Abstract
Multienzyme complexes are involved in DNA replication and have been described in both uninfected [50] and T4-infected [59] Escherichia coli. These complexes comprise a variety of proteins including DNA binding, unwinding, priming, and polymerizing activities. The existence of multienzyme complexes for generating DNA precursors and/or channeling such DNA precursors has also been demonstrated in several systems [41, 52, 63, 65, 80, 96, 97] including T4-infected cells [4, 5, 20, 21, 38, 66, 71, 73, 74, 94, 95, 103, 106, 115, 116]. The presence of a DNA precursor complex greatly reduces the diffusion of sequentially synthesized reactants and results in an efficient funneling of DNA precursors to the replication apparatus [94]. The nature of the coupling between DNA precursor production and utilization during DNA synthesis has not yet been established.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
S. I. Ahmad and A. Eisenstark, Thymidine sensitivity of certain strains of Escherichia coli K12, Molec. Gen. Genet., 172: 229–237 (1977).
S. I. Ahmad, A. Atkinson, and A. Eisenstark, Isolation and characterization of a mutant of Escherichia coli K12 synthesizing DNA polymerase I and endonuclease I constitutively, J. Gen. Micro., 117: 419–422 (1980).
B. Alberts and R. Sternglanz, Recent excitement in the DNA replication problem, Nature, 269: 655–660 (1977).
J. R. Allen, G. P. V. Reddy, G. W. Lasser, and C. K. Mathews, T4 ribonucleotide reductase, Physical and kinetic linkage to other enzymes of deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, J. Biol. Chem., 255: 7583–7588 (1980).
J. R. Allen, G. W. Lasser, D. A. Goldman, G. W. Booth, and C. K. Mathews, T4 Phage deoxyribonucleotide synthesizing enzyme complex, J. Biol. Chem., 258: 5749–5753 (1983).
M. L. M. Anderson, Number and size distribution of the DNA chains in Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol., 118: 227–240 (1978).
I. R. Beacham, K. Beacham, A. Zaritsky, and R. H. Prichard, Intracellular thymidine triphosphate concentrations in wild-type and in thymine requiring mutants of Escherichia coli 15 K12, J. Mol. Biol., 60: 75–86 (1971).
M. T. Behme, G. D. Zilley, and K. Ebisuzaki, Post infection control by bacteriophage T4 of Escherichia coli rec BC nuclease activity, J. Virol., 18: 20–25 (1976).
C. Bernstein, H. Bernstein, S. Mufti, and B. Strom, Stimulation of mutation in phage T4 by lesions in gene 32 and thymidine imbalance, Mutat. Res., 16: 113–119 (1972).
C. Bernstein and S. S. Wallace, DNA repair, in: “Bacteriophage T4.” C. K. Mathews, E. Kutter, G. Mosig, and P. B. Berget, eds.), ASM Press, Washington (1983).
O. Berglund and B. M. Sjoberg, Effect of hydroxyurea on T4 ribonucleotide reductase, J. Biol. Chem., 245: 253–254 (1979).
R. E. Bird, J. Lourn, J. Mastuscelli, and L. Caro, Origin and sequence of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol., 70: 549–566 (1972).
C. Biswas, J. Hardy, and W. S. Beck, Release of repressor control of ribonucleotide reductase by thymine starvation, J. Biol. Chem., 240: 3631–3640 (1965).
M. O. Bradly and W. A. Sharkey, Mutageneicity of thymidine to cultured Chinese hamster cells, Nature, 274: 607–608 (1978).
S. Bresler, M. Mosevitsky, and L. Vyacheslavov, Complete mutagenesis in a bacterial population induced by thymine starvation on solid media, Nature, 225: 746–766 (1970).
N. Brewin, Origin and fate of the small DNA chains synthesized in bacteria after thymine deprivation, J. Mol. Biol., 111: 343–352 (1977).
N. Brewin and J. Cairns, State of the DNA replication fork during thymine deprivation of Escherichia coli, as observed by pulse-labeling with 3H thymine, J. Mol. Biol., 111: 353–363 (1977).
J. Chao, M. Leach, and J. Karam, In vivo functional interaction between DNA polymerase and dCMP hydroxymethylase of bacteriophage T4 VI. Biological functions of gene 42, J. Virol., 24: 557–563 (1977).
C.-S. Chiu and R. G. Greenberg, Evidence for a possible direct role of dCMP hydroxymethylase in T4 phage DNA synthesis, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 33: 351–359 (1968).
C.-S. Chiu, T. Reuttinger, J. B. Flanegan, and R. G. Greenberg, Role of deoxycytidylate deaminase in deoxyribonucleotide synthesis in bacteriophage T4 DNA replication, J. Biol. Chem., 252: 8603–8608 (1977).
C.-S. Chiu, K. S. Cook, and R. G. Greenberg, Characteristics of a bacteriophage T4-induced complex synthesizing deoxyribo-nucleotides, J. Biol. Chem., 257: 15087–15097 (1982).
S. S. Cohen and H. P. Barner, Enzymatic adaptation in thymine requiring strain of Escherichia coli, J. Bact., 69: 59–66 (1955).
L. V. Crawford, Thymine metabolism in strains of Escherichia coli, Biochem. et Biophys. Act., 30: 428–429 (1958).
R. P. Cunningham and H. Berger, Mutations affecting genetic recombination in bacteriophage T4. II. Pathway Analysis, Virol., 80: 67–82 (1977).
M. Cupido, S. Grimbergen, and B. De Groot, Participation of bacteriophage T4 gene 41 in replication repair, Mutat. Res., 70: 131–138 (1980).
R. L. Davidson and E. R. Kaufman, Bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells is stimulated by thymidine and suppressed by deoxycytidine, Nature, 276: 722–723 (1978).
M. L. De Pamphilis, and P. M. Wassarman, Replication of eukaryo-tic chromosomes: A close-up of the replication fork, Ann. Rev. Biochem., 49: 627–666 (1980).
G. E. Degnen and E. Cox, Conditional mutator gene in Escherichia coli: Isolation, mapping and effector studies, J. Bact., 117: 477–487 (1974).
D. T. Denhardt and C. Miyamoto, Characteristics of the nascent and non-nascent small DNA molecules found in Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol., 165: 419–442 (1983).
J. K. DeVriesandS. S. Wallace, Reversion of bacteriophage T4 rll mutants by high levels of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides, Mol. Gen. Genet., 186: 101–105 (1982).
A. T. Diaz and R. Werner, Mechanism of DNA chain growth, J. Mol. Biol., 95: 63–70 (1975).
A. T. Diaz, D. Wiener, and R. Werner, Synthesis of small polynucleotide chains in thymine depleted bacteria, J. Mol. Biol., 95: 45–61 (1975).
B. K. Duncan, P. A. Rockstroh, and H. R. Warner, Escherichia coli K12 mutants deficient in uracil-DNA glycosylase, J. Bacteriol!, 134: 1039–1045 (1978).
T. Edlund, P. Gustafsson, and H. Wolf-Katz, Effect of thymine concentration on the mode of chromosomal replication in Escherichia coli K12, J. Mol. Biol., 108: 295–303 (1976).
S. Eriksson, B. Sjoberg, S. Hahne, and 0. Karlstrom, Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase from Escherichia coli. A. immunological assay and a novel purification from an overproducing strain lysogenic for phage A. dnrd, J. Biol. Chem., 252: 6132–6138 (1977).
J. L. Farmer and F. J. Rothman, Transformable thymine requiring mutant of Bacillus subtilis, J. Bact., 89: 262–263 (1965).
D. Filpula and J. A. Fuchs, Regulation of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase synthesis in Escherichia coli: Increased enzyme enzyme synthesis as a result of inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, J. Bact., 130: 107–113 (1977).
J. B. Flanegan and G. R. Greenberg, Regulation of deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis during in vivo bacteriophage T4 DNA replication. Intrinsic control of synthesis of thymine and 5-hy-droxymethylcytosine deoxyribonucleotides at precise ratio found in DNA, J. Biol. Chem., 252: 3019–3027 (1977).
J. A. Fuchs, 0. H. Karlstrom, R. H. Warner, and P. Reichard, Defective gene product in dnaF mutant of Escherichia coli, Nature New Biol., 238: 69–71 (1972).
A. R. Grivell and J. F. Jackson, Thymidine kinase: Evidence for its absence from Neurospora crassa and some other microorganisms, and the relevance of this to specific labeling of deoxyribonucleic acid, J. Gen. Microbiol., 54: 307–317 (1968).
M. Greene and W. Firschein, Role of deoxyribonucleic acid ligase in a deoxyribonucleic acid membrane fraction extracted from pneumonocci, J. Bact., 126: 777–784 (1976).
M. V. Hamlett and H. Berger, Mutations altering genetic recombination and repair of DNA in bacteriophage T4, Virology, 63: 539–562 (1975).
W. J. Harris, The occurrence of two types of synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid during normal growth of Bacillus subtilis, Biochem. J., 135: 315–325 (1973).
D. Huszar and S. Bacchetti, Is ribonucleotide reductase the transforming function of herpes simplex virus 2, Nature, 302: 76–79 (1983).
M. K. Jacobson and K. G. Lark, DNA replication in Escherichia coli: evidence for two classes of small deoxyribonucleotide chains, J. Mol. Biol., 73: 371–376 (1973).
J. H. Kim, I. H. Kim, and M. L. Eidinoff, Cell viability and nucleic acid metabolism after exposure of HeLa cells to excess thymidine and deoxyadenosine, Biochem. Pharmacol., 14: 1821–1829 (1975).
T. Kogoma and K. G. Lark, DNA replication in Escherichia coli: replication in the absence of protein synthesis after replication inhibition, J. Mol. Biol., 52: 143–164 (1970).
T. Kogoma, A. novel Escherichia coli mutant capable of DNA replication in the absence of protein synthesis*, J. Mol. Biol., 121: 55–69 (1978).
T. Kogoma, T. A. Torrey, and M. J. Connaughton, Induction of UV-resistant DNA replication in Escherichia coli: Induced stable DNA replication as an SOS function, Mol. Gen. Genet., 176: 1–9 (1979).
A. Kornberg, DNA Replication, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco (1980).
Y. Kurosawa and R. Okazaki, Mechanism of DNA chain growth XIII. Evidence for discontinuous replication of both strands of P2 phage DNA, J. Mol. Biol., 94, 229–241 (1975).
D. Kuebbing and R. Werner, A. model for compartmentation of de novo and salvage thymidine nucleotide pools in mammalian cells, Proc. Natl. A.ad. Sci., 72: 3333–3336 (1975).
B. A. Kunz, Genetic effects of deoxyribonucleotide pool imbalances, Environ. Mut., 4: 695–725 (1982).
T. J. Kwoh, P. T. Chan, and M. H. Patrick, Examination of newly synthesized DNA in Escherichia coli, Mol. Gen. Genet., 173: 85–93 (1979).
S. S. Lee, B. C. Giovanella, and J. S. Stehlin, Selective lethal effect of thymidine on human and mouse tumor cells, J. Cell Physiol., 92: 401–405 (1977).
L. A. Lewis, E. Mengheri, and M. Estaban, Induction of an antiviral response by interferon requires thymidine kinase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 80: 26–30 (1983).
J. Lichtenstein, H. D. Barner, S. S. Cohen, The metabolism of exogenously supplied nucleotides by Escherichia coli, J. Biol. Chem., 235: 457–465 (1960).
J. Little, Control of the SOS regulatory system by the level of recA protease, Biochemie, 64: 585–589 (1982).
C.-C. Liu, R. L. Burke, U. Hibner, J. Barry, and B. M. Alberts, Probing DNA replication mechanisms with the T4 bacteriphage in vitro system, Cold Spring Harbor Sym. Quant. Biol., 43: 469–487 (1978).
L. A. Loeb and T. A. Kunkel, Fidelity of DNA synthesis, Ann. Rev. Biochem., 52: 429–457 (1982).
J. M. Lourn and R. E. Bird, Size distribution and molecular polarity of newly replicated DNA in Escherichia coli, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 71: 329–333 (1974).
A. Luder and G. Mosig, Two alternative mechanisms for initiation of DNA replication forks in bacteriophage T4: Priming by RNA polymerase and by recombination, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 79: 1101–1105 (1982).
C. A. Lunn and V. Pigiet, Characterization of a high activity form of ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase from Escherichia coli, J. Biol. Chem., 254: 5008–5014 (1979).
C. Manoil, N. Sinha, and B. Alberts, Intracellular DNA-protein complexes from bacteriophage T4-infected cells isolated by a rapid two-step procedure, J. Biol. Chem., 252: 2734–2741 (1977).
J. D. Manwaring and J. A. Fuchs, Relationship between deoxy-ribonucleoside triphosphate pools and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in nrdA mutant of Escherichia coli, J. Bact., 138: 245–248 (1979).
C. K. Mathews, T. W. North, and G. P. V. Reddy, Multienzyme complexes in DNA precursor biosynthesis, Adv. Enzyme Regul., 17: 133–156 (1979).
M. Matthes, D. T. Denhardt, The mechanism of replication of ϕX174 DNA XVI. Evidence that the ϕX174 viral strand is synthesized discontinuously, J. Mol. Biol., 136: 45–63 (1980).
D. McCarthy, C. Minner, H. Bernstein, and C. Bernstein, DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild-type phage T4 and a DNA-delay amber mutant, J. Mol. Biol., 106: 963–981 (1976).
R. J. Melamede and S. S. Wallace, The effect of exogenous deoxyribonucleosides on thymidine incorporation in T4-infected cells, FEBS Let., 87: 12–15 (1978).
R. J. Melamede and S. S. Wallace, The effect of exogenous deoxyribonucleosides on thymidine incorporation in T4-infected cells, FEBS Let., 87:12–15 (1978).
R. J. Melamede and S. S. Wallace, Properties of the nonlethal recombinational repair deficient mutants of bacteriophage T4 III. DNA replicative intermediates and T4w, Mol. Gen. Genet., 177: 501–509 (1980).
R. J. Melamede and S. S. Wallace, Phenotypic differences among the alleles of the T4 recombination defective mutants, Mol. Gen. Genet., 179: 327–330 (1980).
R. J. Melamede and S. S. Wallace, Incorporation of thymine-containing DNA precursors in wild-type and mutant T4-infected plasmolyzed cells, Mol. Gen. Genet., 191: 382–388 (1983).
R. J. Melamede and S. S. Wallace, Incorporation of thymine-containing DNA precursors in plasmolyzed cells infected by the T4 non-lethal recombination defective mutants, Mol. Gen. Genet., 191: 389–392 (1983).
T. Minagawa, A. Murakami, Y. Ryo, and W. Yamagishi, Structural features of very fast sedimenting DNA formed by gene 49 defective T4, J. Mol. Biol., 126: 183–193 (1983).
ribonucleotides at the 5T termini of some DNA molecules isolated from Escherixhi J-Mol. Biol., 116: 681–707 (1977).
Nakayama and P. Hanawalt, Sedimentation analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid from thymine starved Escherichia coli, J. Bact., 121: 537–547 (1975).
J. Neuhard and E. Thomasen, Turnover of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in Escherichia coli 15T during thymine starvation, Eur. J. Biochem., 20: 36–43 (1971).
G. Nicolis and J. Prigogine, Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems. From Dissipative Structures to Order through Fluctuations, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1977).
H. Noguchi, G. P. V. Reddy, and A. B. Pardee, Rapid incorporation of label from ribonucleotide diphosphates into DNA by a cell-free high molecular weight fraction from animal cell nuclei, Cell, 32: 443–451 (1983).
T. Ogawa and T. Okazaki, Discontinuous DNA replication, Ann. Rev. Biochem., 49: 421–457 (1980).
R. Okazaki, T. Okazaki, K. Sakabe, K. Sugimoto, R. Kainuma, A. Sugino, and N. Iwatsuki, In vivo mechanisms of DNA chain growth, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 33: 129–143 (1968).
R. Okazaki, K. Sugimoto, T. Okazaki, Y. Imae, and A. Sugino, Mechanism of DNA chain growth III. Equal annealing of T4 nascent short DNA chains with the separated complementary strands of the phage DNA, Nature, 228: 223–226 (1970).
R. Okazaki, M. Arisnwa, and A. Sugino, Slow joining of newly replicated DNA chains in DNA polymerase I deficient Escherichia coli mutants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 68: 2954–2957 (1971).
B. M. Olivera and F. Bonhoeffer, Discontinuous DNA replication in vitro: I two distinct size classes of intermediates, Nature New Biol., 240: 233–235 (1972).
B. M. Olivera, DNA intermediates at the Escherichia coli replication fork: Effect of dUTP, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75: 238–242 (1978).
A. R. Peterson, J. R. Landolph, H. Peterson, and C. Heidelberger, Mutagenesis of Chinese hamster cells is facilitated by thymidine and deoxycytidine, Nature, 276: 508–510 (1978).
E. M. Phizicky and J. W. Roberts, Induction of SOS functions: Regulation of proteolytic activity of E. coli recA protein by interaction with DNA and nucleoside triphosphate, Cell, 25: 259–267 (1981).
I. Prigogine, From Being to Becoming, Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Franscisco (1980).
K. H. Pritchard and K. G. Lark, Induction of replication by thymine starvation at the chromosome origin in Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol., 9: 288–307 (1964).
M. Radman, Phenomenology of an inducible mutagenic DNA repair pathway in Escherichia coli: SOS repair hypothesis, in: “Molecular and Environmental Aspects of Mutagenesis” ( L. Prakash, F. Sherman, M. Miller, C. Lawrence, and H. W. Tabor, eds.), Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, Illinois (1974).
M. Raggenbass and L. Caro, Intermediates of chromosomal DNA replication in Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol., 159: 273–301 (1982).
W. E. Razzel and P. Casshyap, Substrate specificity and induction of thymidine phosphorylase in Escherichia coli, J. Biol. Chem., 239: 1789–1793 (1964).
G. P. V. Reddy, A. Singh, M. E. Stafford, C. K. Mathews, Enzyme associations in T4 phage DNA precursor synthesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74: 3152–3156 (1977).
G. P. V. Reddy and C. K. Mathews, Functional compartmentation of DNA precursors in T4 phage-infected bacteria, J. Biol. Chem., 253: 346–3467 (1978).
G. P. V. Reddy and A. B. Pardee, Multienzyme complex for metabolic channeling in mammalian DNA replication, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 77: 3312–3316 (1980).
G. P. V. Reddy and A. B. Pardee, Coupled ribonucleoside diphosphate reduction, channeling and incorporation into DNA of mammalian cells, J. Biol. Chem., 257: 12526–12531 (1982).
C. W. Roberts and P. L. Moreau, A brief consideration of the SOS inducing signal, Biochemie, 64: 805–807 (1982).
E. Schandl, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides from pulse labeled bacterial cells, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 262: 420–430 (1972).
D. W. Siegmann and R. Werner, Origin and characterization of short DNA chains in Escherichia coli, Eur. J. Biochem., 120; 497–509 (1981).
D. W. Siegmann and R. Werner, Novel structure at 5’-ends of nascent DNA chains, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 73: 3438–3442 (1976).
O. Smithies, The control of globin and other eukaryotic genes, J. Cell. Physiol. Suppl. 1: 137–143 (1982).
M. F. Stafford, G. P. V. Reddy, C. K. Mathews, Further studies on bacteriophage T4 DNA synthesis in sucrose-plasmolyzed cells, J. Virol., 23: 53–60 (1977).
R. Sternglanz, H. F. Wang, and J. D. Donegan, Evidence that both growing DNA chains at a replication fork are synthesized discontinuously, Biochem., 15: 1838–1843 (1976).
F. Tamanoi and T. Okazaki, Uracil incorporation into nascent DNA of thymine-requiring mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75: 2195–2199 (1978).
P. K. Tomich, C. S. Chiu, M. G. Wovcha, and G. R. Greenberg, Evidence for a complex regulating the in vivo activities of early enzymes induced by bacteriophage T4, J. Biol. Chem., 249: 7613–7632 (1974).
G.-K. Tye, P.-O. Nyman, I. R. Lehman, S. Hochhauser, and B. Weiss, Transient accumulation of Okazaki fragments as a result of uracil incorporation into nascent DNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74: 154–157 (1977).
M. S. Valenzuela and R. B. Inman, Direction of bacteriophage DNA replication in a thymine requiring Escherichia coli K-12 strain. Effect of thymidine concentration, Nucleic Acids Res., 9: 6975–6984 (1981).
M. S. Valenzuela and R. B. Inman, Multiply branched replica-tive intermediates in E. coli and bacteriophage A, Mol. Gen. Genet., 184: 450–456 (1981).
H. F. Wang and R. Sternglanz, Thymine-labeled deoxyoligonu-cleotide involved in DNA chain growth in Bacillus subtilis, Nature, 248 147–150 (1974).
R. Werner, Mechanism of DNA replication, Nature, 230: 570–572 (1971).
R. Werner, Nature of DNA precursors, Nature New Biol., 233: 99–103 (1971).
E. M. Witkin, Ultraviolet mutagenesis and inducible DNA repair in Escherichia coli, Bacteriol. Rev., 40: 869–907 (1976).
E. M. Witkin, From Gainsville to Toulouse: the evolution of a model, Biochemie, 64: 549–555 (1982).
O. Wirak and G. R. Greenberg, Role of bacteriophage T4 DNA-delay gene products in deoxyribonucleotide synthesis, J. Biol. Chem., 255: 1896–1904 (1980).
M. G. Wovcha, C.-S. Chiu, P. K. Tomich, and G. R. Greenberg, Replicative bacteriophage DNA synthesis in plasmolyzed T4-infected cells: evidence for two independent pathways to DNA, J. Virol., 20: 142–156 (1976).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Melamede, R.J., Wallace, S.S. (1985). A Possible Secondary Role for Thymine-Containing DNA Precursors. In: de Serres, F.J. (eds) Genetic Consequences of Nucleotide Pool Imbalance. Basic Life Sciences, vol 31. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2449-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2449-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9488-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2449-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive