Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Methods in Behavioral Teratology

  • Chapter
Handbook of Behavioral Teratology

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to facilitate the reader’s understanding of commonly used experimental designs and behavioral test procedures, and to enhance his or her ability to design experiments and to interpret behavioral test results within the context of behavioral teratology studies. A “primer” approach has been taken because it is assumed that this book may serve as an introduction to the area of behavioral teratology for many of its readers. The information that follows is targeted at new investigators whose academic backgrounds are in disciplines other than experimental psychology, but it is hoped that the material will serve as a useful reference source for all readers. Much of the information will be “second nature” for the experienced investigator, but hopefully, it will be valuable for individuals embarking on careers in this area. The major topics to be covered are (a) general experimental design: considerations for increasing the sensitivity of the experiment; (b) guidelines for the selection of methods; (c) a glossary of test methods; and (d) the interpretation of results.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, J., Buelke-Sam, J., Kimmel, C. A., Nelson, C. J., Reiter, L. W., Sobotka, T. J., Tilson, H. A., & Nelson, B. K. Collaborative behavioral teratology study: Protocol design and testing procedures. Neu- robehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 1985, 7, 579 – 586.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altman, J., & Sudarshan, K. Postnatal development of locomotion in the laboratory rat. Animal Behavior, 1975, 23, 896 – 920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman, J., Sudarshan, K., Das, G. D., McCormick, N., & Barnes, D. The influence of nutrition on neural and behavioral develooment: III. Development of some motor, particularly locomotor patterns during infancy. Developmental Psychobiology, 1971, 4, 97 – 102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altman, J., Brunner, R. L., Bulert, F. G., & Sudarshan, K. The development of behavior in normal and braindamaged infant rats, studied with homing as motivation. In A. Vernadakis & N. Weiner (Eds.), Drugs and the developing brain. New York: Plenum Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, S. M., & Sullivan, F. M. Behavioral teratology. In C. L. Berry & D. E. Poswillo (Eds.), Teratology: Trends and applications. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, S. M., & Sullivan, F. M. Development of screening programs. Presented by F. M. Sullivan at the Toxicology Forum Annual Session, July 24-28, 1978, Given Institute, Aspen, Colorado, 338 – 344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, S. M., Knight, A. F., & Sullivan, F. M. Delay in postnatal growth and development of offspring produced by maternal restraint stress during pregnancy in the rat. Teratology, 1978, 18, 211 – 218.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, S. M., Knight, A. F., & Sullivan, F. M. Prevention by diazepam of adverse effects of maternal restraint stress on postnatal development and learning in the rat. Teratology, 1979, 19, 105 – 110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartoshuk, A. K. Motivation. In J. W. Kling & L. A. Riggs (Eds.), Woodworth and Schlosberg’s experimental psychology: Vol. 2, Learning, motivation, and memory. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. W., Drucker, R. R., & Woodruff, A. B. The effects of prenatal injections of adrenalin chloride and d- amphetamine sulfate on subsequent emotionality and ulcer proneness of offspring. Psychonomic Science, 1965, 2, 269 – 270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biel, W. C. Early age differences in maze performance in the albino rat. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1940, 56, 439 – 453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boissier, J. R., & Simon, P. Dissociation de deux composantes dans le compartement de investigation de la souris. Archives of International Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, 1964, 147, 372 – 387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolles, R. C., & Woods, P. S. The ontogeny of behavior in the albino rat. Animal Behavior, 1965, 13, 234– 241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, N. W., & DiGiusto, E. L. Prenatal alcohol consumption and open field behavior in rats: Effects of age at time of testing. Psychopharmacology, 1977, 52, 311 – 312.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Branchey, L., & Friedhoff, A.J. Biochemical and behavioral changes in rats exposed to ethanol in utero. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1976, 273, 328 – 330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C. C. (Ed.). Childhood learning disabilities and prenatal risk. Los Angeles: Johnson & Johnson, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. S., Meryman, J. W., Marzocco, F. N. Sound-induced startle response as a function of time since shock. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1956, 49, 190 – 194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buelke-Sam, J., & Kimmel, C. A. Development and standardization of screening methods for behavioral teratology. Teratology, 1979, 20, 17 – 29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buelke-Sam, J., Kimmel, C. A., Adams, J., Miller, D. R., & Nelson, C. J. Behavioral assessment of rats treated prenatally with low doses of d-amphetamine: II. Activity and pharmacological challenge testing. Teratology, 1982, 25, 30A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buelke-Sam, J., Kimmel, C. A., Adams, J., Nelson, C. J., Vorhees, C. V., Wright, D. C., St. Omer, V., Korol, B. A., Butcher, R. E., Geyer, M. A., Holson, J. F., Kutscher, C. L., & Wayner, M. J. Collaborative behavioral teratology study: Results. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 1985, 7, 591 – 624.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, R. E., & Vorhees, C. V. A preliminary test battery for the investigation of the behavioral teratology of selected psychotropic drugs. Neurobehavioral Toxicology, 1979, 1, (Suppl. 1), 207 – 212.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, R. E., & Vorhees, C. V. Behavioral testing in rodents given food additives. In L. D. Steginle & L. J. Filer, Jr. (Eds.), Aspartame: Physiology and biochemistry. New York: Marcell Dekker, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, R. E., Wooten, V., & Vorhees, C. V. Standards in behavioral teratology testing. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 1980, 1, 49 – 61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caul, W. F., Osborne, G. L., Fernandez, K., & Henderson, G. I. Open field and avoidance performance of rats as a function of prenatal ethanol treatment. Addictive Behavior, 1979, 4(4), 311–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, C. V., Gorman, D., & Vernadakis, A. Effects of prenatal administration of psychotropic drugs on behavior of developing rats. Developmental Psychobiology, 1970, 3, 225 – 235.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle, I., Wayner, M. J., & Singer, G. Behavioral teratogenesis: A critical evaluation. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 1916,4, 191–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Culver, B., & Norton, S. Juvenile hyperactivity in rats after acute exposure to carbon monoxide. Exploratory Neurology, 1976, 50, 80 – 98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damstra, T., & Bondy, S. C. Neurochemical approaches to the detection of neurotoxicity. In C. L. Mitchell (Ed.), Nervous system toxicology. New York: Raven Press, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. Neurochemical modulation of sensory-motor reactivity: Acoustic and tactile startle reflexes. Neuro- science and Biobehavioral Reviews, 1980, 4(2), 241–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis. W., & Lin, C. Prenatal morphine effects on survival and behavior of rat offspring. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, 1972, 3(2), 205–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denenberg, V. H. Open field behavior in the rat: what does it mean? New York Academy of Sciences, 1969, 759 (3), 852 – 859.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dykman, B. M., & Ison, J. R. Temporal integration of acoustic stimulation obtained in reflex inhibition in rats and humans. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1979, 93, 939 – 945.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elhassan, S. B. The many faces of methylmercury poisoning. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology, 1983, 79 (8), 875 – 906.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmazar, M. M. A., & Sullivan, F. M. Effect of prenatal phenytoin administration on postnatal development of the rat: A behavioral teratology study. Teratology, 1981, 24, 115 – 124.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fechter, L. D., & Annau, Z. Toxicity of mild prenatal carbon monoxide exposure. Science, 1977, 197, 680– 682.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fechter, L. D., & Young, J. S. Discrimination of auditory from nonauditory toxicity by reflex modulation audiometry: Effects of triethyltin. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1983, 70, 216 – 227.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feigley, D. A., Parsons, P. J., Hamilton, L. W., & Spear, N. E. Development of habituation to novel environments in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1972, 79, 443 – 452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • File, S. E. Effects of parachlorophenylalanine and amphetamine on habituation of orienting. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 1975, 3, 979 – 983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • File, S. E. Effects of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine on behavioral habituation in the rat. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 1977, 6, 163–168. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • File, S. E. Effects of parachlorophenylalanine and amphetamine on habituation of exploration. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 1977, 6, 151–156. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • File, S. E. Exploration in immature rats: Effects of drugs. Developmental Psychobiology, 1978, 11(5), 405– 412. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • File, S. E. The ontogeny of exploration in the rat: Habituation and effects of handling. Developmental Psycho- biology, 1978, 11(4), 321–328. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • File, S. E., & Wardill, A. G. Validation of head-dipping as a measure of exploration in a modified holeboard. Psychopharmacologia, 1975, 44, 53 – 59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. W. Reflex ontogeny and behavioral development of the mouse. Animal Behavior, 1964, 12, 427 – 441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fried, P. A. Short and long term effects of prenatal cannabis inhalation upon rat offspring. Psychophar- macology, 1976, 50, 285 – 291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gandelman, R., Simon, N. G., & McDermott, N. J. Prenatal exposure to testotesterone and its precursors influences morphology and later behavioral responsiveness to testosterone of female mice. Physiology and Behavior, 1979, 23, 23 – 26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golub, M., & Kornetsky, C. Effects of testing age and fostering experience on seizure susceptibility of rats treated prenatally with chlorpromazine. Developmental Psychobiology, 1975, 8, 519 – 524.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golub, M., & Kornetsky, C. Behavioral consequences of very early developmental exposure to chlorpromazine in rats. In P. Deniker (Ed.), Neuropsychopharmacology. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenman, D. L., Bryant, P., Kodell, R. L., & Sheldon, W. Influence of cage shelf level on retinal atrophy in mice. Laboratory Animal Science, 1982, 32(4), 353–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenman, D. L., Bryant, P., Kodell, R. L., & Sheldon, W. Relationship of mouse body weight and food consumption/wastage to cage shelf level. Laboratory Animal Sciences, 1983, 33(6), 555–558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, E. H., & Pfaff, D. W. Development of olfactory-guided behavior in infant rats. Physiology and Behavior, 1971, 6, 573 – 576.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groves, P. M., & Thompson, R. F. Habituation: A dual process theory. Psychological Reviews, 1970, 77 (5), 419 – 450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilian, D., Snowdon, C. T., & Krom, L. S. A completely automated closed-field maze series for rats. Physiology and Behavior, 1974, 13, 183 – 187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, J. W., & Smith, D. W. The fetal hydantoin syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics, 1975, 87(2), 285–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R. A., & Case, J. Effects of maternal consumption of ethanol, barbital, or chlordiazepoxide on the behavior of the offspring. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 1979, 26, 234 – 247.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D. O., & Williams, J. L. A method of rating animal intelligence. Journal of General Psychology, 1946, 34, 59 – 65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R. M. Anticonvulsant medication. American Journal of the Disabled Child, 1979, 133, 449 – 450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, H. S., & Ison, J. R. Reflex modification in the domain of startle: I. Some empirical findings and their implications for how the nervous system processes sensory imput. Psychological Reviews, 1980, 87, 175– 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, H. S., & Searle, J. L. Acoustic variation in the modification of the startle reaction in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1965, 60, 53 – 58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, W. R., Jr., & Thor, D. H. Caffeine: Effects on the behaviors of juvenile rats. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 1983, 5, 127– 134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J. A., & Sparber, S. B. D-amphetamine unmasks postnatal consequences of exposure to methylmercury in utero: Methods for studying behavioral teratogenesis. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 1978, 8, 365 – 375.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. The goal gradient hypothesis and maze learning. Psychological Reviews, 1932, 39, 25 – 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. Emotional behavior in the rat: I. Defecation and urination as measures of individual differences in emotionality. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1934, 18, 385–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. Temperament: A survey of animal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 1941, 38, 909–946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L.Principles of behavior: An introduction to behavior theory.New York: Appleton, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, D. E., Feraru, E., Gorinson, H. S., & Golden, R. R. Effects of prenatal methadone on the rest- activity cycle of the pre-weanling rat. Neurobehavioral Toxicology, 1979, 7, 33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, D. E., Towey, J. P., Gorinson, H. S., & Hunt, H. F. Methadone during pregnancy: Assessment of behavioral effects in the rat offspring. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1979, 208, 106–112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ison, J. R. Temporal acuity in auditory function in the rat: Reflex inhibition by brief gaps in noise. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1982, 96, 945–954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ison, J. R., & Hammond, G. R. Modification of the startle reflex in the rat by changes in the auditory and visual environments. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1971, 75, 435–452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iversen, S. D., & Iversen, L. L. Behavioral pharmacology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensh, R. P. Behavioral testing procedures: A review. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 1983, 65, 171–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joffe, J. M. Prenatal determinants of behavior. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, E. R., & Schwartz, J. H. Principles of neural science. New York: Elsevier/North-Holland, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellog, C., Tervo, D., Ison, J., Parisi, T., & Miller, R. K. Prenatal exposure to diazepam alters behavioral development in rats. Science, 1980, 207, 205–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, P. H. Drug-induced motor behavior. In L. L. Iversen, S. D. Iversen, & S. H. Snyder (Eds.), Handbook of psychopharmacology, Vol. 8. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keppel, G. Design and analysis: A researcher’s handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel, C. A., & Buelke-Sam, J. Collaborative behavioral teratology study: Background and overview. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 1985, 7, 541–546.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kling, J. W. Learning: Introductory survey. In J. W. Kling & L. A. Riggs (Eds.), Woodworth andSchlosberg’s experimental psychology: Vol. 2, Learning, motivation, and memory. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koek, W., & Slangen, J. L. Habituation of the head-poke response: Effects of an amphetamine-barbiturate mixture, PLG, and fenfluramine. Psychopharmacology, 1981, 72 (3), 251–256.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kosazuma, T., Kobayashi, Y., Shiota, S., Suzuki, M., Inomata, N., & Akahori, A. Summary of the survey on behavioral teratology study in Japanese pharmaceutical industries. Congenital Anomalies, 1982, 22, 111– 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lashley, K. Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lodge, A. Developmental findings with infants born to mothers on methadone maintenance: A preliminary report. In G. Beschner & R. Brotman (Eds.), NIDA Symposium on Comprehensive Health Care for Addicted Families and Their Children. Rockville: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, R. R., Hoffman, H. S., Stitt, C. L., & Schwartz, G. The role of small changes in the acoustic environment in modifying the startle reflex. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavioral Processes, 1975, 1, 235–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, R. R., Hoffman, H. S., & Stitt, C. L. Reflex inhibition audiometry: A new objective technique. Acta Oto-Laryngology, 1978, 85, 336–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munn, N. L. Handbook of psychological research on the rat. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, S., Culver, B., & Mullenix, P. Measurement of the effects of drugs on activity of permanent groups of rats. Psychopharmacological Communications, 1975, 1, 131–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, S., Mullenix, P., & Culver, B. Comparison of the structure of hyperactive behavior after brain damage from X-irradiation, carbon monoxide, and pallidal lesions. Brain Research, 1976, 116, 49 –67.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Callaghan, J. P., & Holtzman, S. G. Prenatal administration of levorphanol or dextrorphan to the rat: Analgesic effect of morphine in the offspring. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1977, 200, 255–262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olofsson, M., Buckley, W., Anderson, G. E., & Friis-Hansen, B. Investigation of 89 children born by drug- dependent mothers: I. Neonatal course. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavia, 1983, 72, 403–406. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Olofsson, M., Buckley, W., Anderson, G. E., & Friis-Hansen, B. Investigation of 89 children born by drug- dependent mothers: II. Follow-up 1-10 years after birth. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavia, 1983, 72, 407– 410. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Olton, D. Spatial memory. Scientific American, 1977, 236, 82–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olton, D. S., & Samuelson, R. J. Remembrance of places past: Spatial memory in rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavioral Processes, 1976, 2, 97–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parisi, T., & Ison, J. R. Development of the acoustic startle response in the rat: Ontogenetic changes in the magnitude of inhibition by prepulse stimulation. Developmental Psychobiology, 1979, 72 (3), 219–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinckney, L. A. Inhibition of the startle reflex in the rat by prior tactile stimulation. Animal Learning and Behavior, 1976, 4(4), 467–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinovitch, M. S., & Rosvold, H. E. A closed-field intelligence test for rats. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1951, 5, 122–128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rafales, L. S., Greenland, R. D., Zenick, H., Goldsmith, M., & Michaelson, I. A. Responsiveness to d- amphetamine in lead-exposed rats as measured by steady-state levels of catecholamines and locomotor activity. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 1981, 3(3), 363–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, L. A., & Ison, J. R. Inhibition of the human eyeblink reflex: An evaluation of the Wendt-Yerkes method for threshold detection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1977, 3, 325–336.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, L. A., Goetzinger, C. P., & Press, S. E. Reflex modulation: A hearing test for the difficult-to-test. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 1981, 24, 262–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, L. W. Chemical exposures and animal activity: Utility of the figure 8 maze. Proceedings of the International Congress of Toxicology, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, L. W., & McPhail, R. C. Motor activity: A survey of methods with potential use in toxicity testing. Neurobehavioral Toxicology, 1979, /(Suppl. 1 ), 53–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, L. W., Anderson, G., Lackey, J., & Cahill, D. Developmental and behavioral changes in the rat during chronic exposure to lead. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1975, 12, 119–123.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, L. W., Kidd, K., Heavner, G., & Ruppert, P. Behavioral toxicity of acute and subacute exposure to triethyltin in the rat. Neurotoxicology, 1981, 2, 97–112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, E. P., Shapiro, H. R., & Lochry, E. A. Nose-poking and head-dipping behaviors in rats prenatally exposed to alcohol. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 1979, 11, 513–519.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, T. W. A critique of the methods available for the measurement of spontaneous motor activity. In L. L. Iversen, S. D. Iversen, & S. H. Snyder (Eds.), Handbook of psychopharmacology, Vol. 7. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodier, P. M. Behavioral teratology. In J. G. Wilson & F. C. Fraser (Eds.), Handbook of teratology, Vol. 4. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudy, J. W., & Cheatle, M. D. Ontogeny of associative learning: Acquisition of odor aversions by neonatal rats. In N. A. Spear & B. A. Campbell (Eds.), Ontogeny of learning and memory. Hillsdale, NJ: 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruppert, P. H., Walsh, T. J., Reiter, L. W., & Dyer, R. S. Trimethyltin-induced hypoactivity: Time course and pattern. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 1982, 4(2), 135–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruppert, P. H., Dean, K. F., & Reiter, L. W. Developmental and behavioral toxicity following acute postnatal exposure of rat pups to trimethyltin. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 1983, 5 (4), 421 - 429.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russo, J. M. Sensation in the rat and mouse: Evaluation by reflex modification. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1980, 41, 392B.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salas, M., Schapiro, S., & Guzman-Flores, C. Development of olfactory bulb discrimination between maternal and food odors. Physiology and Behavior, 1970, 5, 1261–1265.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schapiro, S., Salas, M., & Vukovich, K. Hormonal effects on the ontogeny of swimming ability in the rat: Assessment of central nervous system development. Science, 1970, 193, 146–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaywitz, S. E., Cohen, D. J., & Shaywitz, B. A. Behavioral and learning difficulties in children of normal intelligence born to alcoholic mothers. Journal of Pediatrics, 1980, 96, 978–982.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sidman, M. Avoidance conditioning with brief shock and no exteroceptive warning signal. Science, 1953, 118, 157–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sidman, M. Drug-behavior interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1956, 65, 282–302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. What is the experimental analysis of behavior? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1966, 9, 213–218.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. Beyond freedom and dignity. New York: Knopf, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobrian, S. K. Prenatal morphine alters behavioral development in the rat. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 1977, 7, 285–288.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sokolov, Y. N. Perception and the conditioned reflex. New York: Pergamon Press, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stitt, C. L., Hoffman, H. S., & Marsh, R. Modification of the rat’s startle reaction by termination of antecedent acoustic signals. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1973, 84, 207–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stitt, C. L., Hoffman, H. S., Marsh, R., & Boskoff, K. J. Modification of the rat’s startle reaction by an antecedent change in the acoustic environment. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1974, 86(5), 826–836.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. P., Herman, C. S., & Smith, D. W. Intelligence, behavior, and dysmorphogenesis in the fetal alcohol syndrome: A report on 20 patients. Journal of Pediatrics, 1978, 92, 363–367.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. P., Landesmann-Dwyer, S., Martin, J. C., & Smith, D. W. Teratogenic effects of alcohol in humans and laboratory animals. Science, 1980, 209, 353–361.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, T., Eto, N., & Eto, K. Neuropathology of childhood cases of methylmercury poisoning with prolonged symptoms, with particular reference to the decortication syndrome. Neurotoxicology, 1979, 1, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapp, J. T., Zimmerman, R. S., & Di Encarnacao, P. S. Intercorrelation analysis of some common measures of rat activity. Psychological Reports, 1968, 23, 1047 - 1050.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike, E. L. Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychological Reviews, 1898, Monograph Supplement 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike, E. L. Animal Intelligence. New York: Macmillan, 1911.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike, E. L. Reward and punishment in animal learning. Comparative Psychology Monographs, 1932, 8(39).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilney, F., & Kubie, L. S. Behavior in its relation to the development of the brain. Bulletin of the Neurological Institute of New York, 1931, 7, 229–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobach, E. (Ed.). Experimental approaches to the study of emotional behavior. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1969, 759(3), 621–1121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, E. C. Purposive behavior in animals and man. New York: Appleton, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, E. C. Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Reviews, 1948, 55, 189–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorhees, C. V. Fetal anticonvulsant syndrome in rats: Dose and period-response relationships of prenatal diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione, and phenobarbital exposure on the structural and functional development of the offspring. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1983, 227 (2), 274–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorhees, C. V. Fetal anticonvulsant syndrome in rats: Effects on postnatal behavior and brain amino acid content. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorhees, C. V., Brunner, R. L., & Butcher, R. E. Psychotropic drugs as behavioral teratogens. Science, 1979, 205, 1220–1225.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vorhees, C. V., Butcher, R. E., Brunner, R. L., & Sobotka, T. J. A developmental test battery for neurobehavioral toxicity in rats: A preliminary analysis using monosodium glutamate, calcium carrageenan, and hydroxyurea. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1979, 50, 267–282.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vorhees, C. V., Butcher, R. E., Wooten, V., & Brunner, R. L. Behavioral and reproductive effects of chronic developmental exposure to brominated vegetable oil in rats. Teratology, 1983, 28, 309–318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vorhees, C. V., Butcher, R. E., Brunner, R. L., & Wooten, V. Developmental toxicity and psychotoxicity of sodium nitrite in rats. Food Chemical Toxicology, 1984, 22 (1), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, R. N., & Cummins, R. A. The open field test: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 1976, 83, 482– 504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. G. Critique of current methods for teratogenicity testing in animals and suggestions for their improvement. In T. H. Shepard, J. R. Miller, & M. Marois (Eds.), Methods for the detection of environmental agents that produce congenital defects. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, J. S., & Fechter, L. D. Reflex inhibition procedures for animal audiometry: A technique for assessing ototoxicity. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1983 , 73(5), 1686–1693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zenick, H. A review of the developmental models employed in behavioral toxicology. In H. Zenick & L. W. Reiter (Eds.), Behavioral toxicology: An emerging discipline, Vol. 2. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuropsychology Research Laboratory, Children’s Hospital Research Center, San Diego, California, 92123, USA

    Jane Adams

Authors
  1. Jane Adams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA

    Edward P. Riley

  2. Institute for Developmental Research, Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Charles V. Vorhees

  3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Charles V. Vorhees

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Adams, J. (1986). Methods in Behavioral Teratology. In: Riley, E.P., Vorhees, C.V. (eds) Handbook of Behavioral Teratology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2189-7_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2189-7_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9288-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2189-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation