: 318.
Werman, R., Davidoff, R.A. and Aprison, M.H., 1967, Inhibition of motoneurones by iontophoresis of glycine, Nature (London), 214: 681–683.
Werman, R., Davidoff, R.A. and Aprison, M.H., 1968, Inhibitory action of glycine on spinal neurons in the cat, J. Neurophysiol., 31: 81–95.
Zukin, S.R., Young, A.B. and Snyder, S.H., 1975, Development of the synaptic glycine receptor in the chick embryo spinal cord, Brain Res., 83: 525–530.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1978 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Aprison, M.H., Nadi, N.S. (1978). Glycine: Inhibition from the Sacrum to the Medulla. In: Fonnum, F. (eds) Amino Acids as Chemical Transmitters. NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, vol 16. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4030-0_42
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4030-0_42
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4032-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-4030-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive