Abstract
Living systems are characterized by a degree of complexity and associated order absent in the nonliving world. This complexity and order is maintained only at the expense of free energy from the environment, the sun being the ultimate source of this energy. Living systems are thus open systems—able to exchange matter and energy with their surroundings—and, as we shall see, when such systems are driven from equilibrium, there occurs the possibility for their increasing organization.
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© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
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Cohn, R.M., Palmieri, M.J., McNamara, P.D. (1980). Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics, Noncovalent Forces, and Water. In: Herman, R.H., Cohn, R.M., McNamara, P.D. (eds) Principles of Metabolic Control in Mammalian Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3006-6_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3006-6_2
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