Abstract
The study of the mammalian telencephalon, and particularly of its cortex, has given rise to a vast accumulation of knowledge, and yet even at moderately crude levels of analysis its major functions are still poorly understood. This has led to other types of approach to the problems of brain function. One has been the study of the interaction of individual cells, among small neuron populations, an approach exemplified by the study of learning and its neural correlates in Aplysia (e.g., see Castellucci et al., 1970; Kupfermann et al., 1970; Pinsker et al., 1970), and another has been the examination of lower vertebrate classes in an attempt to find the roots of the highly evolved brain functions and behaviors seen, for example, in rats and monkeys.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agranoff, B. W., Davis, R. E., and Brink, J. J., 1966, Chemical studies on memory fixation in goldfish, Brain Res. 1: 303.
Andrew, R. J., 1974, Arousal and the causation of behaviour, Behaviour 51: 135.
Ariëns Kappers, C. U., Huber, G. C., and Crosby, E. C., 1936, The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates, Macmillan, New York.
Aronson, L. R., 1948, Problems in the behavior and physiology of a species of african mouthbreeding fish (Tilapia macrocephala), Tr. N.Y. Acad. Sci. Ser. 2 2: 33.
Aronson, L. R., 1968, Function of the teleostean forebrain, in: The Central Nervous System and Fish Behavior ( D. J. Ingle, ed.), pp. 107–125, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Aronson, L. R., and Herberman, R., 1960, Persistence of a conditioned response in the cichlid fish Tilapia macrocephala after forebrain and cerebellar ablations, Anat. Rec. 138: 332.
Aronson, L. R., and Kaplan, H., 1963, Forebrain function in avoidance conditioning, Am. Zool. 3: 483.
Aronson, L. R., and Kaplan, H., 1965, Effect of forebrain ablation on the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response in the teleost fish Tilapia macrocephala, Am. Zool. 5: 654.
Bannister, L. H., 1973, Forebrain structure in Phoxinus phoxinus, a teleost of the cyprinid family, J. Hirnforsch. 14: 413.
Beniuc, M., 1938, The roundabout path of the fighting fish (Betta splendens), Proc. Zool. Soc. London 108: 403.
Bernstein, J. J., 1961a, Loss of hue discrimination in forebrain-ablated fish, Exp. Neurol. 3: 1.
Bernstein, J. J., 1961b, Brightness discrimination following forebrain ablation in fish, Exp. Neurol. 3: 297.
Bernstein, J. J., 1962, Role of the telencephalon in color vision in fish, Exp. Neurol. 6: 173.
Bernstein, J. J., 1967, The regenerative capacity of the telencephalon of the goldfish and the rat, Exp. Neurol. 17: 44.
Berwein, M., 1941, Beobachtungen und Versuche über das gesellige Leben von Elritzen, Z. Vergl. Physiol. 28: 402.
Bethe, A., 1899, Die Locomotion des Haifisches (Scyllium) und ihre Beziehungen zu den einzelnen Gehirntheilen und zum Labyrinth, Pflügers Arch. 76: 70.
Bianki, V. L., 1972, The hypothesis on the origin factors of the forebrain paired structure in the phylogenesis of the vertebrates, in: Cerebral Interhemispheric Relations ( J. Černáček and F. Podivinský, eds.), pp. 29–42, Publishing house of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava.
Bitterman, M. E., 1965, The evolution of intelligence, Sci. Am. 212 (1): 92.
Boyd, E. S., and Gardner, L. C., 1962, Positive and negative reinforcement from intracranial stimulation of a teleost, Science 136: 648.
Bruckmoser, P., and Dieringer, N., 1973, Evoked potentials in the primary and secondary projection areas of the forebrain in elasmobranchs, J. Comp. Physiol. 87: 65.
Cain, D. P., 1974, The role of the olfactory bulb in limbic mechanisms, Psychol. Rev. 10: 654.
Campbell, H. J., 1968, Peripheral self-stimulation as reward, Nature (London) 218: 104.
Castellucci, V., Pinsker, H., Kupfermann, I., and Kandel, E. R., 1970, Neuronal mechanisms of habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia, Science 167: 1745.
Chauchard, A., and Chauchard, B., 1927, Recherches sur les localisations cérébrales chez les poissons, C. R. Soc. Biol. 184: 696.
Clark, S. L., Chung, M. Y., Shine, L., and Clark, M. R., 1960, Responses in free swimming fishes to electrical stimulation of the cerebellum, Am. J. Anat. 106: 121.
Cohen, D. H., Duff, T. A., and Ebbesson, S. O. E., 1973, Electrophysiological identification of a visual area in shark telencephalon, Science 182: 492.
Crespi, L. P., 1944, Amount of reinforcement and level of performance, Psychol. Rev. 51: 341.
Dart, R. A., 1920, A contribution to the morphology of the corpus striatum, J. Anat. 55: 1.
Davis, R. E., Bright, P. J., and Agranoff, B. W., 1965, Effect of ECS and puromycin on memory in fish, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 60: 162.
Demski, L. S., and Gerald, J. W., 1972, Sound production evoked by electrical stimulation of the brain in toadfish (Opsanus beta), Anim. Behav. 20: 507.
Demski, L. S., and Knigge, K. M., 1971, The telencephalon and hypothalamus of the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): Evoked feeding, aggressive and reproductive behavior with representative frontal sections, J. Comp. Neurol. 143: 1.
Desmoulins, A., 1825, Anatomie des Systèmes Nerveux des Animaux Vertébrés Appliqué à la Physiologie et à la Zoologie, Méquignon-Marvis, Paris.
Devitsina, G. V., 1973, On certain morphological and functional properties of the olfactory bulb of pike and burbot, Vestnik Moskovsk. Univ. 1: 10.
Dewsbury, D. A., and Bernstein, J. J., 1969, Role of the telencephalon in performance of conditioned avoidance responses by goldfish, Exp. Neurol. 23: 445.
Dizon, A. E., Horrall, R. M., and Hasler, A. D., 1973, Olfactory electroencephalographic responses of homing Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, to water conditioned by conspecifics, U.S. Natl. Marine Fish. Serv. Fish. Bull. 71: 893.
Douglas, R. J., and Pribram, K. H., 1969, Distraction and habituation in monkeys with limbic lesions, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 69: 473.
Döving, K. B., 1966, Efferent influence upon the activity of single neurons in the olfactory bulb of the burbot, J. Neurophysiol. 29: 675.
Döving, K. B., and Gemne, G., 1965, Electrophysiological and histological properties of the olfactory tract of the burbot (Lota lota L.), J. Neurophysiol. 28: 139.
Döving, K. B., and Gemne, G., 1966, An electrophysiological study of the efferent olfactory system in the burbot, J. Neurophysiol. 29: 665.
Döving, K. B., and Hyvärinen, J., 1969, Afferent and efferent influences on the activity pattern of single olfactory neurons, Acta Physiol. Scand. 75: 111.
Ebbesson, S. O. E., and Heimer, L., 1968, Olfactory bulb projections in two species of sharks (Galeocerdo cuvieri and Ginglymostoma cirratum), Anat. Rec. 160: 469.
Ebbesson, S. O. E., and Heimer, L., 1970, Projections of the olfactory tract fibres in the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum), Brain Res. 17: 47.
Ebbesson, S. O. E., Jane, J. A., and Schroeder, D. M., 1972, A general overview of major interspecific variations in thalamic organisation, Brain Behav. Evol. 6: 92.
Eidelberg, E., and Stein, D. G., 1974, Functional recovery after lesions of the nervous system, Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull. 12: 191.
Enger, P. S., 1957, The electroencephalogram of the codfish (Gadus callarias), Acta Physiol. Scand. 39: 55.
Farr, E. J., and Savage, G. E., 1978, First- and second-order conditioning in the goldfish and their relation to the telencephalon, Behav. Biol. 22: 50.
Ferrier, D., 1876, The Functions of the Brain, Smith-Elder, London.
Fiedler, K., 1964, Versuche zur Neuroethologie von Lippfischen und Sonnenbarschen, Verh. Deutsch. Zool. Gesell. Kiel. 28: 569.
Fiedler, K., 1967, Verhaltenswirksame Strukturen in Fischgehirn, Verh. Deutsch. Zool. Gesell. Heidelberg 31: 602.
Finger, T. E., 1975, The distribution of the olfactory tracts in the bullhead catfish, Ictalurus nebulosas, J. Comp. Neurol. 161: 125.
Flood, N. B., and Overmier, J. B., 1971, Effects of telencephalic and olfactory lesions on appetitive learning in goldfish, Physiol. Behav. 6: 35.
Flood, N. B., Overmier, J. B., and Savage, G. E., 1976, Teleost telencephalon and learning: An interpretive review of data and hypotheses, Physiol. Behav. 16: 783.
Fortuyn, J. D., 1961, Topographical relations in the telencephalon of the sunfish, Eupomotis gibbosus, J. Comp. Neurol. 116: 249.
Frank, A. H., Flood, N. B., and Overmier, J. B., 1972, Reversal learning in forebrain ablated and olfactory tract sectioned teleost, Carassius auratus, Psychon. Sci. 26: 149.
French, G. M., and Harlow, H. F., 1955, Locomotor reaction decrement in normal and brain-damaged monkeys, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 48: 496.
Gloor, P., 1960, The amygdala, in: Handbook of Physiology, Sect. 1, Vol. 2: Neurophysiology ( J. Field, H. Magoun, and V. Hall, eds.), pp. 1395–1420, American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.
Godet, R., Bert, J., and Collomb, H., 1964, Apparition de la réaction d’éveil télencéphalique chez Protopterus annectens et cycle biologique, C. R. Soc. Biol. 158: 146.
Graeber, R. C., Schroeder, D. M., Jane, J. A., and Ebbesson, S. O. E., 1972, The importance of telencephalic structures in visual discrimination learning in nurse sharks, Proc. Soc. Neurosci. 2nd Annu. Meet., pp. 8–11.
Granit, R., 1955, Centrifugal and antidromic effects on ganglion cells of the retina, J. Neurophysiol. 18: 388.
Grastyán, E., Lissak, K., Madarasz, I., and Donhoffer, H., 1959, Hippocampal electrical activity during the development of conditioned reflexes, EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 11: 409.
Gray, J. A., 1975, Elements of a Two-Process Theory of Learning, Academic Press, New York.
Grimm, R. J., 1960, Feeding behavior and electrical stimulation of the brain of Carassius auratus, Science 131: 162.
Gruberg, E. R., and Ambros, V. R., 1974, A forebrain visual projection in the frog (Rana pipiens), Exp. Neurol. 44: 187.
Guselnikov, V. I., Onufrieva, M. I., and Supin, A. Y., 1964, Projection of visual, olfactory and lateral line receptors in the fish brain, Fiziol. Zh. SSSR im. L. M. Sechenov 50: 1104.
Guselnikov, V. I., Pivovarov, A. S., and Tsitolovsky, L. E., 1974, Synaptic processes in the neurones of the forebrain general cortex of the turtle to visual stimulation, Zhurnal Vyssh. Neru. Devatel. I. P. Pavlova 24: 800.
Hainsworth, F. R., Overmier, J. B., and Snowdon, C. T., 1967, Specific and permanent deficits in instrumental avoidance responding following forebrain ablation in the goldfish, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 63: 111.
Hale, E. B., 1956, Social facilitation and forebrain function in maze performance of green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus, Physiol. Zool. 29: 93.
Hallowitz, R. A., Woodward, D. J., and Demski, L. S., 1971, Forebrain activation of single units in preoptic area of sunfish, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 40A: 733.
Hara, T. J., 1970, An electrophysiological basis for olfactory discrimination in homing salmon: A review, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 27: 565.
Hara, T. J., and Gorbman, A., 1967, Electrophysiological studies of the olfactory system of the goldfish, Carassius auratus L. 1. Modification of the electrical activity of the olfactory bulb by other central nervous structures, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 21: 185.
Hara, T. J., Ueda, K., and Gorbman, A., 1965, Electroencephalographic studies of homing salmon, Science 149: 884.
Hara, T. J., Freese, M., and Scott, K. R., 1973, Spectral analysis of olfactory bulbar responses in rainbow trout, Jpn.J. Physiol. 23: 325.
Hebb, D. O., 1949, The Organization of Behavior, Wiley, New York.
Herrick, C. J., 1922, Functional factors in the morphology of the forebrain of fishes, Libro en Honor de S. Ramón y Cajal 1: 143.
Herrick, C. J., 1948, The Brain of the Tiger Salamander, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Hinde, R. A., 1970, Animal Behaviour, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Hosch, L., 1936, Untersuchungen über Grosshirnfunktion der Elritze (Phoxinus laevis) und des Gründlings (Gobio fluviatilis), Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Zool. Physiol. 57: 57.
Ingle, D. J., 1965a, Behavioral effects of forebrain lesions in goldfish, Proc. 73rd Am. Psychol. Assoc., p. 143.
Ingle, D. J., 1965b, The use of the fish in neuropsychology, Persp. Biol. Med. 8: 241.
Ingle, D. J., and Campbell, A., 1977, Interocular transfer of visual discriminations in goldfish after selective commissure lesions, J. Comp. Physiol Psychol. 91: 327.
Ito, H., 1973, Normal and experimental studies on synaptic patterns in the carp telencephalon, with special reference to the secondary olfactory termination, J. Hirnforsch. 14: 237.
Janzen, W., 1933, Untersuchungen über Grosshirnfunktion des Goldfisches (Carassius auratus), Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Zool. Physiol. 52: 591.
Jenkins, T. N., Warner, L. H., and Warden, C. J., 1926, Standard apparatus for the study of animal motivation, J. Comp. Psychol. 6: 361.
John, E. R., 1967, Mechanisms of Memory, Academic Press, New York.
Johnston, J. B., 1911, The telencephalon of selachians, J. Comp. Neurol. 21: 1.
Kandel, E. R., 1964, Electrical properties of hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells, J. Gen. Physiol. 47: 691.
Kaplan, H., and Aronson, L. R., 1967, Effect of forebrain ablation on the performance of a conditional avoidance response in the teleost fish, Tilapia macrocephala, Anim. Behav. 15: 438.
Karamian, A. I., 1956, Evolution of the Function of the Cerebellum and Cerebral Hemispheres, Megdiz, Leningrad (transí, by Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1962 ).
Karamian, A. I., Veselkin, N. P., Belekhova, M. G., and Zagorulko, T. M., 1966, Electrophysiological characteristics of tectal and thalamo-cortical divisions of the visual system in lower vertebrates, J. Comp. Neurol. 127: 559.
Karamian, A. I., Malyukova, I. V., and Sergeev, B. F., 1967, The participation of the forebrain of bony fish in the creation of complicated conditioned reflexes and general behavioural reactions, in: Behaviour and Reception of Fishes, pp. 109–114, Ichthyological Committee of the Ministry of Fisheries, Nauka, Moscow.
Karamian, A. I., Agayan, A. L., and Veselkin, N. P., 1973, The evoked potentials in various regions of the brain of lamprey during stimulation of the dorsal column of the spinal cord, Biol. Zh. Armenii 26: 56.
Kholodov, Y. A., 1960, Simple and complex food-obtaining conditioned reflexes in normal fish and in fish after removal of the forebrain, Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Devatel. I. P. Pavlova 5: 201.
Kumakura, S., 1927, Versuche an Goldfischen, denen beide Hemisphären des Grosshirns extirpiert worden waren, Nagoga J. Med. Sci. 3: 19.
Kupfermann, I., Castellucci, V., Pinsker, H., and Kandel, E. R., 1970, Neuronal correlates of habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawl reflex in Aplysia, Science 167: 1743.
Laming, P. R., 1976, Physiological aspects of arousal in the goldfish, Carassius auratus, Ph.D. thesis, University of London.
Lindsley, D. B., Schreiner, L. H., Knowles, W. B., and Magoun, H. W., 1950, Behavioral and EEG changes following chronic brain stem lesions in the cat, EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 2: 483.
Loeb, J., 1891, Über den Anteil des Hörnerven an den nach Gehirn Verletzung auftretenden Zwangsbewegungen, Zwangslagen und assoziierten Stellungsänderungen der Bulbi und Extremitäten, Pflügers Arch. 50: 66.
Macey, M. J., Pickford, G. E., and Peter, R. E., 1974, Forebrain localization of the spawning reflex response to exogenous neurohypophysial hormones in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, J. Exp. Zool. 190: 269.
Mackworth, J. F., 1969, Vigilance and Habituation, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U.K.
Mackworth, J. F., 1970, Vigilance and Attention, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U. K.
Maetz, J., and Juien, M., 1961, Action of neurohypophyseal hormones on the sodium fluxes of a freshwater teleost, Nature (London) 189: 152.
Malmo, R. B., 1942, Interference factors in delayed response in monkeys after removal of frontal lobes, J. Neurophysiol. 5: 295.
Maluikina, G. A., and Flerova, G. N., 1960, New data on the functions of the fore-brain in teleosts, Zh. Obshchei Biol. 21: 381.
Maluikina, G. A., and Vornovitski, E. G., 1966, Some problems of physiology of visual analysers, Vopr. Ikhtiol. 6: 140.
Malyukova, I. V., 1964, Effect of electrical stimulation and partial coagulation of the forebrain (prosencephalon) and valvula cerebelli on the food-obtaining conditional reflexes in fishes, Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Devatel. I. P. Pavlova 14: 895.
Mark, R. F., 1966, The tectal commissure and interocular transfer of pattern discrimination in cichlid fish, Exp. Neurol. 16: 215.
Marks, W. B., 1965, Visual pigments of single goldfish cones, J. Physiol. (London) 178: 14.
Maron, K., 1963, Endbrain regeneration in Lebistes reticulatus, Folia Biol. 11: 1.
McCleary, R. A., 1960, Type of response as a factor in interocular transfer in fish, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 53: 311.
McCleary, R. A., and Bernstein, J. J., 1959, A unique method for control of brightness cues in study of color vision in fish, Physiol. Zool. 32: 284.
Meader, R. G., 1939, Notes on the functions of the forebrain in teleosts, Zoologica 24: 11.
Meesters, A., 1940, Über die Organization des Gesichtsfeldes der Fische, Z. Tierpsychol. 4: 84.
Moruzzi, G., 1969, Sleep and instinctive behaviour, Arch. Ital. Biol. 107: 175.
Moruzzi, G., and Magoun, E. W., 1949, Brain-stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG, EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 1: 455.
Mowrer, O. H., 1947, On the dual nature of learning—A re-interpretation of “conditioning” and “problem-solving,” Harvard Educ. Rev. 17: 102.
Myers, R. E., 1965, The neocortical commissures and inter hemispheric transmission of information, in: Functions of the Corpus Callosum (G. Ettlinger, ed.), pp. 1–, CIBA Foundation Study Group 20, Churchill, London.
Nieuwenhuys, R., 1959, The structure of the telencephalon of the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus, Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam Ser. C 62: 341.
Nieuwenhuys, R., 1967, Comparative anatomy of olfactory centres and tracts, Prog. Brain Res. 23: 1.
Noble, G. K., 1936, The function of the corpus striatum in the social behavior of fishes, Anat. Rec. 64: 34 (Suppl.3).
Nolte, W., 1933, Experimented Untersuchungen zum Problem der Lokalisation des Assoziations- vermogens im Fischgehirn, Z. Vergl. Physiol. 18: 255.
Olds, J., 1958, Self-stimulation experiments and differentiated reward systems, in: Reticular Formation of the Brain ( H. H. Jasper, L. D. Proctor, R. S. Knighton, W. C. Noshay, and R. T. Costello, eds.), pp. 671–687, Little, Brown, Boston.
Olton, D. S., and Isaacson, R. L., 1968, Hippocampal lesions and active avoidance, Physiol. Behav. 3: 719.
Oshima, K., and Gorbman, A., 1966, Olfactory responses in the forebrain of goldfish and their modification by thyroxine treatment, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 7: 398.
Oshima, K., Hahn, W. E., and Gorbman, A., 1969, Olfactory discrimination of natural waters by salmon, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 26: 2111.
Otis, L. S., Cerf, J. A., and Thomas, G. J., 1957, Conditioned inhibition of respiration and heart rate in the goldfish, Science 126: 263.
Overmier, J. B., and Curnow, P. F., 1969, Classical conditioning, pseudoconditioning, and sensitization in “normal” and forebrainless goldfish, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 68: 193.
Overmier, J. B., and Flood, N. L., 1969, Passive avoidance in forebrain ablated teleost fish, Carassius auratus, Physiol Behav. 4: 79.
Overmier, J. B., and Gross, D., 1974, Effects of telencephalic ablation upon nest-building and avoidance behaviors in East African mouthbreeding fish, Tilapia mossambica, Behav. Biol. 12: 211.
Overmier, J. B., and Savage, G. E., 1974, Effects of telencephalic ablation on trace classical conditioning of heart rate in goldfish, Exp. Neurol. 42: 339.
Overmier, J. B., and Starkman, N., 1974, Transfer of control of avoidance behavior in normal and telencephalon ablated goldfish (Carassius auratus), Physiol. Behav. 12: 605.
Parker, G. H., 1910, Olfactory reactions in fishes, J. Exp. Zool. 8: 535.
Parker, G. H., 1911, The olfactory reactions of the common Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus (Linn.), J. Exp. Zool. 10: 1.
Parker, G. H., 1922, Smell, Taste, and Allied Senses in the Vertebrates, Lippincott, Philadelphia.
Pavlovskii, E. N., 1964, Techniques for the Investigation of Fish Physiology, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.
Peeke, H. V., Peeke, S. C., and Williston, J. S., 1972, Long-term memory deficits for habituation of predatory behavior in forebrain ablated goldfish (Carassius auratus), Exp. Neurol. 36: 288.
Peter, R. E., and Gorbman, A., 1968, Some afferent pathways to the preoptic nucleus of the goldfish, Neuroendocrinology 3: 229.
Piddington, R. W., 1971, Central control of auditory input in the goldfish. 1. Effect of shocks to the midbrain, J. Exp. Biol. 55: 569.
Pinsker, H., Kupfermann, I., Castellucci, V., and Kandel, E. R., 1970, Habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawl reflex in Aplysia, Science 167: 1740.
Platt, C. J., Bullock, T. H., Czéh, G., Kovaĉević, N., Konjević, Dj., and Gojković, M., 1974, Comparison of electroreceptor, mechanoreceptor, and optic evoked potentials in the brain of some rays and sharks, J. Comp. Physiol. 95: 323.
Polimanti, O., 1911, Contributi alia fisiologia del sistema nervoso centrale e del movimento dei pesci. I. Selacoidei, Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Zool. Physiol. 30: 473.
Polimanti, O., 1912, Contributi alia fisiologia del sistema nervoso centrale e del movimento dei pesci. III. Teleosti. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Zool. Physiol. 32: 367.
Pribram, K. H., and McGuinness, D., 1975, Arousal, activation and effort in the control of attention, Psychol. Rev. 82: 116.
Regestein, Q. R., 1968, Some monocular emotional effects of unilateral hypothalamic lesions in goldfish, in: The Central Nervous System and Fish Behavior ( D. J. Ingle, ed.), pp. 139–144, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Reisinger, L., 1915, Die zentrale Lokalisation des Gleichgewichtssinnes der Fische, Biol. Zentr. 36: 472.
Rescorla, R. A., and Solomon, R. S., 1967, Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning, Psychol. Rev. 74: 151.
Richardson, J. S., 1973, The amygdala: historical and functional analysis, Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 33: 623.
Rizzolo, A., 1929, A study of equilibrium in the smooth dogfish (Galeus canis Mitchill) after removal of different parts of the brain, Biol. Bull. 57: 245.
Rosvold, H. E., Mirsky, A. F., and Pribram, K. H., 1954, Influence of amygdalectomy on social behavior in monkeys, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 47: 173.
Routtenberg, A., 1968, The two-arousal hypothesis: Reticular formation and limbic system, Psychol. Rev. 75: 51.
Russell, E. S., 1931, Detour experiments with sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), J. Exp. Biol. 8: 393.
Sanders, F. K., 1940, Second-order olfactory and visual learning in the optic tectum of the goldfish, J. Exp. Biol 17: 416.
Satou, M., 1974, Electrical responses at various levels of the olfactory pathway in Himé salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, Jpn. J. Physiol. 24: 389.
Savage, G. E., 1968a, Function of the forebrain in the memory system of fish, in: The Central Nervous System and Fish Behavior ( D. J. Ingle, ed.), pp. 127–138, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Savage, G. E., 1968b, Temporal factors in avoidance learning in normal and forebrainless goldfish (Carassius auratus), Nature (London) 218: 1168.
Savage, G. E., 1969a, Telencephalic lesions and avoidance behaviour in the goldfish (Carassius auratus), Anim. Behav. 17: 362.
Savage, G. E., 1969b, Some preliminary observations on the role of the telencephalon in food-reinforced behaviour in the goldfish, Carassius auratus, Anim. Behav. 17: 760.
Savage, G. E., 1971, Behavioural effects of electrical stimulation of the telencephalon of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, Anim. Behav. 19: 661.
Savage, G. E., 1979, Interocular transfer and commissure function in lower vertebrates, with special reference to fish, in: Structure and Function of the Cerebral Commissures (I. S. Russell, M. W. van Hof, and G. Berlucchi, eds.), p. 34„ Macmillan, New York.
Savage, G. E., and Roberts, M. G., 1975, Behavioral effects of electrical stimulations of the hypothalamus of the goldfish (Carassius auratus), Brain Behav. Evol. 12: 42
Savage, G. E., and Swingland, I. R., 1969, Postively reinforced behaviour and the forebrain in goldfish, Nature (London) 221: 878.
Schadé, J. P., 1959, Bilateral synchrony and arousal in EEG of fish, EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 11: 613.
Schadé, J. P., and Weiler, I. J., 1959, Electroencephalographic patterns of the goldfish (Carassius auratus), J. Exp. Biol. 36: 435.
Scharrer, E., 1928, Die Lichtempfindlichkeit blinder Elritzen, Z. Vergl. Physiol. 7: 1.
Schiller, P. H., 1948, Delayed responses in minnows, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 41: 233.
Schnitzlein, H. N., 1964, Correlation of habit and structure in the fish brain, Am. Zool. 4: 21.
Schnitzlein, H. N., and Crosby, E. C., 1967, The telencephalon of the lungfish, Protopterus, J. Hirnforsch. 9: 105.
Schönherr, J., 1955, Über die Abhängigkeit der Instinkthandlungen vom Vorderhirn und Zwischenhirn (Epiphyse) bei Gasterosteus aculeatus L., Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Zool. Physiol. 65: 357.
Schroeder, D. M., and Ebbesson, S. O. E., 1974, Non-olfactory telencephalic afferents in the Nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum), Brain Behav. Evol. 9: 121.
Segaar, J., 1965, Behavioural aspects of degeneration and regeneration in fish brain, Prog. Brain Res. 14: 143.
Segaar, J., and Nieuwenhuys, R., 1963, New etho-physiological experiments with male Gasterosteus aculeatus, Anim. Behav. 11: 331.
Segura, E. T., 1969, Effect of forebrain stimulation on blood pressure, heart rate, and ST-T complex in toads, Am. J. Physiol. 217: 1149.
Shapiro, S. M., 1965, Interocular transfer of pattern discrimination in the goldfish, Am. J. Physiol. 78: 21.
Shapiro, S. M., Schuckman, H., Sussman, D., and Tucker, A. M., 1974, Effect of telencephalic lesions on the gill cover response of Siamese fighting fish, Physiol. Behav. 13: 749.
Shashoua, V. E., 1970, RNA metabolism in goldfish brain during acquisition of new behavioral patterns, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 65: 160.
Shashoua, V. E., 1972, A multistage transduction model for information processing in the nervous system, Int. J. Neurosci. 3: 299.
Sheldon, R. E., 1912, The olfactory tracts and centers in teleosts, J. Comp. Neurol. 22: 177.
Sherrington, C. S., 1906, The Integrative Action of the Nervous System, Yale University Press, New Haven (reprinted 1961 ).
Sokolov, E. N., 1963, Perception and the Conditioned Reflex, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Steiner, J., 1888, Die Fische, in: Die Functionen des Zentralnervensystems und ihre Phlogenese, Abt. 2., Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig.
Strieck, K., 1925, Untersuchungen über den Geruchs- und den Geschmackssinn der Elritze, Z. Vergl. Physiol. 2: 122.
Sutherland, N. S., 1969, Shape discrimination in the rat, octopus and goldfish: A comparative study, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 67: 160.
Ten Cate, J., 1935, Physiologie des Zentralnervensystems der Fische, Ergebn. Biol. 11: 335.
Troschicheva, P. V., 1974, The role of the forebrain in visual reception and food reflexes of two species of bullheads (Cottidae) from the Baerents Sea, Vopr. Ikhtiol. AN SSSR 14: 903.
Uretsky, E., and McCleary, R. A., 1969, Effect of hippocampal isolation on retention, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 68: 1.
Veselkin, N. P., and Kovaĉević, N., 1973, Non-olfactory afferent projections of the telencephalon of elasmobranchii, J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. 9: 585.
Voronin, L. G., and Guselnikov, V. I., 1959, Some comparative physiological data on the biological reactions of the brain, Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Devatel. I. P. Pavlova 9: 398.
Voronin, L. G., Guselnikov, K. G., Guselnikov, V. I., and Supin, A. J., 1968, On the problem of the evolution of the Vertebrate afferent systems, Prog. Brain Res. 22: 541.
Vulpian, A., 1866, Leçons sur la Physiologie Générale et Comparée du Système Nerveux, Germer-Baillière, Paris.
Warren, J. M., 1961, The effect of telencephalic injuries on learning by paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis, J. Comp. Physiol Psychol. 54: 130.
Weinberg, H., 1972, The contingent negative variation: Its relation to feedback and expectant attention, Neuropsychology 10: 299.
Westerman, R. A., 1965, Specificity in regeneration of optic and olfactory pathways in teleost fish, in: Studies in Physiology ( D. R. Curtis and A. K. Mclntyre, eds.), pp. 263–269, Springer, Berlin.
Wright, D. E., 1978, Effects of electrical stimulation of the brain of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, Ph.D. thesis, University of London.
Yager, D., 1967, Behavioral measures and theoretical analysis of spectral sensitivity and spectral saturation in the goldfish, Carassius auratus, Vision Res. 7: 707.
Yeo, C. H., and Savage, G. E,, 1975, The tectal commissure and interocular transfer of a shape discrimination in the goldfish, Exp. Neurol. 49: 291.
Yeo, C. H., and Savage, G. E., 1976, Mesencephalic and diencephalic commissures and interocular transfer in the goldfish, Exp. Neurol. 53: 51.
Zagorulko, T. M., 1965, Interaction between the forebrain and visual centres of the midbrain in teleosts and amphibians, Zh. Evol. Biokhim. Fiziol. 1: 449.
Zornetzer, S. F., Chronister, R. B., and Ross, B., 1973, The hippocampus and retrograde amnesia: Localization of some positive and negative memory disruptive sites, Behav. Biol. 8: 507.
Zucker, I., and McCleary, R. A., 1964, Perseveration in septal cats, Psychon. Sci. 1: 387.
Zunini, G., 1954, Researches on fish’s learning, Arch. Neerl. Zool. 10: L27 (Suppl.2).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Savage, G.E. (1980). The Fish Telencephalon and Its Relation to Learning. In: Ebbesson, S.O.E. (eds) Comparative Neurology of the Telencephalon. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2988-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2988-6_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-2990-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2988-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive