Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Developments in Oncology ((DION,volume 37))

  • 51 Accesses

Abstract

Yolk sac tumor (YST) or endodermal sinus tumor is the most common malignant germ cell tumor of the testis in children, and is the second most frequent malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary, being exceeded in frequency by dysgerminoma (seminoma). The incidence of malignant tumors of the testis was 1.0 cases per million U.S. white children less than 15 years of age per year. The corresponding figure for U.S. black children was 1.7 285. There were no published figures of the incidence rates of specific histologic types of germ cell tumors among U.S. children. The incidence rate of yolk sac tumor of the testis was relatively constant in those populations for which incidence figures have been reported. The incidence rate of yolk sac tumor of the ovary was similar to that for the testis (Table 1) 22,23,252.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abelev GI, Assecritova IV, Kraevsky NA, Perova SD and Perevodchikova NI: Embryonal serum alpha-globulin in cancer patients: Diagnostic value. Int J Cancer 2: 551–558, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Abelev GI and Elgort DA: Alpha feto-proteins. IN. Cancer Medicine, Second Edition, JF Holland and E Frei III (eds), Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1982, pp 1089–1099.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Abell MR, Johnson VJ and Holtz F: Ovarian neoplasms in childhood and adolescence. I. Tumors of germ cell origin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 92: 1059–1081, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Agarwal BM, Lahiri B and Lahiri VL: Orchioblastoma. Ind J Cancer 12: 396–399, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Agarwal S, Chouhan SS and Pratap VK: Orchioblastoma (adenocarcinoma of the infant testis). Ind J Cancer 4: 247–253, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Allen JC, Nisselbaum J, Epstein F, Rosen G and Schwartz MK: Alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin determination in cerebrospinal fluid. An aid in the diagnosis and management of intracranial germ cell tumors. J Neurosurg 51: 368–374, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Allyn DL, Silverberg SG and Salsberg AM: Endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina. Cancer 27: 1231–1238, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Altman RP, Randolph JG and Lilly JR: Sacrococcygeal teratoma: American academy of pediatrics surgical section survey–1973. J Pediatr Surg 9: 389–398, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Anderson RE and Huston C: Tumors of the testicle in childhood. Am J Surg 95: 445–450, 1958.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ansfield FJ, Korbitz BC, Davis HL Jr and Ramirez G: Triple drug therapy in testicular tumors. Cancer 24: 442–446, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Arita N, Bitoh S, Ushio Y, Hayakawa T, Hasegawa H, Fujiwara M, Ozaki K, Parkhen L and Mori T: Primary pineal endodermal sinus tumor with elevated serum and CSF alphafetoprotein levels. J Neurosurg 53: 244–248, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Atkin NB: Y bodies and similar fluorescent chromocentres in human tumours including teratomata. Br J Cancer 27: 183–189, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bains MS, McCormack PM, Cvitkovic E, Golbey RB and Martini N: Results of combined chemo-surgical therapy for pulmonary metastases from testicular carcinoma. Cancer 41: 850–853, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ballas M: Yolk sac carcinoma of the ovary with alpha fetoprotein in serum and ascitic fluid demonstrated by immuno-osmophoresis. Am J Clin Pathol 57: 511–516, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Batsakis JG: Tumors of the testis in infancy and childhood. Arch Pathol 72: 27–35, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Baum ES, Gaynon P, Greenberg L, Krivit W and Hammond D: Phase II trial of cisplatin in refractory childhood cancer: Children’s cancer study group report. Cancer Treat Rep 65: 815–822, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Beilby JOW and Todd PJ: Yolk sac tumour of the ovary. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Comm 81: 90–94, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Beller FK, Nienhaus H, Schundt-v Gizycki B, Schellong G, Bunte H and Schmandt W: Endodermal germ cell carcinoma (endodermal sinus tumor) of the vagina in infant girls. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 94: 295–306, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Berry CL, Keeling J and Hilton C: Teratoma in infancy and childhood: A review of 91 cases. J Pathol 98: 241–252, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bhargava MK and Reddy DG: Tumors of the testis. II. Tumors of the testis in children. Cancer 19: 1655–1665, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bhatia A and Verma K: Endodermal sinus tumour of ovary–Report of six cases with a review of the literature. Ind J Pathol Microbiol 23: 7–12, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Birch JM: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Birch JM, Marsden HB and Swindell R: Incidence of malignant disease in childhood: A 24-year review of the Manchester children’s tumour registry data. Br J Cancer 42: 215–223, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Birch JM, Marsden HB and Swindell R: Pre-natal factors in the origin of germ cell tumours of childhood. Carcinogenesis 3: 75–80, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Blythe JG and Buchsbaum HJ: Embryonal cell carcinoma (endodermal sinus type) of the ovary. Human Pathol 4: 595–599, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bosl GJ, Lange PH, Fraley EE, Nochomovitz LE, Rosai J, Vogelzang NJ, Johnson K, Goldman A and Kennedy BJ: Vinblastine, bleomycin and cis- diamminedichloroplatinum in the treatment of advanced testicular carcinoma. Am J Med 68: 492–496, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bracken RB, Johnson DE, Cangir A and Ayala A: Regional lymph nodes in infants with embryonal carcinoma of testis. Urology 11: 376–379, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bradof JE, Hakes TB, Ochoa M and Golbey R: Germ cell malignancies of the ovary. Cancer 50: 1070–1075, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Breen JL and Maxson WS: Ovarian tumors in children and adolescents. Clin Obstet Gynecol 20: 607–623, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Brodeur GM, Howarth CB, Pratt CB, Caces J and Hustu HO: Malignant germ cell tumors in 57 children and adolescents. Cancer 48: 1890–1898, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Brown JR and Green JD: Yolk sac carcinoma. South Med J 69: 728–731, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Canadian Tumor Reference Center, Ottawa, Canada: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Cangir A: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Cangir A, Smith J and van Eys J: Improved prognosis in children with ovarian cancers following modified VAC (vincristine sulfate, dactinomycin and cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy. Cancer 42: 1234–1238, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Cangir A, Wallace S and Bracken B: Value of pedal lymphangiogram in the staging of children with testicular carcinomas. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 22: 151, 1981 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Carlson RW, Sikic BI, Turbow MM and Ballon SC: Combination cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin chemotherapy (PVB) for malignant germ-cell tumors of the ovary. J Clin Oncol 1: 645–651, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Carney JA, Thompson DP, Johnson CL and Lynn HB: Teratomas in children: Clinical and pathological aspects. J Pediatr Surg 7: 271–282, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Castaldo TW, Petrilli ES, Ballon SC, Voet RL, Lagasse LD and Lubens R: Endodermal sinus tumor of the clitoris. Gynecol Oncol 9: 376–380, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Castleman B and McNeeley BU: Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (34–1969). New Engl J Med 281: 434–439, 1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Cheng E, Cvitkovic E, Wittes RE and Golbey RB: Germ cell tumors (H). Cancer 42: 2162–2168, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Chiquione AD: The identification, origin and migration of the primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. Anat Record 118: 135–145, 1954.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Chretien PB, Milam JD, Foote FW and Miller TR: Embryonal adenocarcinomas (a type of malignant teratoma) of the sacrococcygeal region. Clinical and pathological aspects of 21 cases. Cancer 26: 522–535, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cliff ton EE and Pool JL: Treatment of lung metastases in children with combined therapy. J Thor Cardiovasc Surg 54: 403–420, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Conklin J and Abell MR: Germ cell neoplasms of sacrococcygeal region. Cancer 20: 2105–2117, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Corbett PJ: Extragonadal germ cell tumors–Biological and clinical relevance. IN. Germ Cell Tumours. CK Anders, WG Jones and AM Ward (eds), Alan R Liss, New York 1981, pp 163–168.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Damjanov I, Skreb N and Sell S: Origin of embryo-derived yolk sac carcinomas. Int J Cancer 19: 526–530, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. D’Angio GJ and Tefft M: Radiation therapy in the management of children with gynecologic cancers. Ann New York Acad Sci 142: 675–693, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. deSmet AA, Silver TM and Hart WR: Endodermal sinus tumor of the anterior mediastinum. South Med J 70: 757–758, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Deutsch M, Albo V and Wollman MR: Radiotherapy for cerebral metastases in children. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 8: 1441–1446, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Dewhurst J and Ferreira HP: An endodermal sinus tumour of the vagina in an infant with seven year survival. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 88: 859–862, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Diamond SM and Russo JF: Endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor) of the anterior mediastinum: Case report. Milit Med 141: 111–114, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Dillard BM, Mayer JH, McAlister WH, McGavrin M and Strominger DB: Sacrococcygeal teratoma in children. J Pediatr Surg 5: 53–59, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Donnellan WA and Swenson O: Benign and malignant sacrococcygeal teratomas. Surgery 64: 834–846, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Draper GJ, Heaf MM and Kinnier Wilson LM: Occurrence of childhood cancers among sibs and estimation of familial risks. J Med Genet 14: 81–90, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Dudley AG,Young RH, Lawrence WD and Scully RE: Endodermal sinus tumor of the vulva in an infant. Obstet Gynecol 61 (Suppl): 76S - 79S, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Ein SH, Adeyeimi SD and Mancer K: Benign sacrococcygeal teratomas in infants and children. A 25 year review. Ann Surg 191: 382–384, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Einhorn LH and Donohue J: cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum, vinblastine and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in disseminated testicular cancer. Ann Int Med 87:293–298, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Einhorn LH and Williams SD: Chemotherapy of disseminated testicular cancer. Cancer 46: 1339–1344, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Mandelbaum I and Donohue JP: Surgical resection in disseminated testicular cancer following chemotherapeutic cytoreduction. Cancer 48: 904–908, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Troner M, Birch R and Greco FA: The role of maintenance therapy in disseminated testicular cancer. New Engl J Med 305: 727–731, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Etcubanas E: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Etcubanas E, Thompson E, Hammond B, Rao B, Hustu O and Brodeur G: An assessment of multimodal therapy in the treatment of childhood germ cell tumors (GCT). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2: 73, 1983 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Evans AE: Mitomycin C. Cancer Chemo Rep 14: 1–9, 1961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Evans AE, Baehner RL, Chard RL Jr, Leikin SL, Pang EM and Pierce M: Comparison of daunorubicin (NSC-83142) with adriamycin (NSC-123127) in the treatment of late-stage childhood solid tumors. Cancer Chemo Rep 58: 671–676, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Finklestein JZ, Albo V, Ertel I and Hammond D: 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1- triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (NSC-45388) in the treatment of solid tumors in children. Cancer Chemo Rep 59: 351–357, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Finklestein JZ, Higgins GR, Faust J and Karon M: Serum fetoprotein and malignancy in children. Cancer 30: 80–83, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Forney JP, Di Saia PJ and Morrow CP: Endodermal sinus tumor. Obstet Gynecol 45: 186–189, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Fox MA and Vix VA: Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumors of the anterior mediastinum. Am J Roentgenol 135: 291–294, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Fraumeni JF Jr, Li FP and Dalager N: Teratomas in children: Epidemiologic features. J Nat Cancer Inst 51: 1425–1430, 1973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gallion H, van Nagel]. JR, Powell DF, Donaldson ES and Hanson M: Therapy of endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 135: 447–451, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ganick DJ, Gilbert EF and Opitz JM: Teratomas in children and young adults. Med Pediatr Oncol 6: 235–242, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Garnick MB, Canellos GP, Richie JP and Stark JJ: Sequential combination chemotherapy and surgery for disseminated testicular cancer: cis- dichlorodiammineplatinum (II), vinblastine and bleomycin remission-induction followed by cyclophosphamide and adriamycin. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 1681–1686, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Gerald PS: Origins of teratomas. New Engi J Med 292: 103–104, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gershenson DM, del Junco G, Herson J and Rutledge FN: Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: The MD Anderson experience. Obstet Gynecol 61: 194–202, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Gitlin D and Boesman M: Serum alpha feto-protein, albumin and gamma G-globulin in the human conceptus. J Clin Invest 45: 1826–1838, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Gitlin D and Boesman M: Sites of serum alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in the human and in the rat. J Clin Invest 46: 1010–1016, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Gitlin D and Perricelli A: Synthesis of serum albumin, prealbumin, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-l-antitrypsin and transferrin by the human yolk sac. Nature 228: 995–997, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Gitlin D, Perricelli A and Gitlin GM: Synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein by liver, yolk sac and gastrointestinal tract of the human conceptus. Cancer Res 32: 979–982, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Green DM: The diagnosis and management of yolk sac tumors in infants and children. Cancer Treat Rev 10: 265–288, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Green DM: Evaluation of single dose vincristine, actinomycin D and cyclophosphamide in childhood solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 62: 1517–1520, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Green DM: Unpublished data.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Green DM, Brecher ML, Grossi M, Simpson L, Fisher J, Allen J, Cooney DR, Jewett TC Jr and Freeman AI: The use of different induction and maintenance chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of advanced yolk sac tumors. J Clin Oncol 1: 111–116, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Green DM, Brecher ML, Simpson L, Fisher J, Allen JE, Cooney DR, Jewett TC, Tebbi CK and Freeman AI: The treatment of yolk sac tumor with bleomycin (B), vincristine (V) and cis-platinum (P) followed by V, aetinomycin D (A) and cyclophosphamide (C). Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 25: 170, 1984 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  84. Green, DM, Sallan SE and Krishan A: Actinomycin D in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 62:829-831, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Grosfeld JL, Ballantine TVN, Lower D and Baehner RL: Benign and malignant teratomas in children: Analysis of 85 patients. Surgery 80: 297–305, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gross RE, Clatworthy HW Jr and Meeker IA: Sacrococcygeal teratomas in infants and children. A report of 40 cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 92: 341–354, 1951.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Gupta SC: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Haase J and Norgaard-Pedersen B: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as biochemical markers of intracranial germ-cell tumors. Acta Neurochir 50: 67–69, 1979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Haggard ME, Cangir A, Ragab AH, Komp D, Falletta J and Humphrey GB: 5-fluorouracil in childhood solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 61: 69–71, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Hainsworth JD, Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Stewart M and Greco FA: Advanced extragonadal germ cell tumors. Successful treatment with combination chemotherapy. Ann Int Med 97: 7–11, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Harris BH and Boles ET Jr: Rational surgery for tumors of the ovary in children. J Pediatr Surg 9: 289–293, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Hart WR: Primary endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor) of the liver. First reported case. Cancer 35: 1453–1458, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hickey RC and Martin RG: Sacrococcygeal teratomas. Ann New York Acad Sci 114: 951–957, 1964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Hirokawa K: Primary embryonal carcinoma of the anterior mediastinum. Acta Pathol Jap 19: 409–418, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Holbrook CT, Crist WM, Cain W and Bueschen A: Successful chemotherapy for childhood metastatic embryonal cell carcinoma of the testicle: A preliminary report. Med Pediatr Oncol 8: 75–81, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Hopkins TB, Jaffe N, Colodny A, Cassady JR and Filler RM: The management of testicular tumors in children. J Urol 120: 96–102, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Houser R, Izant RJ Jr and Persky L: Testicular tumors in children. Am J Surg 110: 876–892, 1965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Huntington RW and Bullock WK: Yolk sac tumors of extragonadal origin. Cancer 25: 1368–1376, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Huntington RW Jr and Bullock WK: Endodermal sinus and other yolk sac tumors. A reappraisal. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand (Suppi) 233: 26–31, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Huntington RW Jr and Bullock WK: Yolk sac tumors of the ovary. Cancer 25: 1357–1367, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Huntington RW, Morgenstern NL, Sargent JA, Giem RN, Richards A and Hanford KC: Germinal tumors exhibiting the endodermal sinus pattern of Teilum in young children. Cancer 16: 34–47, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Itoh T, Shirai T, Naka A and Matsumoto S: Yolk sac tumor and alpha-fetoprotein: Clinical pathological study of four cases. Gann 65: 215–226, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Jacobs AJ, Harris M, Deppe G, Dasgupta I and Cohen CJ: Treatment of recurrent and persistent germ cell tumors with cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin. Obstet Gynecol 59: 129–132, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Jacobs EM: Combination chemotherapy of metastatic testicular germinal cell tumors and soft part sarcomas. Cancer 25: 324–332, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. James DH Jr and George P: Vincristine in children with malignant solid tumors. J Pediatr 64: 534–541, 1964.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Javadpour N and Bergman S: Recent advances in testicular cancer. IN. Current Problems in Surgery. MM Ravitch (ed), Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 1978, pp 18–28.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Jeffs RD: Treatment of embryonal adenocarcinoma of the testis in childhood: An analysis of 164 cases. IN. Cancer In Childhood. JO Godden (ed), Plenum Press, New York, 1973, pp 68–77.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Jereb B, Wollner N and Exelby P: Radiation in multidisciplinary treatment of children with malignant ovarian tumors. Cancer 43: 1037–1042, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Jimerson GK and Woodruff JD: Ovarian extraembryonal teratoma. I. Endodermal sinus tumor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 127: 73–79, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. John M, Cham W, Wollner N, Lewis JL, D’Angio GJ and Tefft M: Endodermal sinus tumors of the ovary in children. Radiology 121: 177–181, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Jones PG and Campbell PE: Tumors of Infancy and Childhood. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1976, p 872.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Jordan RM, Kendall JW, McClung M and Kammer H: Concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with germinal cell hypothalamic tumors. Pediatrics 65: 121–124, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Juckes AW, Fraser MM and Dexter D: Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumors in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 14: 520–524, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Julian CG, Barrett JM, Richardson RL and Greco FA: Bleomycin, vinblastine and cis-platinum in the treatment of advanced endodermal sinus tumor. Obstet Gynecol 56: 396–401, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Kajita A and Hirokawa K: An autopsy case of endodermal sinus tumor of the anterior mediastinum. Acta Pathol Jap 23: 601–608, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Kaplan WE and Firlit CF: Treatment of testicular yolk sac carcinoma in the young child. J Urol 126: 663–664, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kherdekar MK, Kher AV, Sharma KD and Hardas UD: The endodermal sinus tumour of the ovary–A report of two cases with special reference to histogenesis. Ind J Cancer 11: 88–94, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Khoo SK, Buntine DW, Massey PF and Jones ISC: Endodermal sinus tumour of the ovary: The place of alpha-fetoprotein detection, surgery and chemotherapy. Aust NZ Obstet Gynaecol 21: 217–225, 1981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Kilman JW, Kronenberg MW, O’Neill JA and Klassen KP: Surgical resection for pulmonary metastases in children. Arch Surg 99: 158–165, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Kithier K, Lusher J, Brought J and Poulik MD: Effect of therapy on the serum level of alpha-1-fetoprotein in embryonal cell carcinoma. J Pediatr 81: 71–75, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kling S: Sacrococcygeal teratoma. Can J Surg 12: 22–26, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Klugo RC, Fisher JH and Retik AB: Endodermal sinus tumors of the testis in infants and children. J Urol 108: 359–361, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Kottmeier HL: Classification and staging of malignant tumors in the female pelvis. Int J Obstet Gynecol 9: 172–180, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Kurman RJ and Norris HJ: Embryonal carcinoma of the ovary. A clinicopathologic entity distinct from endodermal sinus tumor resembling embryonal carcinoma of the adult testis. Cancer 38: 2420–2433, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kurman RJ and Norris HJ: Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary. A clinical and pathological analysis of 71 cases. Cancer 38: 2404–2419, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Kurman RJ and Norris HJ: Malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary. Human Pathol 8: 551–564, 1977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Kurman RJ and Norris HJ: Malignant mixed germ cell tumors of the ovary. A clinical and pathologic analysis of 30 cases. Obstet Gynecol 48: 579–589, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Kurman RJ, Scardino PT, McIntire KR, Waldmann TA and Javadpour N: Cellular localization of alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in germ cell tumors of the testis using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. A new approach to classification utilizing tumor markers. Cancer 40: 2136–2151, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Kuzur ME, Vobleigh MA, Greco FA, Einhorn LH and Oldham RK: Endodermal sinus tumor of the mediastinum. Cancer 50: 766–774, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Lane M: Some effects of cyclophosphamide (cytoxan) on normal mice and mice with L1210 leukemia. J Nat Cancer Inst 23: 1347–1359, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Lange PH and Fraley EE: Serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in the treatment of patients with testicular tumors. Urol Clin NA 4: 393–406, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Levey JL and Linder LH: Sacrococcygeal teratomas in infants. Am J Surg 116: 822–823, 1968.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Li FP and Fraumeni JF Jr: Testicular cancers in children: Epidemiological characteristics. J Nat Cancer Inst 48: 1575–1582, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Li FP, Tucker MA and Fraumeni JF Jr: Childhood cancer in sibs. J Pediatr 88: 419–423, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Li MC, Whitmore WF Jr, Golbey R and Grabstald H: Effects of combined drug therapy on metastatic cancer of the testis. JAMA 174: 1291–1299, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Linder D: Gene loss in human teratomas. Proc Nat Acad Sci 63: 699–704, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Linder D, Hecht F, McCaw BK and Campbell JR: Origin of extragonadal teratomas and endodermal sinus tumours. Nature 254: 597–598, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Linder D, McCaw BK and Hecht F: Parthenogenic origin of benign ovarian teratomas. New Engl J Med 292: 63–66, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Logothetis CJ, Samuels ML, Trindade A, Grant C, Gomez L and Ayala A: The prognostic significance of endodermal sinus tumor histology among patients treated for stage III nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis. Cancer 53: 122–128, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Lokey JL, Baker JJ, Price NA and Winokur SH: Cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin for endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary. Ann Int Med 94: 56–57, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Lopez M, Papaldo P, Sciarretta F and Barduagni A: Congenital icthyosis and endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary in a ten-year old child. Med Pediatr Oncol 11: 238–241, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Mackinnon AE and Cohen SJ: Archenteronoma (yolk sac tumors). J Pediatr Surg 13: 21–23, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Magner D and Bryant AJS: Adenocarcinoma of the testis occurring in infants. Arch Pathol 51: 82–89, 1951.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Magner D, Campbell JS and Wiglesworth FW: Testicular adenocarcinoma with clear cells occurring in infancy: A distinctive tumor. Can Med Assoc J 86: 485–488, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Mahour GH, Woolley MM, Trivedi SN and Landing GH: Sacrococcygeal teratoma: A 33-year experience. J Pediatr Surg 10: 183–188, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Mann JR, Lakin GE, Leonard JC, Rawlinson HA, Richardson SGN, Corkery JJ, Cameron AH and Shah KJ: Clinical applications of serum carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein levels in children with solid tumors. Arch Dis Child 53: 366–374, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Marshall S, Lyon RP and Scott MP: A conservative approach to testicular tumors in children: 12 cases and their management. J Urol 129: 350–351, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Martineau M: Chromosomes in human testicular tumors. J Pathol 99: 271–282, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Martinez-Mora J, Cerquella VS, Padulles J, Prats J, Boix-Ochoa J, Moragas A and Plans B: Management of primary testicular tumors in children. J Pediatr Surg 15: 283–286, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Masopusi J, Kithier K, Radl J, Koutecky J and Kotal L: Occurrence of fetoprotein in patients with neoplasms and non-neoplastic diseases. Int J Cancer 3: 364–373, 1968.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Matsumoto K, Nakauchi K and Fujita K: Radiation therapy for the embryonal carcinoma of testis in childhood. J Urol 104: 778–780, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Mawas C, Kohen M, Lemerle J, Buffe D, Schweisguth O and Burtin P: Serum alphal foeto-protein (fetuin) in children with malignant ovarian or testicular teratomas. Preliminary results. Int J Cancer 7: 76–79, 1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. McCullough DL, Carlton CE and Seybold HM: Testicular tumors in infants and children: Report of 5 cases and evaluation of different modes of therapy. J Urol 105: 140–148, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Mehrotra TN, Das P, Gupta SC and Tahiliani ND: Orchioblastoma of testis. Ind J Pathol Bacteriol 16: 70–74, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Merrin C, Takita H, Weber R, Wajsman Z, Baumgartner G and Murphy GP: Combination radical surgery and multiple sequential chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the testis (Stage III). Cancer 37: 20–29, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Miller RW: Deaths from childhood leukemia and solid tumors among twins and other sibs in the United States, 1960–67, J Nat Cancer Inst 46: 203–209, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Moore JG, Schifrin BS and Erez S: Ovarian tumors in infancy, childhood and adolescence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 99: 913–922, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Mukai K and Adams WR: Yolk sac tumor of the anterior mediastinum. Case report with light-and electron-microscopic examination and immunohistochemical study of alpha-fetoprotein. Am J Surg Pathol 3: 77–83, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Neubecker RD and Breen JL: Embryonal carcinoma of the ovary. Cancer 15: 546–556, 1962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Nitschke R, Fagundo R, Berry DH and Falletta JM: Weekly administration of cisdichlorodiammineplatinum (II) in childhood solid tumors: A southwest oncology group study. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 497–499, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Nogales FF Jr, Matilla A, Nogales-Ortiz F and Galera-Davidson H: Yolk sac tumors with pure and mixed polyvesicular vitelline patterns. Human Pathol 5: 553–566, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Norgaard-Pederson B, Albrechtsen R and Teilum G: Serum alpha-fetoprotein as a marker for endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor) or a vitelline component of “teratocarcinoma”. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 83: 573–589, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Norgaard-Pedersen B, Lundborg CJ, Laursen AM and Hagerstrand I: Infantile vaginal tumor with alpha-fetoprotein synthesis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 87: 223–226, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Norris HJ, Bagley GP and Taylor HB: Carcinoma of the infant vagina. Arch Pathol 90: 473–479, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Noseworthy J, Lack EE, Kozakewich HPW, Vawter GF and Welch KJ: Sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors in childhood: An updated experience with 118 patients. J Pediatr Surg 16: 358–364, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Novak E, Woodruff JD and Novak ER: Probable mesonephric origin of certain female genital tumors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 68: 1222–1239, 1954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Olsen MM, Raffensperger JG, Gonzalez-Cruzzi F, Luck SR, Kaplan WE and Morgan ER: Endodermal sinus tumor: A clinical and pathological correlation. J Pediatr Surg 17: 832–838, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Osborn DE and Jeffrey PJ: Testicular tumor in children. Urology 7: 433–435, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. O’Sullivan P, Daneman A, Chan HSL, Smith C, Robey G, Fitz C and Martin DJ: Extragonadal endodermal sinus tumors in children: A review of 24 cases. Pediatr Radiol 13: 249–257, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Patil PN, Yadav SB, Joshi LB, Shukla RN: Orchioblastoma. Report of two cases. Ind J Pathol Bacteriol 11: 190–193, 1968.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Patil SD, Sharma KD and Talib VII: Orchioblastoma (embryonal adenocarcinoma of testis in children). A clinicopathologic study of 5 cases and review of the literature. Ind J Cancer 9: 34–41, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Pedersen H: Tumours of the anterior mediastinum. A report of an endodermal sinus tumour and of six metastasizing tumours of possible thymic origin. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Suppi 212: 128–142, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Perlin E, Engeler JE Jr, Edson M, Karp D, McIntire KR and Waldmann TA: The value of serial measurement of both human chorionic gonadotropin and alphafetoprotein for monitoring germinal cell tumors. Cancer 37: 215–219, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Phelan JT, Woolner LB and Hayles AB: Testicular tumors in infants and children. Surg Gynecol Obstet 105: 569–576, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Pierce GB, Bullock WK and Huntington RW Jr: Yolk sac tumors of the testis. Cancer 25: 644–658, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Pierce GB and Dixon FJ Jr: Testicular teratomas. I. Demonstration of teratogenesis by metamorphosis of multipotential cells. Cancer 12: 573–583, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Pierce GB and Dixon FJ Jr: Testicular teratomas. II. Teratocarcinoma as an ascitic tumor. Cancer 12: 584–589, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Pierce GB Jr, Midgley AR Jr, Sri Ram J and Feldman JD: Parietal yolk sac carcinoma: Clue to the histogenesis of Reichert’s membrane of the mouse embryo. Am J Pathol 41: 549–557, 1962.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Pinkel D: Chlorambucil in childhood cancer. Cancer 14: 36–41, 1961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Pinkel D: Cyclophosphamide in children with cancer. Cancer 15: 42–49, 1962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Prabhakar BR, Sabharwal BD and Prabhakar H: Orchioblastoma–A report of two cases. Ind J Cancer 10: 370–372, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Pratap VK and Agarwal S: Testicular tumours in children. Ind J Cancer 6: 76–81, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Pratt CB, Roberts D, Shanks E and Warmath EL: Response, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate (NSC-740) with citrovorum factor (NSC-3590) rescue for children with osteosarcoma and other malignant tumors. Cancer Chemo Rep Part 3, 6: 13–18, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Pratt CB and Shanks EC: Doxorubicin in treatment of malignant solid tumors in children. Am J Dis Child 127: 534–536, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Puri P and Guiney EJ: Testicular neoplasms in children. Urology 9: 624–626, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Ragab AH, Sutow WW, Komp DM, Starling KA, Lyon GM Jr and George S: Adriamycin in the treatment of childhood solid tumors. Cancer 36: 1567–1571, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Raney RB Jr, Chatten J, Littman P, Marrett P, Schnaufer L, Bishop H and D’Angio GJ: Treatment strategies for infants with malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma. J Pediatr Surg 16 (Suppl 1): 573–577, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Ravich L, Lerman PH, Drabkin JW and Noya J: Embryonal carcinoma of testicle in childhood: Review of literature and presentation of 2 cases. J Urol 96: 501–507, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Ravitch MM: Sacrococcygeal teratoma. IN. Pediatric Surgery. Third Edition, Volume 2, MM Ravitch, KJ Welch, CD Benson, E Aberdeen and JO Randolph (eds). Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 1979, pp 1118–1127.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Reynolds TF, Vugrin D, Cvitkovic E, Cheng E, Braun DW Jr, O’Hehir M, Dukeman ME, Whitmore WF Jr and Golbey RB: VAB-3 combination chemotherapy of metastatic testicular cancer. Cancer 48: 888–898, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Rezaizadeh MM and Woodruff JD: Endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol 6: 459–463, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Ross MM and Morrow JW: Yolk sac carcinoma of the testis. J Urol 108: 109–111, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Roth LM: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Roth LM and Panganiban WG: Gonadal and extragonadal yolk sac carcinomas. A clinicopathologic study of 14 cases. Cancer 37: 812–820, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Rusche C: Twelve cases of testicular tumors occurring during infancy and childhood. J Pediatr 40: 192–199, 1952.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Sabio H, Burgert EO Jr, Farrow GM and Kelalis PP: Embryonal carcinoma of the testis in childhood. Cancer 34: 2118–2121, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Sakashita S, Hirai H, Nishi S, Nakamura K and Tsuji I: Alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in tissue culture of human testicular tumors and an examination of experimental yolk sac tumors in the rat. Cancer Res 36: 4232–4237, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Sakashita S, Koyanagi T, Tsuji I, Arikado K and Matsuno T: Congenital anomalies in children with testicular germ cell tumor. J Urol 124: 889–890, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Sakashita S, Tsukada Y, Nakamura K, Tsuji I and Hirai H: Experimental yolk-sac tumors produced by fetectomy without virus infection in rats. Int J Cancer 20: 83–86, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Samson MK, Rivkin SE, Jones SE, Costanzi JJ, LoBuglio AF, Stephens RL, Gehan EA and Cummings GD: Dose-response and dose-survival advantage for high versus low-dose cisplatin combined with vinblastine and bleomycin in disseminated testicular cancer. Cancer 53: 1029–1035, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Samuels ML, Holoye PY and Johnson DE: Bleomycin combination chemotherapy in the management of testicular neoplasia. Cancer 36: 318–326, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Samuels ML, Johnson DE and Holoye PY: Continuous intravenous bleomycin (NSC125066) therapy with vinblastine (NSC-49842) in stage III testicular cancer. Cancer Chemo Rep 59: 563–570, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Samuels ML, Lanzotti VJ, Holoye PY, Boyle LE, Smith TL and Johnson DE: Combination chemotherapy in germinal cell tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 3: 185–204, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Santesson L and Marrubini G: Clinical and pathological survey of ovarian embryonal carcinomas, including so-called “mesonephromas” (Schiller) or “mesoblastomas” (Teilum) treated at the Radiumhemmet. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 36: 399–419, 1957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Santoro A, Bonadonna G, Bonfante V and Valagussa P: Alternating drug combinations in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin’s disease. New Engl J Med 306: 770–775, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Sartain P: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Sartain P, Ducore JM and Buchanan GR: Yolk sac tumors (YST) in childhood: Primary treatment with chemotherapy. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1: 104, 1982 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  208. Schiller W: Mesonephroma ovarii. Am J Cancer 35: 1–21, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Scobie WG: Orchioblastoma. A report of six cases. Br J Urol 42: 332–335, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Scully RE, Galdabini JJ and McNeely BU: Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (50–1980). New Engl J Med 303: 1466–1472, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. Shinomiya Y, Toya S, Iwata T and Hosada Y: Radioimmunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein in children with primary intracranial tumors. Child Brain 5: 450–458, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Shirai T, Itoh T, Yoshiki T, Noro T, Tomino Y and Hayasaka T: Immunofluorescent demonstration of alpha-fetoprotein and other plasma proteins in yolk sac tumors. Cancer 38: 1661–1667, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Siegel HA, Sagerman R, Berdon WE and Wigger HJ: Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the vagina in a 7 month old infant simulating sarcoma botryoides. Successful control with supervoltage radiotherapy. J Pediatr Surg 5: 468–470, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Silvert D: Embryonal carcinoma of testis in infants and children: Report of two cases. J Urol 78: 269–277, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Skipper HE: On reducing treatment failures due to overgrowth of specifically and permanently drug resistant cells (murine leukemias). Birmingham, Southern Research Institute, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Skipper HE: Response of Ridgeway osteogenic sarcoma (ROS) at different stages to a variety of drugs given according to different schedules. Birmingham, Southern Research Institute, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Slayton RE, Hreshchyshyn MM, Silberberg SG, Shingleton HM, Park RC, DiSaia PJ and Blessing JA: Treatment of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. Cancer 42: 390–398, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Smith AM, Rao RN and Shelor WCN: Clinical dilemma in management of yolk sac tumor of childhood testis. Urology 14: 88–91, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Smith JP: Testicular tumors in infants and children. Urology 2: 353–360, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Sobis H and Vandeputte M: Development of teratomas from displaced visceral yolk sac. Int J Cancer 13: 444–453, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Sobis H and Vandeputte M: In utero tumor induction by murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) in the rat. II. Histological and ultrastructural characteristics. Int J Cancer 11: 543–554, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Sogge MR, McDonald SD and Cofold PB: The malignant potential of the dysgenetic germ cell in Klinefelter’s syndrome. Am J Med 66: 515–518, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Solter D, Dominis M and Damjanov I: Embryo-derived teratocarcinoma. L The role of strain and gender in the control of teratocarcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 24: 770–772, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Solter D, Dominis M and Damjanov I: Embryo-derived teratocarcinoma. III. Development of tumors from teratocarcinoma permissive and non-permissive strain embryos transplanted to F1 hybrids. Int J Cancer 28: 479–483, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Stachura J, Urban A, Depowski M and Obrapalaska E: Yolk sac tumor of the infant testis. Neoplasma 21: 351–257, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Stasek V, Vesely K and Motlik K: Malignant ovarian tumours in children and adolescents. Neoplasma 18: 299–307, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Staubitz WJ, Jewett TC Jr, Magoos IV, Schenk WG Jr and Phalakornkule S: Management of testicular tumors in children. J Urol 94: 683–686, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Stevens LC Jr and Little CC: Spontaneous testicular teratomas in inbred strain of mice. Proc Nat Acad Sci 40: 1080–1087, 1954.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Stevens LC and Hummel KP: Description of spontaneous congenital testicular teratomas in strain 129 mice. J Nat Cancer Inst 18: 719–747, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Stoter G, Vendrik CPJ, Struyvenberg A, Brouwers TM, Sleijfer DT, Schraffordt Koops H, Van Oosterom AT and Pinedo HM: Combination chemotherapy with cisdiammine-dichloro-platinum, vinblastine and bleomycin in advanced testicular nonseminoma. Lancet 1: 941–945, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Sutow WW, Wilbur JR, Vietti TJ, Vuthighagdee P, Fujimoto T and Watanabe A: Evaluation of dosage schedules of mitomycin C (NSC-26980) in children. Cancer Chemo Rep 55: 285–289, 1971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Takeuchi J, Handa H, Oda Y and Uchida Y: Alpha-fetoprotein in intracranial malignant teratoma. Surg Neurol 12: 400–404, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Talerman A, Haije WG and Baggerman L: Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) and alphafetoprotein (AFP) in sera of patients with germ-cell neoplasms: Value as tumour markers in patients with endodermal sinus tumour (yolk sac tumour). Int J Cancer 19: 741–746, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Talerman A, Haije WG and Baggerman L: Serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) in diagnosis and management of endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor and mixed germ cell tumor of the ovary. Cancer 41: 272–278, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Talwalkar GV: Orchioblastoma: A clinico-pathological study of 8 cases. Ind J Surg 28: 69–77, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Tan C, Rosen G, Ghavimi F, Haghbin M, Helson L, Wollner N and Murphy ML: Adriamycin (NSC-123127) in pediatric malignancies. Cancer Chemo Rep Part 3, 6: 259–266, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Tan C, Tasaka H, Yu K-P, Murphy L and Karnofsky DA: Daunomycin, an antitumor antibiotic, in the treatment of neoplastic disease. Cancer 20: 333–353, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Tan CTC and Aduna NS: Preliminary clinical experience with leurocristine in children. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 3: 367, 1962 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  239. Tan CTC, Dargeon HW and Burchenal JH: The effect of actinomycin D on cancer in childhood. Pediatrics 24: 544–561, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Taylor G, Jordan M, Churchill B and Mancer K: Yolk sac tumor of the bladder. J Urol 129: 591–594, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Tefft M, Vawter GF and Mitus A: Radiotherapeutic management of testicular neoplasms in children. Radiology 88: 457–465, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Teilman I, Kassis H and Pietra G: Primary germ cell tumor of the anterior mediastinum with features of endodermal sinus tumor. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 70: 267–278, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  243. Teilum G: Classification of endodermal sinus tumor (mesoblastoma vitellinum) and so-called embryonal carcinoma of the ovary. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 64: 407–429, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Teilum G: The concept of endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumour. Scand J Immunol (Suppl) 8: 75–89, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  245. Teilum G: Endodermal sinus tumors of the ovary and testis. Comparative morphogenesis of the so-called mesonephroma ovarii (Schiller) and extraembryonic (yolk sac-allantoic) structures of the rat’s placenta. Cancer 12: 1092–1105, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Teilum G: Gonocytoma. Homologous ovarian and testicular tumors. I. With discussion of mesonephroma ovarii. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 23: 242–251, 1946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  247. Teilum G: Mesonephroma ovarii (Schiller)–An extra-embryonic mesoblastoma of germ cell origin in the ovary and the testis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 27: 249–261, 1950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  248. Teilum G, Albrechtsen R and Norgaard-Pedersen B: Immunofluorescent localization of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor). Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 82: 586–588, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Teilum G, Albrechtsen R and Norgaard-Pedersen B: The histogenetic-embryologic basis for reappearance of alpha-fetoprotein in endodermal sinus tumors (yolk sac tumors) and teratomas. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 83: 80–86, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Teoh TB, Steward JK and Willis RA: The distinctive adenocarcinoma of the infant’s testis. An account of 15 cases. J Pathol Bacteriol. 80: 147–156, 1960.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Teppo L: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Thomas WJ, Kelleher JF and Duval/Arnould B: Successful treatment of metastatic extragonadal endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor in childhood. Cancer 48: 2371–2374, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Tsuchida Y, Saito S, Ishida M, Ohmi K, Urano Y, Endo Y and Oda T: Yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) and alpha fetoprotein. A report of three cases. Cancer 32: 917–921, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Tsuchida Y, Urano Y, Endo Y, Ohmi K, Hashizume K, Saito S, Ishida M and Hasegawa H: A study of alpha-fetoprotein and endodermal sinus tumor. J Pediatr Surg 10: 501–506, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Ungerleider RS, Donaldson SS, Warnke RA and Wilbur JR: Endodermal sinus tumor. The Stanford experience and the first reported case arising in the vulva. Cancer 41: 1627–1634, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Uson AC, Melicow MM and Lattimer JK: Abnormalities of the testis. IN. Pediatric Surgery. Third Edition, Volume 2, MM Ravitch, KJ Welch, CD Benson, E Aberdeen and JG Randolph (eds), Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 1979, p 1393.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Vaez-Zadeh K, Sieger WK, Sherman FE and Kieswetter WB: Sacrococcygeal teratomas in children. J Pediatr Surg 7: 152–156, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Valdiserri RO and Yunis EJ: Sacrococcygeal teratomas: A review of 68 cases. Cancer 48: 217–221, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Vandeputte M, Sobis H, Billiau A, van de Maele B and Leyten R: In utero tumor induction by murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) in the rat. I. Biological characteristics. Int J Cancer 11: 536–542, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Vawter GF: Carcinoma of the vagina in infancy. Cancer 18: 1479–1484, 1965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Vugrin D, Cvitkovic E, Whitmore WF Jr, Cheng E and Golbey RB: VAB-4 combination chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic testis tumors. Cancer 47: 833–839, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Vugrin D, Martini N, Whitmore WF Jr and Golbey RB: VAB-3 combination chemotherapy in primary mediastinal germ cell tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 66: 1405–1407, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Vugrin D, Whitmore WF Jr and Golbey RB: VAB-5 combination chemotherapy in prognostically poor risk patients with germ cell tumors. Cancer 51: 1072–1075, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Vugrin D, Whitmore WF Jr and Golbey RB: VAB-6 combination chemotherapy without maintenance in treatment of disseminated cancer of the testis. Cancer 51: 211–215, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Vulctin JC, Rosen Y, Brigati DJ and Gourin A: Endodermal sinus tumor of the mediastinum. Ultrastructural study. Chest 72: 112–114, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  266. Vyas MCR, Mathur DR, Joshi KR and Gupta BD: Orchioblastoma–Infantile adenocarcinoma of the testis. Indian Pediatr 18: 133–137, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Waldhausen JA, Kilman JW, Vellios F and Battersby JS: Sacrococcygeal teratoma. Surgery 54: 933–949, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Wang N, Perkins KL, Bronson DL and Fraley EE: Cytogenetic evidence for premeiotic transformation of human testicular cancers. Cancer Res 41: 2135–2140, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Weed JC Jr, Roh RA and Mendenhall HW: Recurrent endodermal sinus tumor during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 54: 653–656, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Weedon D and Musgrave J: Endodermal sinus tumor of the face. Pathology 6: 365–369, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Weinstein HJ, Mayer RJ, Rosenthal DS, Coral FS, Camitta BM and Gelber RD: Chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia in children and adults: VAPA update. Blood 62: 315–319, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Welch KJ: Ovarian cysts and tumors. IN. Pediatric Surgery. Third Edition, Volume 2, MM Ravitch, KJ Welch, CD Benson, E Aberdeen and JG Randolph (eds), Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 1979, pp 1437–1451.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Wettlaufer JN, Feiner AS and Robinson WA: Vincristine, cisplatin and bleomycin with surgery in the management of advanced metastatic nonseminomatous testis tumors. Cancer 53: 203–209, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Whitmore WF Jr: Some experiences with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and chemotherapy in the management of testis neoplasms. Br J Urol 34: 436–447, 1962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  275. Wilkinson P, Gibb R and Read G: Combination chemotherapy for metastatic malignant teratoma of testis. Lancet 1:1185, 1979 (Letter).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. White CP: A case of carcinoma myxomatodes of the testis occurring in infancy. J Pathol 14: 522–525, 1910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  277. Wilkinson EJ, Friedrich EG and Hosty TA: Alpha-fetoprotein and endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116: 711–714, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Williams S, Clayton R, Silberberg S, Ehrlich C, Einhorn L and Blessing J: Response of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors to cis-platinum, vinblastine and bleomycin (PVB). Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 22: 463, 1981 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  279. Wiltshaw E, Stuart-Harris R, Barker GH, Gowing NFL and Raju S: Chemotherapy of endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumour) of the ovary: Preliminary communication. J Royal Soc Med 75: 888–892, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Witschi E: Migration of the germ cells of human embryos from the yolk sac to the primitive gonadal folds. Contributions to Embryology 32:69–80, 1948

    Google Scholar 

  281. Wittes RE, Yagoda A, Silvay O, Magill GB, Whitmore W, Krakoff IH and Bolbey RB: Chemotherapy of germ cell tumors of the testis. Cancer 37: 637–645, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Woodtli W: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  283. Woodtli W and Hedinger C: Endodermal sinus tumor or orchioblastoma in children and adults. Virch Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 364: 93–110, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Yakushiji M, Matsukuma T, Abe M, Nishida T, Nishimura H, Tsunawaki A and Kato T: Ovarian tumors in children and adolescents less than 20 years of age. Acta Obstet Gynecol Jap 33: 833–838, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Young JL Jr and Miller RW: Incidence of malignant tumors in US children. J Pediatr 86: 254–258, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Young PG, Mount BM, Foote FW Jr and Whitmore WF Jr: Embryonal adenocarcinoma in the prepubertal testis. Cancer 26: 1065–1075, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Green, D.M. (1985). Yolk Sac Tumor. In: Diagnosis and Management of Malignant Solid Tumors in Infants and Children. Developments in Oncology, vol 37. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2623-6_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2623-6_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9640-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2623-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics