Abstract
If a woman begins to bear live-born offspring at the age of 20 years and continues to bear fully viable children at the rate of one every 4 years until she ceases to ovulate, say at the age of 45 years, she will have a completed fertility of seven offspring. If the woman has children every 3 years, all else being the same, she would have nine children; if every 2 years, then 13 children; and so on. Many factors in addition to birth spacing influence human fertility rates. Anthropological demographers attempt to determine what these factors are for specific populations and how their influence may change over time. For example, factors that influence human fertility in the subarctic and elsewhere include: (1) age at marriage, and the relationship between marriage and pregnancy; (2) sufficiency of food intake in order to provide for a normal pregnancy, delivery, and lactation; (3) disease conditions normally encountered; (4) practice of techniques to either abort a pregnancy or kill a new-born; (5) factors influencing spacing between successive pregnancies and deliveries; (6) relationship between a particular subsistence pattern, such as the hunting of migratory game species in the subarctic, and an infant’s chances for survival; (7) social value placed on having a particular number of offspring and/or offspring of a particular sex; (8) employment.
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Hurlich, M.G. (1983). Historical and Recent Demography of the Algonkians of Northern Ontario. In: Steegmann, A.T. (eds) Boreal Forest Adaptations. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3649-5_5
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