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Electrochemistry of Ion-Selective Electrodes

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Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry

Abstract

Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs) for measurement of activities of species in aqueous and mixed solvents, or partial pressures of dissolved gases in water, are mainly membrane-based devices, involve permselective, ion-conducting materials. The electrodes are generally used in the potentiometric (zero-current) mode, and they superficially resemble classical redox electrodes of Types 0 (inert), 1 (Ag/Ag+), 2 (Ag/AgCl/CP), and 3 (Pb/PbC2O4/ CaC2O4/Ca2+). The latter, while ion selective, depends on a redox couple (electron exchange), rather than solely on ion exchange as the principal origin of interfacial potential differences (pd’s).

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Abbreviations

A :

area

ai :

activity of an ion in exterior, bathing solution

a+,a_:

activities of cations and anions

aba_:

bulk activity in exterior bathing solution where electro-neutrality applies

asa_:

“surface” activity as determined by mass transport but outside the space-charge region

asa_:

“surface” activity as determined by mass transport but outside the space-charge region

a(0):

activity of a species at a surface within the space-charge region

a(x):

activity of a species as a function of position x

b:

parameter in the power-law activity coefficient expression

ci, ck, etc.:

concentration of a species in a bathing solution

cs, cs,0, cs,d :

bulk species concentration where electroneutrality applies, typically side “0” or “d”

cs, cs,0, cs,d :

surface species concentration determined by mass transport, but outside the space-charge region

c’:

concentration is equivalent units rather than molar, molal

c(x):

concentration of a species as a function of position x

c+,c_:

concentrations of a cation and an anion

Cd,1or CRCF :

double-layer capacitance at low frequencies for interfaces contacting permeable and nonpermeable ions. Subscripts R and F are used for time constant expressions involving resistive surface layers and films

C0,ror CW :

capacitances, often called “pseudo” for low-frequency time constants involving nonequilibrium and steady-state transport. W is given to the Warburg capacitance

Cgor CB :

capacitance, geometric or bulk

d :

membrane thickness

D :

diffusion coefficient

E :

electric field

f i :

friction coefficient

F :

Faraday constant

I :

total current density

i 0 :

exchange current density

J :

flux of a solution species

K ext, K ext,i :

extraction coefficient (partition coefficient)

K’:

thermodynamic salt extraction coefficient

K D :

concentration ratio salt extraction coefficient

K ext, or K i/j :

thermodynamic ion exchange constant

K so :

solubility product in terms of ion activities

K s :

solubility product in terms of ion concentrations

K is :

formation constant of an ion pair from ion i and ligand s

K 0 K + 0 K - 0 :

standard surface rate constants for slow “activation” surface transfer processes

k b :

surface rate constant for a slow transfer process

M:

Macdonald’s ratio in Eq. (81)

p:

local osmotic pressure

R:

gas constant

R ∞, R ∞ R R, R F, :

resistances; high frequency, “activation”, surface layer

and Rw :

surface film, and Warburg

and R0 :

dc resistance

s:

Laplace transform variable

s:

subscript for neutral carrier or univalent anion exchanger

s:

temperature

t:

transference number

ui,u*i, :

mobilities of ions

υi :

partial molar volume of an ion

υi :

velocity of a species

V,V,c,VDC :

cell voltage

x:

running distance variable for one-dimensional transport

X:

membrane charged sites concentration

z or zi :

membrane charged sites concentration

Z:

impedance function

δ:

Nernst diffusion layer thickness

δ’:

Nernst diffusion layer thickness at left membrane interface

δ”:

Nernst diffusion layer thickness at right membrane interface

ε:

dielectric permittivity = εrε0

ε0 :

dielectric permittivity of free space (rationalized)

εr :

conventional dielectric constant

εr :

yi,,y, y mean activity coefficient

k:

reciprocal Debye thickness

Ø:

local inner potential of a phase

Ø:

local inner potential of a phase, specifically bulk where electroneutrality applies

Ø s, Ø b :

local inner potential values near the surface but outside the space-charge region, similarly in the bulk A Δ Ø m, Δ Øoverall membrane potential difference

p:

space-charge density

ω:

frequency in radian/sec

ω:

charge with sign for sites

μih μ:

chemical potential of a species

μih μ:

electrochemical potential of a species

μ0 i,μ0 :

standard chemical potential of a species

т:

time cpnstant

т∞ or tB :

time constant for the high-frequency bulk transport process

тR or т F :

surface rate time constants (from “activation”, surface resistance, or surface film) Bars over symbols indicate quantities for the membrane or metal phase

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  1. Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, 27514

    Richard P. Buck

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  1. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

    Ralph E. White  & J. O’M. Bockris  & 

  2. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Brian E. Conway

  3. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Ernest Yeager

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© 1984 Plenum Press, New York

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Buck, R.P. (1984). Electrochemistry of Ion-Selective Electrodes. In: White, R.E., Bockris, J.O., Conway, B.E., Yeager, E. (eds) Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2679-3_3

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