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Morphologie et Developpement des Yeux Simples et Composes des Insectes

  • Chapter
Photoreception and Vision in Invertebrates

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSA,volume 74))

Abstract

Compound eyes macroscopically show a certain polymorphism related to the biology, the sex or the degree of evolution of the insect.

These eyes indeed correspond to a juxtaposition of a generally very high number of functional units, the ommatidia, which shows a general structure, alike in all insects, at three levels: dioptric (cornea, crystalline lens), pigmentary (primary and secondary pigmentary cells) and photosensitive (retinal cells constituting a rhabdom) levels. Modifications of structure are registered at each level, depending on the biology (diurnal or nocturnal), the adaptation of the eye to light, or the phylogenic place of the considered insect.

Compound eyes are either present in the young larva at the time of hatching (Heterometabolous) or exist, under a functional and definitive form, only in the imago (Holometabolous). While some eye growth in Heterometabolous is accomplished by an increase in the size of its elements, most growth is due to an addition of new ommatida which continually differentiate at the level of the growth zone, a permanent, well localized structure, of a similar form in the different groups. During each larval stage, new rows of ommatidia are formed at this level and intercalate, at the next moult, between the differentiated ommatidia and the growth zone. The number of ommatidia formed during larval life varies greatly according to the species. Moreover, throughout larval development, the previously formed ommatidia increase in size: cells increase in volume, facets increase in diameter, and at the level of the differentiated and functional ommatidia, some mitose will increase the number of accessory pigment cells.

In Holometabolous, larvae are either blind or have rudimentary eyes (stemmata). The differentiation of future compound eyes can begin either at the beginning of larval life or, in contrast, at the time of metamorphosis, the stemmata generally degenerating at the end of larval life. Cellular proliferation and differentiation which give birth to the cells of the future ommatidia take place in several areas spatially separated through the presumptive eye. There exists no growth zone as specialized as in Heterometabolous. The processes of growth are nevertheless comparable, the only difference being a different chronology: in Heterometabolous, the bases of multiplication and differentiation which take place all through larval life, are very close in time and space, whereas in Holometabolous these two phases are relatively separated.

The growth zone, long considered as the level where the cephalic epidermis is transformed into an eye, would rather correspond to a localized area of stem cells which persists throughout the duration of eye development. The daughter cells constantly formed at the level of the growth zone progressively cluster, each cluster leading to the formation of an ommatidia. The differentiation of each of these components results from its position in the ommatidial bundle and perhaps also from its origin from certain hypothetical stem cells. Finally, the development of compound eyes is autonomous, independent of the presence of the optic lobe.

In addition to compound eyes, “simple” eyes also exist in insects: for example the stemmata in Holometabolous larvae, where they really play a visual role; and of the ocelli found in adult insects of numerous groups and whose function is yet not well known.

The searcher’s eye, Not seldom finds more than he wished to find. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Nathan der Weise, 1779.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Biologie Animale Laboratoire associé au C.N.R.S. n° 148 (Endocrinologie des Invertébrés), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Lille I, 59655, Villeneuve d’ASCQ, France

    Michel Mouze

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  1. Michel Mouze
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  1. University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    M. A. Ali

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© 1984 Plenum Press, New York

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Mouze, M. (1984). Morphologie et Developpement des Yeux Simples et Composes des Insectes. In: Ali, M.A. (eds) Photoreception and Vision in Invertebrates. NATO ASI Series, vol 74. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2743-1_19

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2743-1_19

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