Abstract
Virtually all theoretical models or approaches to human behavior have dealt with children’s fears, phobias, or anxieties. Independent of theoretical orientation, fear is generally regarded as a basic human emotion that leads individuals to take protective action and that results in cognitive, behavioral, or physiological responses. All children experience fears that do not interfere with their daily functioning. In fact, these fears are typically viewed as an intregal part of normal development across most major theories of child development (Jersild, 1968; Jersild & Holmes, 1935; Morris & Kratochwill, 1983; Smith, 1979).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achenbach, T. M. (1974). Developmental psychopathology. New York: Ronald Press.
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1978). The classification of child psychopathology: A review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1275–1301.
Adler, A. (1964a). Problems of neurosis. New York: Harper & Row.
Adler, A. (1964b). Problems of neurosis: A book of case histories. New York: Harper & Row.
Algozzine, R. (1981). Biophysical perspective of emotional disturbance. In R. Algozzine, R. Schmidt, & C. D. Mercer (Eds.), Childhood behavior disorders: Applied research and educational practice (pp. 83–112). Rockville, MD: Aspen.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-III). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statisical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., revised). Washington, DC: Author.
Andreasen, N. C. (1984). The broken brain. New York: Harper & Row.
Ansbacher, H. L., & Adler, A. (1980). In H. I. Kaplan, A. M. Freedman, & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry/III (Vol. 1). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Baideme, S. M., & Kern, R. M. (1979). The use of Adlerian family therapy in a case of school phobia. Journal of Individual Psychology, 35, 58–69.
Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Bandura, A. (1977a). Self—efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
Bandura, A. (1977b). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1978). Reflections on self—efficacy. In H. J. Eysenck & S. Rachman (Eds.), Advances in behavior research and therapy (Vol. 1), (pp. 139–161). New York: Pergamon Press.
Bandura, A., & Rosenthal, T. (1966). Vicarious classical conditioning as a function of arousal level. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 54–62.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Barrios, B. A., Hartmann, D. P., & Shigetomi, C. (1981). Fears and anxieties in children. In E. J. Mash & L. G. Terdal (Eds.), Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders (pp. 259–304). New York: Guilford Press.
Berecz, J. M. (1968). Phobias of childhood: Etiology and treatment. Psychological Bulletin, 74, 694–720.
Berney, T., Kolvin, I., Bhate, S. R., Garside, R. F., Jeans, J., Kay, S., & Scarth, L. (1981). School phobia: A therapeutic trial with clomipramine and short-term outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 110–118.
Bernstein, D. A., Borkovec, T. D., & Coles, M. G. H. (1986). Assessment of anxiety. In A. R. Ciminero, K. S. Calhoun, & H. E. Adams (Eds.), Handbook of behavioral assessment (2nd ed.) (pp. 367–428). New York: Wiley.
Bijou, S. W., & Baer, D. M. (1978). Behavior analysis of child development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss (Vol. 2). New York: Basic Books.
Carlson, C. L., Figueroa, R. G., & Lahey, B. B. (1986). In R. Gittelman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders of childhood (pp. 203–232). New York: Guilford Press.
Carr, A. T. (1979). The psychopathology of fear. In W. Sluckin (Ed.), Fear in animals and man (pp. 199–235). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Clark, M. A. (1979). An exploratory investigation of the interaction of internal-external locus of control and therapy type with snake—avoidant preschool children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University.
Costello, C. G. (1970). Dissimilarities between conditioned avoidance responses and phobias. Psychological Review, 77, 250–254.
Delprato, D. J. (1980). Hereditary determinants of fears and phobias: A critical review Behavior Therapy, 11, 805–814.
de Silva, P., Rachman, S., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1977). Prepared phobias and obsessions: Therapeutic outcome. Behavior Research and Therapy, 5, 65–77.
Dinkmeyer, D. C., Pew, W. L., & Dinkmeyer, D. C., Jr. (1979). Adlerian counseling and psychotherapy. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Dreikurs, R. (1948). The challenge of parenthood. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce.
Dreikurs, R. (1967). The individual psychological approach. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of child psychoanalysis: Research, theory and practice (p. 15). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Dreikurs, R. (1971). Social equality: The challenge of today. Chicago: Henry Regnery.
Dreikurs, R., & Grey, L. (1968). Logical consequences: A new approach to discipline. New York: Hawthorne Books.
Dreikurs, R., & Soltz, V. (1964). Children: The challenge. New York: Hawthorn Books.
Eckstein, D., Baruth, L., & Mahrer, D. (1978). Life style: What it is and how to do it. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
Elmhirst, S. I. (1984). A psychoanalytic approach to anxiety in childhood. In U. P. Varma (Ed.), Anxiety in children (pp. 1–14). London: Croom Helm.
Freud, A. (1936). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. New York: International Universities Press.
Freud, A. (1945). Indications for child analysis. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1, 127–149.
Freud, A. (1965). Normality and pathology in childhood. New York: International Universities Press.
Freud, A. (1974). The writings of Anna Freud, 1,1922–1935: Introduction to psychoanalysis: Letters for child analysts and teachers. New York: International Universities Press.
Freud, A. (1981). Foreward to ‘Analysis of a phobia in a five—year—old boy’. The writings of Anna Freud (Vol. 3), 1970–1980. New York: International Universities Press.
Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The complete works of Sigmund Freud (Vols. 4, 5). London: Hogarth.
Freud, S. (1905). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In J. Strahey (Ed.), The complete works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 7). London: Hogarth.
Freud, S. (1909). The analysis of a phobia in a five—year—old boy. Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 10). London: Hogarth Press, 1963.
Gittleman, R. (Ed.) (1986). Anxiety disorders in children. New York: Guilford.
Gittleman, R., & Koplewicz, H. S. (1986). Pharmacotherapy of childhood anxiety disorders. In R. Gittleman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders of childhood (pp. 188–203). New York: Guilford Press.
Gittleman-Klein, R. (1975). Pharmacotherapy and management of pathological separation anxiety. International Journal of Mental Health, 4, 255–271.
Gittleman-Klein, R. (1978). Psychopharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and Tourette’s disorder in children. In M. A. Lipton, A. DiMascio, & K. F. Killam (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress (pp. 1471–1480). New York: Raven Press.
Gittleman-Klein, R., & Klein, D. F. (1973). School phobia: Diagnostic considerations in the light of imipramine effects. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 256, 199–215.
Gray, J. (1971). The psychology of fear and stress. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Graziano, A. M., & Mooney, K. C. (1984). Children and behavior therapy. New York: Aldine.
Graziano, A. M., De Giovanni, I. S., & Garcia, K. A. (1979). Behavioral treatments of children’s fears: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 804–830.
Harris, B. (1979). Whatever happened to little Albert? American Psychologist, 34, 151–160.
Hugdahl, K., Fredrikson, M., & Ohman, A. (1977). “Preparedness” and “arousability” as determinants of electrodermal conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 345–353.
Hull, C. (1943). Principles of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Jersild, A. T. (1968). Child psychology (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Jersild, A. T., & Holmes, F. B. (1935). Children’s fears. Child Development Monographs, No. 20.
Johnson, J. H., Rasbury, W. C., & Siegel, L. J. (1986). Approaches to child treatment: Introduction to theory, research, and practice. New York: Pergamon Press.
Kanfer, F. H., Karoly, P., & Newman, A. (1975). Reduction of children’s fear of the dark by confidence related and situational threat-related verbal cues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43. 251–258.
Kantor, J. R. (1966). Feelings and emotions as scientific events. Psychological Record, 16, 377–404.
Kantor, J. R., & Smith, N. W. (1975). The science of psychology: An interbehavioral survey. Chicago: Principia Press.
Kellerman, J. (1981). Helping the fearful child. New York: Norton.
Kern, R. M. (1976). Life Style Inventory Questionnaire. Georgia State University (mimeo).
Klein, D. F., Gittleman, R., Quitkin, F., & Rifkin, A. (1980). Diagnosis and drug treatment of psychiatric disorders: Adults and children. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Klein, M. (1955). The psychoanalytic play technique. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 25, 232–237.
Leitenberg, H., & Callahan, E. J. (1973). Reinforced practice and reductions of different kinds of fears in adults and children. Behavior Research and Therapy, 11, 19–30.
Lewis, M. (1986). Principles of intensive individual psychoanalytic psychotherapy with children. In R. Gittelman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in childhood (pp. 233–255). New York: Guilford Press.
McNally, R. J., & Reiss, S. (1982). The preparedness theory of phobias and human safety—signal conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 20, 153–159.
Marks, I. M. (1969). Fears and phobias. New York: Academic Press.
Mathews, A. M., Gelder, M. G., & Johnston, D. W. (1981). Agoraphobia: Nature and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
Mavissakalian, M., & Barlow, D. H. (1981a). An overview. In M. Mavissakalian & D. H. Barlow (Eds.), Phobia: Psychological and pharmacological treatment (pp. 1–33). New York: Guilford Press.
Mavissakalian, M., & Barlow, D. H. (Eds.) (1981b). Phobia: Psychological and pharmacological treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
Meichenbaum, D., & Genest, M. (1980). Cognitive behavior modification: An integration of cognitive and behavioral methods. In F. H. Kanfer & A. P. Goldstein (Eds.), Helping people change (2nd ed., pp. 390–422). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.
Melamed, B., & Siegel, L. (1975). Reduction of anxiety in children facing hospitalization and surgery by use of filmed modeling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 511–521.
Miller, L. C. (1983). Fears and anxiety in children. In C. E. Walker & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Handbook of clinical child psychology (pp. 337–380). New York: Wiley.
Miller, L. C., Barrett, C. L., & Hampe, E. (1974). Phobias of childhood in a prescientific era. In A. Davids (Ed.), Child personality and psychopathology: Current topics. New York: Wiley.
Morris, R. J. (1985). Behavior modification with exceptional children: Principles and practices. Glen view, IL: Scott-Foresman.
Morris, R. J., & Kratochwill, T. R. (Eds.). (1983). Treating children’s fears and phobias: A behavioral approach. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.
Morris, R. J., & Kratochwill, T. R. (Eds.). (1984). The practice of child therapy. New York: Pergamon Press.
Mosak, H. H. (1979). Adlerian psychotherapy. In R. J. Corsini (Ed.), Current psychotherapies Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock.
Mosak, H. H., Schneider, S., & Mosak, L. E. (1980). Life style: A workbook. Chicago: Alfred Adler Institute of Chicago.
Mowrer, O. H. (1939). A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent. Psychological Review, 46, 553–565.
Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning theory and behavior. New York: Wiley.
O’Connor, K. O., Lee, A. C., & Schaefer, C. E. (1983). Psychoanalytic psychotherapy with children. In M. Hersen, A. E. Kasdin, & A. S. Bellack (Eds.), The clinical psychology handbook (pp. 543–564). New York: Pergamon Press.
Ohman, A., Erixon, G., & Lofberg, I. (1975a). Phobias and preparedness: Phobic versus neutral pictures as conditioned stimuli for human autonomic responses. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 41–45.
Ohman, A., Eriksson, A., & Olofsoon, C. (1975b). One-trial learning and superior resistance to extinction of autonomic responses conditioned to potentially phobic stimuli. Journal of Comperative and Physiological Psychology, 88, 619–627.
Ollendick, T. H. (1979). Behavioral treatment of anorexia nervosa: A five year study. Behavior Modification, 3, 124–135.
Ollendick, T. H., & Cerny, J. A. (1984). Clinical behavior therapy with children. New York: Plenum Press.
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes (trans., G. V. Anrep). London: Oxford University Press.
Quay, H. C. (1979). Classification. In H. C. Quay & J. S. Werry (Eds.), Psychopathological disorders of childhood (2nd ed., pp. 1–42). New York: Wiley.
Rachman, S. (1976). The passing of the two—stage theory of fear and avoidance: Fresh possibilities. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14, 125–134.
Rachman, S. (1977). The conditioning theory of fear—acquisition: A critical examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 375–387.
Rachman, S. (1978). Fear and courage. San Francisco: Freeman.
Ramirez, S. Z., Kratochwill, T. R., & Morris, R. J. (1987). Cognitive behavioral treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. In L. Michelson & M. Asher (Eds.), Cognitive—behavioral assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders (pp. 149–175). New York: Guilford Press.
Russell, P. A. (1979). Fear evoking stimuli. In W. Sluckin (Ed.), Fear in animals and man (pp. 86–124). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Salzen, E. A. (1979). The ontogeny of fear in animals. In W. Sluckin (Ed.), Fear in animals and man (pp. 125–163). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Scharfman, M. (1978). Psychoanalytic treatment. In B. Wolman, J. Egan, & A. Ross (Eds.), Handbook of treatment of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence (pp. 47–69). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1970). On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Review, 77, 406–418.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1971). Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy, 2, 307–320.
Seligman, M., & Johnston, J. (1973). A cognitive theory of avoidance learning. In J. McGuigan & B. Lumsden (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to conditioning and learning (pp. 69–110). New York: Wiley.
Shaffer, D. (1986). Learning theories of anxiety. In R. Gittelman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders of childhood (pp. 157–167). New York: Guilford Press.
Shields, J. (1978). Genetic factors in neurosis. In H. M. van Pragg (Ed.), Research in neurosis (pp. 155–170). New York: SP Medical & Scientific Books.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Croft.
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan.
Sluckin, W. (Ed.). (1979). Fear in animals and man. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Smith, P. K. (1979). The ontogency of fear in children. In W. Sluckin (Ed.), Fear in animals and man (pp. 164–198). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B., & Mayer, R. G. (1977). Applying behavior—analysis proceedings with children and youth. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1–14.
Wiener, J. (1985). Diagnosis and psychopharmacology of childhood and adolescent disorders. New York: Wiley.
Wilson, G. T., & O’Leary, K. D. (1980). Principles of behavior therapy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Wolpe, J. (1958). Reciprocal inhibition therapy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Wolpe, J. (1964). The comparative clinical status of conditioning therapies and psychoanalysis. In J. Wolpe, A. Salter, & L. J. Reyna (Eds.), The conditioning therapies (pp. 5–20). New York: Holt.
Yule, W. (1981). The epidemiology of child psychopathology. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1–51). New York: Plenum Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kratochwill, T.R., Accardi, A., Morris, R.J. (1988). Anxiety and Phobias. In: Matson, J.L. (eds) Handbook of Treatment Approaches in Childhood Psychopathology. Applied Clinical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0983-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0983-3_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8277-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0983-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive