Abstract
When I first began to review the literature for this chapter I naively believed that I was embarking on a rather smooth journey into a field in which there were a plethora of data. Simply, I was wrong. While there are fairly substantial amounts of data relating to the social interaction patterns of young and old “family members” alike, I was struck by the excessive use of the terms “probably,” “maybe,” “we shall assume,” “it is thought,” etc., to refer to genealogical relationships. In an area of behavioral biology in which rigorous assessments of genetic relatedness are absolutely critical, tenuous, forced ex post facto reconstructions of genealogies are (too) frequently being used not only to summarize the results of particular studies, but furthermore, and perhaps in a more injurious way, also to rewrite and reformulate evolutionary theory. It also is the case, I believe, particularly for mammals, that theoretical arguments in many areas of inquiry of social biology have severely outstripped empirical studies. Although theories about the way things “ought to be” have provided a solid axis around which basic research can revolve, especially in areas of social biology, only very few significant questions have been investigated and in only very few mammalian species. This is most unfortunate. One more notable trend surfaced as I reviewed papers covering rather disparate species and superficially dissimilar problems searching for some thoughts, or better, data on sibling interactions. I became struck by the large number of eponymous theories and the relative absence of “minority” views, although many available data could have easily, and in some cases, more expeditiously, been used to generate new and interesting hypotheses (e.g., Kaplan, 1978; McCracken and Bradbury, 1977; Rood, 1978), rather than simply providing weak support for extant ideas. Has intellectual censorship reached behavioral biology as it might have once affected ecology (van Valen and Pitelka, 1974)? I strongly doubt this. However, trying to fit square blocks into round holes may be the result of the almost sermonlike dialogues espousing that this is right and that is wrong, discourses that might have a rather intimidating effect on readers or listeners. Thus, I was pleased to read in the concluding paragraph in a recent paper (Horn, 1978, p. 429): “I began with questions; I have ended with questions. It is a measure of progress that the two lists of questions are different.”
Cruelty and Compassion come with the chromosomes/All men are merciful & all are murderers. (Huxley, 1948, p. 55)
… it is of the essence of behavior that it is forever attempting to transcend itself and that it thus supplies evolution with its principal motor. (Piaget, 1978, p. 139)
All correct reasoning is a grand system of tautologies, but only God can make direct use of that fact. (Simon, 1969, p. 15)
Today’s ad hoc hypothesis is tomorrow’s law of nature. (Hull, 1978a, p. 53)
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Bekoff, M. (1981). Mammalian Sibling Interactions. In: Gubernick, D.J., Klopfer, P.H. (eds) Parental Care in Mammals. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3150-6_8
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