Skip to main content

Electron Microscopic Mapping and Ultrastructure of Drosophila Polytene Chromosomes

  • Chapter

Abstract

The number of molecular studies involving cloned segments of DNA has been growing rapidly. This development holds a promise of rapid progress in the study of individual genes of Drosophila melanogaster. The exact sequences of DNA of several genes evidently will be available in the near future (cf. Spradling and Rubin, 1981). Consequently, the cytogenetic localization of cloned sequences on the chromosomes is also going to meet new challenges. More exact cytological methods have to be developed to demonstrate the normal banding pattern of polytene chromosomes and to recognize minute rearrangements in it. The quality and usability of all new methods should be tested against the revised light microscopic reference maps of Bridges (cf. Lindsley and Grell, 1968). An urgent task, however, is the reliable verification and possible revision of light microscopic maps by means of high-resolution electron microscopy. EM division maps for the salivary gland chromosome 2L of D. melanogaster are included in this review.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alanen, M., 1981, An integrated description of polytene chromosome structure, Hereditas 95: 295 – 321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alanen, M., and Sorsa, V., 1978, Identifiable regions of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes visualized by whole mount electron microscopy, Hereditas 89: 257 – 261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beermann, W., 1972, Chromomeres and genes. In Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol. 4, edited by W. Beermann, pp. 1 – 33, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beermann, W., and Bahr, G. F., 1954, The submicroscopic structure of Balbiani ring, Exp. Cell Res. 6: 195 – 201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bencze, J. L., Brash, K., and White, B. N., 1978, The location of 5S RNA genes in lampbrush polytene chromosomes from Drosophila, Exp. Cell Res. 120: 365 – 372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berendes, H. D., 1968, Electron microscopical mapping of giant chromosomes, Drosophila Inf. Serv. 43: 115 – 116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berendes, H. D., 1970, Polytene chromosome structure at the submicroscopic level. I. A map of region X, 1-4E of Drosophila melanogaster, Chromosoma 29: 118 – 130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bingham, P. M., and Judd, B. H., 1981, A copy of thecopia transposable element is very tightly linked to the w a allele at the white locus of Drosophila melanogaster, Cell 25: 705 – 711.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, C. B., 1935, Salivary chromosome maps with a key to the banding of the chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster, J. Hered. 26: 60 – 64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, C. B., 1938, A revised map of the salivary gland X-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, J. Hered. 29: 11 – 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, C. B., and Bridges, P. N., 1939, A revised map of the right limb of the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, J. Hered. 30: 475 – 476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, P. N., 1941a, A revised map of the left limb of the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, J. Hered. 32: 64 – 65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, P. N., 1941b, A revision of the salivary gland 3R-chromosome map of Drosophila melanogaster, J. Hered. 32: 299 – 300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, P. N., 1942, Anew map of the salivary gland 2L-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, J. Hered. 33: 403 – 408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkholder, G. D., 1976, Whole mount electron microscopy of polytene chromosomes from Drosophila melanogaster, Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 18: 67 – 77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comings, D. E., and Okada, T. A., 1974, Some aspects of chromosome structure in eukaryotes, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38: 145 – 153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, F., 1971, General model for the chromosomes of higher organisms, Nature (London) 234: 25 – 27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Derksen, J., and Sorsa, V., 1972, Whole mount electron miroscopy of salivary gland chromosomes after treatment with alkali-urea, Exp. Cell Res. 70: 246 – 248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gay, H., 1955, Serial sections of smears for electron microscopy, Stain Technol. 30: 239 – 242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gehring, W. J., and Paro, R., 1980, Isolation of a hybrid plasmid with homologous sequences to a transposing element of Drosophila melanogaster, Cell 19: 897 – 904.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, W. A., Stark, W. S., and Walker, J. A., 1976, Genetic dissection of the photoreceptor system in the compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster, J. Physiol. (London) 256: 415 – 425.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herskowitz, I. H., 1952, Electron microscopy of salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila, J. Hered. 43: 226 – 232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochman, B., 1971, Analysis of chromosome 4 in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Ethyl methane-sulfonate induced lethals, Genetics 67: 235 – 252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hochman, B., 1974, Analysis of whole chromosome in Drosophila, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38: 581 – 589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamrich, M., Greenleaf, A. L., and Bautz, E. K. F., 1977, Localization of RNA polymerase in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 2079 – 2083.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Judd, B. H., 1976, Genetic units of Drosophila complex loci. In The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila, vol. 1b, edited by M. Ashburner and E. Novitski, pp. 767 – 799, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd, B. H., Shen, M. W., and Kaufman, T. C., 1972, The anatomy and function of a segment of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 71: 139 – 156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalisch, W.-E., and Hägele, K., 1976, Correspondence of banding patterns to 3H-thymidine labeling patterns in polytene chromosomes, Chromosoma 57: 19 – 23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalisch, W.-E., and Hägele, K., 1982, A new spread technique for polytene chromosomes and its efficiency for autoradiography, including in situ hybridization. In Advances in Genetics, Development and Evolution of Drosophila, edited by S. Lakovaara, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, T. C., Shannon, M. P., Shen, M. W., and Judd, B. H., 1975, A revision of the cytology and ontogeny of several deficiencies in the 3A1-3C6 region of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 79: 265 – 282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kavenoff, R., and Zimm, B. H., 1973, Chromosome-sized DNA molecules from Drosophila, Chromosoma 41: 1 – 27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kavenoff, R., Klotz, L. C., and Zimm, B. H., 1974, On the nature of chromosome-sized DNA molecules, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38: 1 – 8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerkis, A. J., Zhimulev, I. F., and Belyaeva, E. S., 1977, EM autoradiographic study of 3H-uridine incorporation into D. melanogaster salivary gland chromosomes, Drosophila Inf. Serv. 52: 14 – 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, R. C., 1965, Genetics, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, R. C., 1970a, The meiotic behavior of the Drosophila oocyte, Int. Rev. Cytol. 28: 125 – 167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, R. C., 1970b, Ovarian Development in Drosophila melanogaster, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, R. C., 1975, Drosophila melanogaster: An introduction. In Handbook of Genetics, edited by R. C. King, pp. 625–652, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laird, C. D., 1973, DNA of Drosophila chromosomes, Annu. Rev. Genet. 7: 177 – 204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, C. D., 1980, Structural paradox of polytene chromosomes, Cell 22: 869 – 874.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, C. D., Ashburner, M., and Wilkinson, L., 1980, Relationship between relative dry mass and average band width in regions of polytene chromosomes of Drosophila, Chromosoma 76: 175 – 189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, C. D., Wilkinson, L., Johnson, D., and Sandström, C., 1981, Proposed structural principles of polytene chromosomes. In Chromosomes Today, vol. 7, edited by M. Bennett, M. Bobrow, and G. Hewitt, pp. 74 – 83, George, Allen & Unwin, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefevre, G., Jr., 1974a, The relationship between genes and polytene chromosome bands, Annu. Rev. Genet. 8: 51 – 62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lefevre, G., Jr., 1974b, The one band-one gene hypothesis: Evidence from a cytogenetic analysis of mutant and nonmutant rearrangement breakpoints in Drosophila melanogaster, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38: 591 – 599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefevre, G., Jr., 1976, A photographic representation and interpretation of the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster salivary glands. In The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila, vol. 1a, edited by M. Ashburner and E. Novitski, pp. 31 – 66, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lezzi, M., 1965, Die Wirkung von DNase auf isolierte polytän-chromosomen, Exp. Cell Res. 39: 289 – 292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsley, D. L., and Grell, E. H., 1968, Genetic Variations of Drosophila melanogaster, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 627, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lossinsky, A. S., andLefever, H. M., 1978, Ultrastructural banding observations in region 1A-10Fof the salivary gland X-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila Inf. Serv. 53: 126 – 131.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGhee, J. D., Rau, D. C., Charney, E., and Felsenfeld, G., 1980, Orientation of the nucleosome within the higher order structure of chromatin, Cell 22: 87 – 96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mott, M. R., Burnett, E. J., and Hill, R. J., 1980, Ultrastructure of polytene chromosomes of Drosophila isolated by microdissection, J. Cell Sci. 45: 15 – 30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordheim, A., Pardue, M. L., Lafer, E. M., Möller, A., Stollar, B. D., and Rich, A., 1981, Antibodies to left-handed Z-DNA bind to interband regions of Drosophila polytene chromosomes, Nature (London) 294: 417 – 422.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Painter, T. S., 1933, A new method for the study of chromosome rearrangements and the plotting of chromosome maps, Science 78: 585 – 586.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Painter, T. S., 1934, Salivary chromosomes and the attacks of the gene, J. Hered. 25: 465 – 476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palay, S. L., and Claude, A., 1949, An electron microscope study of salivary gland chromosomes by the replica method, J. Exp. Med. 89: 431 – 438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, J., 1972, General theory of chromosome structure and gene activation in eukaryotes, Nature (London) 238: 444 – 446.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelling, C., 1966, A replicative and synthetic unit—The modern concept of the chromomere, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 164: 279 – 289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rae, P. M. M., 1966, Whole mount electron microscopy of Drosophila salivary chromosomes, Nature (London) 212: 139 – 142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ris, H., 1961, The invitation lecture: Ultrastructure and molecular organization of genetic systems, Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 3: 95 – 120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ris, H., 1976, Levels of chromosome organization. In Proc. Sixth Eur. Congr. Electron Microsc. Jerusalem, vol. II, pp. 21 – 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudkin, G. T., 1969, Non-replicating DNA in Drosophila, Genetics 61: 227 – 238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sass, H., 1980, Hierarchy of fibrillar organization levels in the polytene interphase chromosomes of Chironomus, J. Cell Sci. 45: 269 – 293.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sass, H., 1982, RNA polymerase B in polytene chromosomes: Immunofluorescent and autoradiographic analysis during stimulated and repressed RNA synthesis, Cell 28: 269 – 278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saura, A. O., 1980, Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster: Divisions 23 through 26 of 2L, Hereditas 93: 295 – 309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saura, A. O., 1983, Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 23 through 26 of 2L, Hereditas 99: 89 – 114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saura, A. O., and Sorsa, V., 1979a. Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster: Divisions 21 and 22 of 2L, Hereditas 90: 39 – 49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saura, A. O., and Sorsa, V., 1979b, Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster: Divisions 30 and 31 of 2L, Hereditas 90:257–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saura, A. O., and Sorsa, V., 1979c, Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster: Divisions 37, 38 and 39 of 2L, Hereditas 91: 5 – 18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saura, A. O., and Sorsa, V., 1979d, Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster: Divisions 27, 28 and 29 of 2L, Hereditas 91: 219 – 230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semeshin, V. F., Zhimulev, I. F., and Belyaeva, E. S., 1979, Electron microscope autoradiographic study on transcriptional activity of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes, Chromosoma 73: 163 – 177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skaer, R. J., 1977, Interband transcription in Drosophila, J. Cell Sci. 26: 251 – 266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slizynski, B. M., 1944, A revised map of salivary gland chromosome 4, J. Hered. 35: 322 – 325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, M., 1969a, Ultrastructure of puffs in the proximal part of chromosome 3Rin Drosophila melanogaster, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A4 150: 1 – 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, M., 1969b, Ultrastructure of the polytene chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster, with special reference to electron microscopic mapping of chromosome 3R, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A4 151: 1 – 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, M., and Sorsa, V., 1967a, The squash technique in the electron microscopic studies on the structure of polytene chromosomes, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 20: 302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, M., and Sorsa, V., 1967b, Electron microscopic observations on interband fibrils in Drosophila salivary chromosomes, Chromosoma 22: 32 – 41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, M., and Sorsa, V., 1968, Electron microscopic studies on band regions in Drosophila salivary chromosomes, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A4 127: 1 – 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., 1973, Whole mount electron microscopy of small chromomeres in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster, Hereditas 73: 143 – 146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., 1974a, Organization of replicative units in salivary gland chromosome bands, Hereditas 78: 298 – 302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., 1974b, Organization of chromomeres, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38: 601 – 608.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., 1975, A hypothesis for the origin and evolution of chromomere DNA, Hereditas 81: 77 – 84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., 1976, Beaded organization of chromatin in the salivary gland chromosome bands of Drosophila melanogaster, Hereditas 84: 213 – 220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., 1979, Electron microscopic localization and ultrastructure of certain gene loci in salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. In Specific Eukaryotic Genes, edited by J. Engberg, H. Klenow, and V. Leick, pp. 55 – 71, Munksgaard, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., 1982a, An attempt to estimate DNA content and distribution in the zeste-whiteregion of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, Biol. Zentralbl. 101: 81 – 96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., 1982b, Structural analysis of polytene chromosome bands and interbands. In Advances in Genetics, Development and Evolution of Drosophila, edited by S. Lakovaara, pp. 11 – 22, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., 1982c, Electron microscopic map for the salivary gland chromosome X of Drosophila melanogaster divisions 1–5. In Advances in Genetics, Development and Evolution of Drosophila, edited by S. Lakovaara, pp. 23 – 32, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., 1982d, Volume of chromatin fibers in interbands and bands of polytene chromosomes, Hereditas 97: 103 – 113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., and Saura, A. O., 1980a, Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster: Divisions 1 and 2 of X, Hereditas 92: 73 – 83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., and Saura, A. O., 1980b, Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster: Divisions 3, 4 and 5 of X, Hereditas 92: 341 – 351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., and Sorsa, M., 1979, Ultrastructure of induced transitions in the chromatin organization of polytene chromosomes, Chromosoma 31: 346 – 355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., and Virrankoski-Castrodeza, V., 1972, H3-thymidine radioautography of salivary gland chromosomes treated with alkali-urea, Hereditas 71: 139 – 144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., and Virrankoski-Castrodeza, V., 1976, Whole mount electron microscopy of alkali-urea treated polytene chromosomes spread by centrifugation, Hereditas 82: 131 – 135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., Pusa, K., Virrankoski, V., and Sorsa, M, 1970, Electron microscopy of an induced “lampbrush stage” of the polytene chromosome, Exp. Cell Res. 60: 466 – 469.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., Green, M. M., and Beermann, W., 1973, Cytogenic fine structure and chromosomal localization of white gene in Drosophila melanogaster, Nature New Biol. 245: 43 – 37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V., Saura, A. O., and Heino, T., 1983, Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster: Divisions 6 through 10 of X, Hereditas 98: 181 – 200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Speiser, C., 1974, Eine Hypothese über die funktionelle Organization der Chromosomen der höherer Organismen, Theor. Appl. Genet. 44: 97 – 99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spradling, A. C., and Rubin, G. M., 1981, Drosophila genome organization: Conserved and dynamic aspects, Annu. Rev. Genet. 15: 219 – 264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steffensen, D. M., 1963, Evidence for the apparent absence of DNA in the interbands of Drosophila salivary chromosomes, Genetics 48: 1289 – 1301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swift, H., 1962, Nucleic acids and cell morphology in dipteran salivary glands. In The Molecular Control of Cellular Activity, edited by J. M. Allen, pp. 73 – 125, McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolstenholme, D. R., 1966, Direct evidence for the presence of DNA in interbands of Drosophila salivary gland chromosomes, Genetics 53: 357 – 360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuzumi, G., Odate, Z., and Ota, Y., 1951, The fine structure of salivary chromosomes, Cytologia 16: 233 – 242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhimulev, I. F., and Belyaeva, E. S., 1975, Proposals to the problem of structural and functional organization of polytene chromosomes, Theor. Appl. Genet. 45: 335 – 340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhimulev, I. F., Semeshin, V. F., and Belyaeva, E. S., 1981a, Fine cytogenetical analysis of the band 10A1-2 and the adjoining regions in the Drosophila melanogaster X chromosome. I. Cytology of the region and mapping of chromosome rearrangements, Chromosoma 82: 9 – 23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhimulev, I. F., Pokholkova, G. V., Bgatov, A. V., Semeshin, V. F., and Belyaeva, E. S., 1981b, Fine cytogenetical analysis of the band 10A1-2 and the adjoining regions in the Drosophila melanogaster X chromosome. II. Genetical analysis, Chromosoma 82: 25 – 40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sorsa, V. (1984). Electron Microscopic Mapping and Ultrastructure of Drosophila Polytene Chromosomes. In: King, R.C., Akai, H. (eds) Insect Ultrastructure. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2715-8_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2715-8_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9685-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2715-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics