Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Psychopharmacological Agents in the Treatment of Brain Injury

  • Chapter
Neuropsychological Treatment After Brain Injury

Part of the book series: Foundations of Neuropsychology ((FNPS,volume 1))

Abstract

Behavioral disturbances in patients who have sustained brain injury are multiply determined events that relate to the patients’ neurological status and their intrinsic adaptational responses, as well as to extrinsic environmental factors. One key intervention with these individuals has been the use of psychotropic agents, which exert their therapeutic effects through alteration of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS). At the same time, studies of patients who have not sustained head injuries are providing evidence that links alterations in neurotransmitters to affective disorders, psychosis, aggression, irritability, and memory functioning. Although these behavioral changes may represent a final common pathway in terms of heterogeneous causes, psychotropic agents may help correct these changes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Deutschman, C.S. and Haines, S.J. (1985). Anticonvulsant prophylaxis in neurological surgery. Neurosurgery 17, 510–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Rivinus, T.M. (1982). Psychiatric effects of anticonvulsant regimens. J. Clin. Psychophar-macol. 2, 165–192.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pellock, J.M. (1986). The role of anti-seizure medications on cognitive function. In Abstracts of the Proceedings, 10th Annual Medical College of Virginia Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Head-Injured Child and Adult, Williamsburg, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Thompson, P.J. and Trimble, M.R. (1982). Anticonvulsant drugs and cognitive functions. Epilepsia 23, 531–544.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. McAllister, T.W. (1985). Carbamazepine in mixed frontal lobe and psychiatric disorders. J. Clin. Psychiatry 46, 393–394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Stewart, J.T. (1985). Carbamazepine treatment of a patient with Kluver-Bucy syndrome. J. Clin. Psychiatry 46, 496–497.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Parmelee, D.X. and O’Shanick, G.J. (1988). Carbamazepine-lithium toxicity in braindamaged adolescents. Brain Injury 2 (4), 305–308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Dalby, M.A. (1975). Behavioral effects of carbamazepine. Adv. Neurol. 11, 331–344.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Remschmidt, H. (1976). The psychotropic effect of carbamazepine in nonepileptic patients, with particular reference to problems posed by clinical studies in children with behavioral disorders. In Epileptic Seizures—Behavior—Pain, Birkmayer, W. ed., Hans Huber, Berne, pp. 235–258.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Schain, R.J., Ward, J.W. and Guthrie, D. (1977). Carbamazepine as an anticonvulsant in children. Neurology 27, 476–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Schmidt, D. (1982). Adverse Effects of Antiepileptics, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Thompson, G.N. (1977). Post-traumatic psychoneurosis: Evaluation of drug therapy. Dis. Nerv. Sys. 38, 617–619.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Tyler, G.S., McNeely, H.E. and Dick, M.L. (1980). Treatment of post-traumatic headache with amitriptyline. Headache 20, 213–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jackson, R.D., Corrigan, J.D. and Arnett, J. A. (1985). Amitriptyline for agitation in head injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 66, 180–181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Simpson, D.M. and Foster, D. (1986). Improvement in organically disturbed behavior with trazodone treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry 47, 191–193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Marshall, J.R. (1975). The treatment of night terrors associated with the posttraumatic syndrome. Am. J. Psychiatry 132, 293–295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Falcon, S., Ryan, C., Chamberlain, K. and Curtis, G. (1985). Tricyclics: Possible treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 46, 385–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Gastfriend, D.R., Biederman, J. and Jellinek, M.S. (1984). Desipramine in the treatment of adolescents with attention deficit disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 141, 906–908.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Parmelee, D.X. and O’Shanick, G.J. (1987). Neuropsychiatrie interventions with head injured children and adolescents. Brain Injury 1, 41–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Popper, C.W. (1985). Child and adolescent psychopharmacology. In Psychiatry, Cavenar, J.O., ed., J.B. Lippincott and Co., Philadelphia, pp. 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Axelrod, J. (1978). Central catecholamine neurotransmitters and psychoactive drugs. In Neurotransmission and Disturbed Behavior, Praag, H.M. van and Bruinvels, J., eds., SP Medical and Scientific Books, New York, pp. 6–18.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Richelson, E. and Nelson, A. (1984). Antagonism by antidepressants of neurotransmitter receptors of normal human brain in vitro. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 230, 94–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Moskowitz, H. and Burns, M.M. (1986). Cognitive performance in geriatric subjects after acute treatment with antidepressants. Neuropsychobiology 15, 38–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Burns, M., Moskowitz, H. and Jaffe, J. (1986). A comparison of the effects of trazodone and amitriptyline on skills performance by geriatric subjects. J. Clin. Psychiatry 47, 252–254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Dorn, J.M. (1986). A case of phenytoin toxicity possibly precipitated by trazodone. J. Clin. Psychiatry 47, 89–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ameer, B. and Greenblatt, D.J. (1981). Lorazepam: A review of its clinical pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses. Drugs 21, 161–200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Saklad, S.R., Ereshefsky, L., Jann, M.W., Ward, M.E., Richards, A.L. and Birkhimer, L.J. (1985). Usefulness of Injectable and Oral Lorazepam in Psychotic and Developmentally Disabled Patients, Psychiatric Pharmacy Program, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Mac, D.S., Kumar, R. and Goodwin, D.W. (1985). Anterograde amnesia with oral lorazepam. In New Research; Scientific Proceedings of the 138th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. APA, Washington, DC, p. 49.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Scharf, M.B., Hirschowitz, J., Woods, M. and Scharf, S. (1985). Lack of amnesic effects of clorazepate on geriatric recall. J. Clin. Psychiatry 46, 518–520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wolkowitz, O.M., Weingartner, H. and Hommer, D.W. (1985). Specificity of benzodiazepine disruption of memory. In New Research: Scientific Proceedings of the 138th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. APA, Washington, DC, p. 48.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Healey, M., Pickens, R., Meisch, R. and McKenna, T. (1983). Effects of clorazepate, diazepam, lorazepam, and placebo on human memory. J. Clin. Psychiatry 44, 436–439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rickeis, K. and Downing, R.W. (1974). Chlordiazepoxide and hostility in anxious outpatients. Am J. Psychiatry 131, 442–444.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Barron, J. and Sandman, C.A. (1985). Paradoxical excitement to sedative-hypnotics in mentally retarded clients. Am. J. Ment. Defic 90, 124–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kochansky, G.E., Salzman, C., Shader, R.I., Harmatz, J.S. and Ogletree, A.M. (1977). Effects of chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam administration on verbal hostility. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 34, 1457–1459.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hall, R.C.W. and Zisook, S. (1981). Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 11, 99S–104S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Rosenbaum, J.F., Woods, S.W., Groves, J.E. and Klerman, G.L. (1984). Emergence of hostility during alprazolam treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry 141, 792–793.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Zisook, S. and DeVaul, R.A. (1977). Adverse behavioral effects of benzodiazepines. J. Fam. Pract. 5, 963–966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lader, M. and Higgitt, A. (1986). Management of withdrawal from benzodiazepines. Int. Drug Ther. Newslett. 21, 21–23.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Elliott, F. A. (1977). Propranolol for the control of belligerent behavior following acute brain damage. Ann. Neurol. 1, 489–491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Schreier, H.A. (1979). Use of propranolol in the treatment of postencephalitic psychosis. Am. J. Psychiatry 136, 840–841.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Yudofsky, S.C., Williams, D. and Gorman, J. (1981). Propranolol in the treatment of rage and violent behavior in patients with chronic brain syndrome. Am. J. Psychiatry 138, 218–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Williams, D.T., Mehl, R., Yudofsky, S., Adams, D. and Roseman, B. (1982). The effect of propranolol on uncontrolled rage outbursts in children and adolescents with organic brain dysfunction. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 21, 129–135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Petrie, W.M. and Ban, T.A. (1981). Propranolol in organic agitation. Lancet 1, 324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Yudofsky, S.C, Stevens, L., Silver, J., Barasa, J. and Williams, D. (1984). Propranolol in the treatment of rage and violent behavior associated with Korsakoff’s psychosis. Am. J. Psychiatry 141, 114–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Elliott, F.A. (1976). The neurology of explosive rage. Practitioner 217, 51–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Brown, G.L., Ebert, M.H., Goyer, P.F., Jimerson, D.C., Klein, W.J., Bunney, W.E. and Goodwin, F.K. (1982). Aggression, suicide, and serotonin relationships to CSF amine metabolites. Am. J. Psychiatry 139, 741–746.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Silver, J.M. and Yudofsky, S. 1985. Propranolol for aggression: Literature review and clinical guidelines. Int. Drug Ther. Newslett. 20, 9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Griffin, S.J. and Friedman, M.J. (1986). Depressive symptoms in propranolol users. J. Clin. Psychiatry 47, 453–457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Childs, A. (1986). Calcium channel blockers in psychiatry. In Physicians Executive Network, Health Care International Press, Austin, TX, pp. 10–12.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Cooper, J., Bloom, F.E. and Roth, R.H. (1982). Cellular foundations of neuropharmacology: Transmitter secretion. In The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology, Cooper, J.R., Bloom, F.E. and Roth, R.H., eds., Oxford Press, New York, pp. 33–35.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hayes, R.L., Pechura, C.M., Katayama, Y., Povlishock, J.T., Giebel, M.L. and Becker, D.P. (1984). Activation of pontine cholinergic site implicated in unconsciousness following cerebral concussion in the cat. Science 223, 301–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hayes, R.L., Stonnington, H.H., Lyeth, B.G., Dixon, CE. and Yamamoto, T. (1986). Metabolic and neurophysiologic sequelae of brain injury: A cholinergic hypothesis. Cent. Nerv. Sys. Trauma 3, 163–173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Childs, A. (1986). Scopolamine effects in vestibular defensiveness. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 67, 554–556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Coyle, J.T., Price, D.L. and DeLong, M.R. (1983). Alzheimer’s disease: A disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science 219, 1184–1190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Brinkman, S.D., Pomara, N., Goodnick, P.J., Barnett, N. and Domino, E.F. (1982). A dose-ranging study of lecithin in the treatment of primary degenerative dementia (Alzheimer disease). J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2, 281–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Jenike, M.A., Albert, M.S., Heller, H., LoCastro, S. and Gunther, J. (1986). Combination therapy with lecithin and ergoloid mesylates for Alzheimer’s disease. J. Clin. Psychiatry 47, 249–251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Goldberg, E., Gerstman, J.L., Mattis, S., Hughes, J.E., Bilder, R.M. and Sino, C.A. (1982). Effects of cholinergic treatment on posttraumatic anterograde amnesia. Arch. Neurol. 39, 581.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Katz, I.R., Greenberg, W.H., Barr, G. A., Garbarino, C., Buckley, P. and Smith, D. (1985). Screening for cognitive toxicity of anticholinergic drugs. J. Clin. Psychiatry 46, 323–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Snyder, S.H., Greenberg, D. and Yamamura, H.I. (1974). Antischizophrenic drugs and brain cholinergic receptors. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 31, 58–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Tune, L.E., Strauss, M.E., Lew, M.F., Breitlinger, E. and Coyle, J.T. (1982). Serum levels of anticholinergic drugs and impaired recent memory in chronic schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 139, 1460–1462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Peroutka, S.J. and Snyder, S.H. (1980). Relationship of neuroleptic drug effects and brain dopamine, serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors to clinical potency. Am. J. Psychiatry 137, 1518–1522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Tune, L.L., Damlouji, N.F., Holland, A., Gardner, T.J., Folstein, M.F. and Coyle, J.T. (1981). Association of post-operative delirium with raised serum level of anticholinergic drugs. Lancet 2, 651–653.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. O’Shanick, G.J. (1988). Psychotropic management of behavioral disorders after head trauma. Psychiatr. Med. 6, 67–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Haas, J.F. and Cope, N. (1985). Neuropharmacologic management of behavior sequelae in head injury: A case report. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 66, 472–474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Gergersen, A.B. and Hagen, S. (1983). Sekundaer mani efter cerebralt träume. Ugeskr Laeger 145, 3361.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Kline, N.A. (1979). Reversal of post-traumatic amnesia with lithium. Psychosomatics 20, 363–364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Preskorn, S.H., Irwin, G.H., Simpson, S., Friesen, D., Rinne, J. and Jerkovich, G. (1981). Medical therapies for mood disorders alter the blood-brain barrier. Science 213, 469–471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Goodnick, P.J., Fieve, R.R., and Dunner, D.. (1981). Factors in time-course of lithium response: Pharmacokinetics and CSF parameter changes. Abstract, Third World Congress of Biological Psychiatry, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Engel, J. and Berggren, V. (1980). Effects of lithium on behavior and central monoamines. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 280(Suppl.), 133–143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Flekmenbaum, A. (1977). Lithium inhibition of norepinephrine and dopamine receptors. Biol. Psychiatry 12, 563–572.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Schildkraut, J.J. (1973). Pharmacology—the effects of lithium on biogenic amines. In Lithium: Its Role in Psychiatric Research and Treatment, Gershon, S. and Shopsin, B. eds., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 51–73.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Greenspan, K., Schildkraut, J.J., Gordon, E.K., Baer, L., Aronoff, M.S. and Durell, J. (1970). Catecholamine metabolism in affective disorders. 3. MHPG and other catecholamine metabolites patients treated with lithium carbonate. J. Psychiatr. Res. 7, 171–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Rosenblatt, J.E., Pert, C.B., Tallman, J.R., Pert, A. and Bunney, W.E. (1979). The effect of imipramine and lithium on alpha- and beta-receptor binding in rat brain, Brain Res. 160, 186–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Rosenblatt, J.E. (1981). Neurobiologie mechanisms of lithium action. Scientific Proceedings of the 134th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. APA, Washington, DC, p. 160.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Tagliamonte, A., Tagliamonte, P., Perez-Cruet, J., Stern, S. and Gessa, G.L. (1979). Effect of psychotropic drugs on tryptophan concentration in the rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 177, 475–480.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Perez-Cruet, J., Tagliamonte, A. and Tagliamonte, P. (1981). Stimulation of serotonin synthesis by lithium. J.Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 178, 325–330.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Ho, A.K., Loh, H.H. and Craves, F. (1970). The effect of prolonged lithium treatment on the synthesis rate and turnover of monoamines in brain regions of rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 10, 72–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Greenberg, A.S. and Coleman, M. (1976). Depressed 5-hydroxyindole levels associated with hyperactive and aggressive behavior. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 33, 331–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Schou, M., Baastrup, P.C. and Grof, P. (1970). Pharmacological and clinical problems of lithium prophylaxis. Br. J. Psychiatry 116, 616–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Jefferson, J.W., Greist, J.H. and Baudhuin, M. (1981). Lithium: Interactions with other drugs. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1, 124:134.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Jefferson, J.W. and Greist, J.H. (1978). Lithium intoxication. Psychiatr. Ann. 8, 47–56.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Adams, F. (1984). Intravenous haloperidol-lorazepam therapy for delirium. Int. Drug Ther. Newslett. 19, 33–35.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Steele, E., Lucas, M.J. and Tune, L. (1986). Haloperidol versus thioridazine in the treatment of behavioral symptoms in senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: Preliminary findings. J. Clin. Psychiatry 46, 410–312.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Feeney, D.M., Gonzales, A. and Law, W.A. (1982). Amphetamine, haloperidol, and experience interact to affect rate of recovery after motor cortex injury. Science 217, 855–857.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Rao, N., Jellinek, H.M. and Woolston, D.C. (1985). Agitation in closed head injury: Haloperidol effects on rehabilitation outcome. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 66, 30–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Richelson, E. (1985). Pharmacology of neuroleptics in use in the United States. J. Clin. Psychiatry 46, 8–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Nasrallah, H.A., Dunner, F.J., McCalley-Whitters, M. and Smith, R.E. (1986). Pharmacologic probes of neurotransmitter systems in tardive dyskinesia: implications for clinical management. J. Clin. Psychiatry 47, 56–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Remick, R.A. and Fine, S.H. (1979). Antipsychotic drugs and seizures. J. Clin. Psychiatry 40, 78–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Levenson, J.L. (1985). Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am. J. Psychiatry 142, 1137–1145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Fewtrell, W.D., House, A.O., Jamie, P.F., Oates, M.R. and Cooper, J.E. (1982). Effects of vasopressin on memory and new learning in a brain-injured population. Psychol. Med. 12, 423–425.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Abuzzahab, F.C., Will, J.C. and Zimmerman, R.L. (1982). Effects of single dose ACTH 4–10 versus placebo on the memory of symptomatic geriatric volunteers. Brief Reports 2, 65–69.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Bugiani, O. and Gatti, R. (1979). l-dopa in children with progressive neurological disorders. Ann. Neurol. 7, 93 (letter).

    Google Scholar 

  93. Zis, A. P., Bibiger, H.C. and Phillips, A.G. (1974). Reversal by l-dopa of impaired learning due to destruction of the dopaminergic nigro-neostriatal projection. Science 185, 960–962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. van Woerkom, T.C.A.M., Minderhoud, J.M., Gottschal, T. and Nicolai, G. (1982). Neurotransmitters in the treatment of patients with severe head injuries. Eur. Neurol. 21, 227–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Growdon, J.H., Cohen, E.L. and Wurtman, R.J. (1977). Treatment of brain disease with dietary precursors of neurotransmitters. Ann. Int. Med. 86, 337–339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Freund, H., Yoshimura, N., Lunetta, L. and Fischer, J.E. (1978). The role of the branched-chain amino acids in decreasing muscle catabolism in vivo. Surgery 83, 611–618.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Yellin, A.M., Hopwood, J.H. and Greenberg, L.M. (1982). Adults and adolescents with attention deficit disorder: Clinical and behavioral responses to psychostimulants. Brief Reports 2, 133–136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Garfinkel, B.D. (1986). Recent developments in attention deficit disorder. Psychiatr. Ann. 16, 11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Klee, S.H., Garfinkel, B.D. and Beauchesne, H. 1986. Attention deficits in adults. Psychiatr. Ann. 16, 52–56.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Woods, S.W., Tesar, G.E., Murray, G.B. and Cassem, N.H. (1986). Psychostimulant treatment of depressive disorders secondary to medical illness. J. Clin. Psychiatry 47, 12–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ayd, F.J. (1985). Psychostimulant therapy for depressed medically ill patients. Psychiatr. Ann. 15, 462–465.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Mattes, J. A. (1985). Methylphenidate in mild depression: A double-blind controlled trial. J. Clin. Psychiatry 46, 255–257.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Stimulants for depression? (1986). MGH Biol. Ther. Psychiatry 9, 17–18.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Lipper, S. and Tuchman, M.M. (1976). Treatment of chronic post-traumatic organic brain syndrome with dextroamphetamine: First reported case. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 162, 366–371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Weinstein, G.S. and Wells, C.E. (1981). Case studies in neuropsychiatry: Post-traumatic psychiatrie dysfunction—diagnosis and treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry 43, 120–122.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Brown, G., Chadwick, O., Shaffer, D., Rutter, M. and Traub, M. (1981). A prospective study of children with head injuries: III. Psychiatric sequelae. Psychol. Med. 2, 63–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Angrist, B.M. (1978). Toxic manifestations of amphetamine. Psychiatr. Ann. 8, 13–18.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Peterson, L.G. and O’Shanick, G.J., eds. (1986). Psychiatric Aspects of Trauma. Vol. 16. Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine, Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  109. O’Shanick, G.J. (1986, Summer). Approaching the behaviorally disordered head injury patient: A holistic assessment. Trends Rehabil., 10–12.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Gregory J. O’Shanick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dean X. Parmelee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Mediplex Rehab-Camden, Camden, NJ, USA

    David W. Ellis

  2. Center for Rehabilitation of Brain Damage, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

    Anne-Lise Christensen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

O’Shanick, G.J., Parmelee, D.X. (1989). Psychopharmacological Agents in the Treatment of Brain Injury. In: Ellis, D.W., Christensen, AL. (eds) Neuropsychological Treatment After Brain Injury. Foundations of Neuropsychology, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1581-0_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1581-0_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8876-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1581-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation