Abstract
Recent events in England, which witnessed the birth of the world’s first “test tube” baby, or baby conceived by means of in vitro fertilization (IVF), have elevated the serious medical, ethical, and legal issues surrounding this biomedical advance into the public forum.1 Questions arise such as whether IVF is a nonhuman form of reproduction and is therefore immoral as a dehumanizing process; whether IVF is unethical and illegal experimentation with human beings; whether the state of science involved in IVF has not reached the point to warrant the participation of human beings; whether the potential danger of IVF children being born with physical abnormalities can be resolved; whether the law will create obstacles to the development of the process and/or to the individuals involved in it.
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References and Notes
See,eg, All about that baby, Newsweek, p. 66, Aug. 7 (1978); The first test-tube baby, Time, p. 58, July 31 (1978). According to news reports, the baby girl, born by Caesarean section, is in normal health. See, generally, In vitro fertilization: Four commentaries, Hastings Cent. Rep. 8:7 (1978).
See, generally, Edwards, R. G., Bavister, B. D., and Steptoe, P. L., Early stages of fertilization in vitro of human oocytes matured in vivo, Nature 221:632 (1969); Shettles, L. B., Human blastocyst growth in vitro in ovulation cervical mucus, Nature 229:343 (1971); Steptoe, P. L., and Edwards, R. G., Laparoscopic recovery of preovulatory human oocytes after priming the ovaries with gonadotropins, Lancet 1: 683 (1970).
Kass, L., Making babies—The new biology and the “old” morality, Public Int. 26:18, 23 (1972); Soupart, P. J., and Morgenstern, L., Human sperm capacitation and in vitro fertilization, Fertil. Steril. 24: 462 (1973).
See Edwards, R., and Sharpe, D., Social values and research in human embryology, Nature 231:87 (1974); Reilly, P., In vitro fertilization—A legal perspective, in: Genetics and the Law (G. Annas and A. Milunsky), pp. 359, 364 (1975).
See, eg, Kass, supra note 3, at 27; Kass, L., Babies by means of in vitro fertilization: Unethical experi¬ments on the unborn?, N. Engl. J. Med. 285: 1174 (1971).
Rorvik, D., The embryo sweepstakes, New York Times Magazine, pp. 17, 50, Sept. 15 (1974).
See Grad, F., Legislative responses to the new biology: Limits and possibilities, UCLA L. Rev. 15:480, 501 (1968); Hudock, G., Gene therapy and genetic engineering: Frankenstein is still a myth, but it should be reread periodically, Indiana L. J. 48: 533 (1973).
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eg, Orford v. Orford, 49 Ont. L.R. 15, 58 D.L.R. 251 (1921). See Oakley, M. A., Test tube babies: Proposals for legal regulation of new methods of human conception and prenatal development, Fam. L. Q. 8:385, (1974); Smith, G., Through a test tube darkly: Artificial insemination and the law, Mich. L. Rev. 67:127, 135 (1968). See also Doornbos v. Doornbos, 23 U.S.L.W. 2308 (Super. Ct. Cook County, 111., Dec. 13, 1954), appeal dismissed on procedural grounds, 12 111. App. 2d 473, 139 N.E. 2d 844 (1956); Hoch v. Hoch No. 44-C-8307 (Cir. A. Cook County, 111., 1945); Time, p. 58, Feb. 26 (1945).
Hager, J., Artificial insemination: Some practical considerations for effective counseling, N.C. L. Rev. 39: 217, 232 (1961).
Plosowe, M., The place of law in medico-moral problems: A legal view II, N.Y.U. L. Rev. 31: 1238, 1242 (1956).
Hager, supra note 10, at 233.
1958) Sess. Cas. 105, (1958) Scots L.T.R. 12. See People v. Sorenson, 66 Cal. Rptr. 7, 437 P.2d 495 (1968).
1958) Sess. Cas. at 113.
eg, Gursky v. Gursky, 39 Misc.2d 1083, 242 N.Y.S.2d 406 ( Sup. Ct. 1963 ).
In re Adoption of Anonymous, 74 Misc.2d 99, 345 N.Y.S.2d 430 (Surrogate Ct. 1973); Strnad v. Strnad, 190 Mis. 786, 78 N.Y.S.2d 390 (Sup. Ct. 1948). See People ex rel. Abajian v. Dennett, 15 Misc. 2d 260, 134 N.Y.S.2d 178 (Sup. Ct. 1958). See also Levy v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 68(1968), rehearing denied 393 U.S. 898; Giona v. American Guarantee and Liability Ins. Co., 391 U.S. 73 (1968); Re Estate of Jensen, 162 N. W. 2d 861 (N.D. 1968); Storv. None, 57 Misc. 2d 342,291 N.Y.S. 2d 515 (1968); Green v. Woodard, 40 Ohio App. 2d 101, 69 0hioOps.2d 130., 318N.E.2d 397; C. Boardman, New York Family Law s. 116 (Biskind ed.).
Cai. Rptr. 7, 437 P. 2d 495 (1968).
Ibid, at 10, 437 P. 2d at 498.
Ibid, at 10, 437 P.2d at 498.
Ibid, at 13, 437 P. 2d at 501.
See, generally, Note, Artificial insemination: A legislative remedy, West St. U.L. Rev. 3: 48 (1975).
Ga. Code Ann. ss 74 - 101. 1 (1973).
Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 10, ss 551-53 (Supp. 1974). Kan. Stat. Ann. ss 23-128 to - 130 (1974). Ark. Stat. Ann. ss 61-141(c) (Supp. 1971). Md. Ann. Code art. 43, s 556E (Supp. 1974). N.C. Gen. Stat. S.49A-1 (Supp. 1974). N.Y. Dom. Rei. Law s73 (McKinney Supp. 1975). Cai. Civ. Code ss 195, 216 (West Supp. 1975 ). Cai. Penal Code s270 (West Supp. 1975).
Kass, supra note 3, at 28.
See, eg, Dietrich v. Inhabitants of Northampton, 138 Mass. 14(1884).
Prosser, W., Handbook of the Law of Torts (4th ed.), p. 336 (1971). See Bonbrest v. Katz, 65 F. Supp. 138 (D.D.C. 1946 ). See, generally, Wilson, Fetal experimentation: Legal implications of an ethical conun¬drum, Denver L. J. 53:581 (1976).
eg, Jorgensen v. Meade Johnson Laboratories Inc., 483 F.2d 237 (10th Cir. 1973); Renslow v. Mennonite Hospital, 67 111.2d 348, 367 N.W.2d 1250 (1977); Park v. Chessin, 88 Misc.2d 222, 387 N.Y.S.2d 204 (Sup. Ct. 1976), affd, 60 App. Div.2d 80, 400 N.Y.S. 2d 110 (1977).
Leccese v. McDonough, 361 Mass. 64, 68, 279 N.E.2d 339, 342 (1972); Keyes v. Construction ServInc., 340 Mass. 633, 165 N.E. 2d 912 (1960).
eg, Bonbrest v. Kotz, 65 F. Supp. 138 (D.D.C. 1946 ).
eg, Smith v. Brennan, 31 N.J. 353, 157 A.2d 497 (1960); Daley v. Meier, 33 111. App.2d 218, 178 N.E.2d 691 (1961); Torigian v. Watertown News Co., 352 Mass. 446, 225 N.E.2d 926 (1967); Kelly v. Gregory, 282 App. Div. 542, 125 N.Y.S. 2d 696 (1953).
Note, The “brave new baby” and the law: Fashioning remedies for the victims of in vitro fertilization, Am. J. L. Med. 4: 319 (1978).
eg, Williams v. State, 18 N.Y.2d 481, 223 N.E.2d 343 (1966); Zepeda v. Zepeda, 41 111. App.2d 240, 190 N.E.2d 849 (1963), cert, denied, 379 U.S. 945 (1964); Nell is v. Chicago Wesley Memorial Hospital, No. 701-15177 (Cir. Ct. Cook County, 111., June 18, 1974 ).
See Qustodio v. Bauer, 251 Cai. App.2d 303 (1967); Gleitman v. Cosgrove, 49 N.J. 22, 111 A.2d 689 (1967). See also Brodie, D., The new biology and the prenatal child, J. Fam. L. 9:391, 396(1970); Gordon, The unborn “wrongful life,” N.Y.U. L. Rev. 38:1078 (1963); Tedeschi, L., On tort liability for “wrongful life,” Israel L. Rev. 513 (1966); Note, Fetal research: A view from right to left to wrongful birth, Chi-Kent L. Rev. 52:133 (1975). For example, the Supreme Court of Alabama recently refused to find a cause of action for “wrongful life” in a suit brought by a deformed child born despite her father’s vasectomy. Elliott v. Brown, Dkt. No. 77-114 ( Ala., Aug. 18, 1978 ).
See Park v. Chessin, 60 App. Div.2d 80, 400 N.Y.S. 2d 110 (1977).
Jacobs v. Theimer, 519 S.W.2d 846 (Tex. 1975 ).
Ziemoa v. Sternberg, 45 A.D.2d 230, 357 N.Y.S.2d 265 (1974). Contra Rieck v. Medical Protective Co., 64 Wis. 2d 514, 219 N.W.2d 242 (1974).
Troppi v. Scarf, 31 Mich. App. 240, 187 N.W.2d 511 (1971). The case was subsequently settled.
Doerr v. Villate, 74 111. App.2d 332, 220 N.E.2d 767 (1966). See Robertson, J., Civil liability arising from “wrongful birth” following an unsuccessful sterilization operation, Am. J. L. Med. 4: 130 (1978).
See Note, Park v. Chessin: The continuing development of the theory of wrongful life, Am. J. L. Med. 4: 211 (1978).
Kass, supra note 3, at 32.
Abel, K., The legal implications of ectogenetic research, Tulsa L. J. 10: 243, 248 (1974).
Black’s Law Dictionary (rev. 4th ed.), p. 917 (1968).
Abel, supra note 41, at 252. See Gilpin v. Gilpin, 94 N.Y.S.2d 706 ( Dom. Rei. Ct. 1950 ).
See Annas, G., Glantz, L., and Katz, B., Informed Consent to Human Experimentation: The Subject’s Dilemma, p. 200, Ballinger, Cambridge (1977).
U.S. at 113.
Ibid. at 154.
Ibid. at 164.
Ibid.
Ibid.
See, generally, Note, supra note 31.
See, generally, Annas, G., Glantz, L., and Katz, B., supra note 44.
See Wilson, supra note 26, at 637.
Ibid. at 638.
Prosser, W., Handbook of the Law of Torts (4th ed.), p. 237 (1971).
Norman v. Murphy, 124 Cal. App. 2d 95, 268 P.2d 178 (1954); Drabbels v. Skelly Oil Co., 155 Neb. 17, 50 N.W.2d 229 (1951); Grafv. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303, 204 A.2d 140 (1964); Carroll v. Skioff, 415 Pa. 47, 202 A.2d 9 (1964); Durrett v. Owens, 212 Tenn. 614, 371 S.W.2d 433 (1963).
eg, Simmons v. Howard University, 323 F. Supp. 529 (D.D.C. 1971); Chrisafogeorgis v. Brandenberg, 55 III. 2d 368, 304 N.W.2d 88 (1973); Britt v. Sears, 150 Ind. App. 487, 277 N.E.2d 20 (Ct. App. 1971); O’Neill v. Morse, 235 Mich. 130, 188 N.W.2d 785 (1971); Libbee v. Permanente Clinic, 1268 Ore. 258, 518 P. 2d 636 (1974); Baldwin v. Butcher, 184 S.E.2d 428 (W. Va. 1971). See Eich v. Town of Gulf Shores, 293 Ala. 95, 300 So.2d 354 (1974); Porter v. Lassiter, 91 Ga. App. 712, 87 S.E.2d 100 (1955).
See Prosser, W., Handbook of the Law of Torts (4th ed.), s 12, p. 56 (1971).
Ibid, at 59.
The first test tube baby, Time, pp. 58, 61, July 31 (1978).
Rorvik, supra note 6, at 55.
The first test tube baby, supra note 59.
Ibid.
Woman awarded $50,000 in suit on test-tube baby, Boston Globe, p. 2, Aug. 19 (1978).
Reilly, supra note 4, at 364.
Ibid, at 368.
Fed. Reg. 31, 748 (1973).
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid, at 31, 743.
Fed. Reg. 30, 648 (1974). See Martin, M., Ethical standards for fetal experimentation, Fordham L. Rev. 43: 547 (1975).
Fed. Reg. 33, 526 (1975) (Codified in 45 C.F.R. s 46). See Markey, K., Federal regulation of fetal research: Toward a public policy founded on ethical reasoning, U. Miami L. Rev. 31: 675, 685 (1977).
Fed. Reg. 30, 650 (1974).
Ibid. See, generally, Capron, A., The law relating to experimentation with the fetus, in: Research on the Fetus, 13-1, The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Be¬havioral Research, Appendix, DHEW Pub. No. (05) 76 - 128 (1975).
Fed. Reg. 33, 529 (1975).
See Note, supra note 31.
See Annas, G., Glantz, L., and Katz, B., supra note 44, at 206.
See Annas, G., Glantz, L., and Katz, B., supra note 44, at 50.
See eg, Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471 (1970); Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618 (1969).
Note, Governmental control of research in positive eugenics, J. L. Ref. 7: 615, 620 (1974).
eg, Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158 (1944); Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11 (1905).
Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).
Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
Skinnerv. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 535 (1941).
See, eg, Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438, 452-55(1972). See also Smith, G., Manipulating the genetic code: Jurisprudential conundrums, Georgetown L. J. 64: 697, 750 (1976).
Skinnerv. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 535, 541 (1941).
U.S. 479, 495 (1965).
U.S. 438 (1972).
U.S. 113 (1973).
See Note, supra note 31; Green, H., Genetic technology: Law and policy for the brave new world, Indiana L.J. 48:559, 565 (1973). See, generally, Wilson, J., Fetal experimentation: Rights of the father and questions of personhood, Villanova L. Rev. 22:403 (1976-77).
See Kass, supra note 3, at 32.
See Golding, M., and Golding, N., Ethical and value issues in population limitation and distribution in the United States, Wand. L. Rev. 24: 495, 512 (1971).
U.S. 200 (1927).
Ibid, at 207.
See Pate, R., and Plant, P., Sterilization of mental defectives, Cumberland-Sanford L. Rev. 3: 458 (1972).
eg, In re Moore, 221 S.E.2d 307 (N.C. 1976).
See Vukowich, W., The dawning of the brave new world—Legal, ethical and social issues of eugenics, U. III. L.F. 1971: 189, 208 (1971).
Ethics Advisory Board, Report and Conclusions: HEW Support of Research Involving Human In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (May 4, 1979 ).
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Katz, B.F. (1980). Legal Implications and Regulation of in Vitro Fertilization. In: Milunsky, A., Annas, G.J. (eds) Genetics and the Law II. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3078-3_30
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