Skip to main content

Food additives

  • Chapter
  • 518 Accesses

Part of the book series: Ellis Horwood Series in Food Science and Technology ((EHSFST))

Abstract

Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) has been used widely over the past 20 years in the quantitative analysis of many classes of food additives. These have included preservatives, antioxidants, emulsifiers and artificial flavourings, as well as a number of additives in wine. In recent years, however, other techniques have gained more favour in the determination of food additives, particularly high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This is probably due to the fact that additives are often, by their very nature, non-volatile compounds; artificial colours are a good example of this. Nevertheless, gas chromatographic techniques for the analysis of additives remain important. There are laboratories which do not always have access to the equipment to use other techniques, and the use of complementary techniques to verify results, or overcome problems arising from using other methods, is often necessary.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bajardi, M. L., Giannola, L. I. & Giammona, G. (1982) Determinazione di conservati fenolici e loro derivati mediante GC-MS, Riv. Soc. Ital. Sci. Aliment., 11, 105–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, D. & Davis, E. G. (1983) A GC method for the determination of sulphur dioxide in food headspaces., J. Chrom. Sci., 21, 205–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, A. & Sarre, C. (1978) Dosage de l’acide benzoique dans les sodas et autres produits alimentaires liquides par chromatographie en phase gazeuse, Ann. Fats. Exp. Chien., 71, 35–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Boley, N. P. & Cohen, I. C. (1983) Evaluation of methods for the determination of active flavouring principles, (Internal Report).

    Google Scholar 

  • Buxtorf, U. P., Brïschweiler, H. & Martin, E. (1982) Identifizierung von emulgatoren mittels gaschromatographie, Z Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 175, 25–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ciudad, C. (1975) Determinaciôn de conservadores en alimentos medoiante cromatografia gas liquida. Agricultura Tecnica (Chile), 35, 209–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conacher, H. B. S., Chadha, R. K. & Iyengar, J. R. (1973) Determination of sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate in soft drinks by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of isobutyric and acetic acid components as decyl esters. JAOAC, 56, 1264–1266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conacher, H. B. S. and Page, B. D. (1979). Derivative formation in the chromato-graphic analysis of food additives. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 17, 188–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe (1974) Natural Flavouring Substances, their Sources, and added artificial flavouring substances, Maisonneuve, Sainte-Ruffine, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daenens, P. & Laruelle, L. (1973) Column chromatographic clean-up and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of hydroxybenzoic esters in food. JA OA C, 56, 1515–1517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. L. & Munroe, K. A. (1977) Determination of biphenyl by gas and liquid chromatography J. Agric. Food. Chem., 25, 426–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dilli, S. & Robards, K. (1977) Comparative gas chromatographic behaviour and detection limits of 2,6-di-tert butyl-4-methylphenol, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) and the trifluoroacetate of BHA. J. Chromatogr., 133, 363–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, R. H., Martin, G. E. & Butts, B. B. (1975) Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) in May wine. JAOAC, 58, 140–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, R. H., Martin, G. E. & Buscemi, P. C. (1976) Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of beta-asarone in wines and flavours. JAOAC, 59, 675–677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, R. H. & Martin, G. E. (1976) Collaborative study of the gas-liquid chromatographic determination of coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) in May wine. JAOAC, 59, 780–782.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, R. H. (1977) Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of beta-asarone in wine: collaborative study. JAOAC, 60, 1041–1043. Emulsifiers and Stabilisers in Food Regulations (1980), HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogden, E., Fryer, M. & Urry, S. (1974) The detection and determination of some food preservatives by gas chromatography. J. Assoc. Publ. Analysts, 12, 93–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galensa, R. & Schäfers, F. I. (1982) Hochleistungflüssigkeits-and kapillargaschromatographische bestimmung von phenolischen antioxidanten in lebensmitteln mit komplexer matrix. Deutsche Lebensmitteln-Rundschau, 78, 258–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosselé, J. A. W. (1971) Gas chromatographic determination of preservatives in foods. J. Chromatogr., 63, 429–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graveland, A. (1972) Gas chromatographic determination of propionic, sorbic and benzoic acids in rye bread and margarine. JAOAC, 55, 1024–1026.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunner, S. W., Hand, B. & Sahasrabudhe, A. (1968) Determination of maltol and ethyl maltol in apple juice by gas-liquid chromatography. JAOAC, 51, 959–962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hild, J. & Gertz, C. (1980) Möglichkeiten der analytischen erfassung von konservierungsstoffen in lebensmitteln. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 170, 100–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hori, Y., Chonan, T. & Nishizawama, M. (1986) Rapid determination of diethylene glycol in wine by gas chromatography using alumina column clean-up. J. Food Hygienic Society of Japan, 27, 187–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1987) Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th Edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, p 123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isshiki, K., Tsumura, S. & Watanabe, T. (1980a) Determination of diphenyl, ophenylphenol and thiabendazole in citrus fruits. Nippon Nôgeikagaku Kaishi, 54, 1045–1050.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isshiki, K., Tsumura, S. & Watanabe, T. (1980b) Determination of preservatives butylhydroxyanisole and dibutylhydroxytoluene. Agric. Biol. Chem., 44, 1601–1607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwaida, M., Ito, Y., Toyoda, M. & Suzuki, H. (1977) Detection and determination of p-hydroxybenzoates in cold-pressed wheat germ oil. Bulletin of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences Eisei Shikenjo Hokuku, 95, 54–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jedrych, Z. Karlowski, K. (1979) Determination of BHA and BHT in certain food products by GC. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny, 30, 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joe, F. L., Kline, D. A., Miletta, E. M., Roach, J. A. G., Roseboro, E. L. & Fazio, T. (1977) Determination of urethane in wines by gas-liquid chromatography and its confirmation by mass spectrometry. JAOAC, 60, 509–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kajiwara, N., Kawai, H. & Hosogai, Y. (1981) Determination of propylene glycol in commercial foods by gas chromatography. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi, 28, 471–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, D. A., Joe, F. L. & Fazio, T. (1978) A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic method for the multi-determination of antioxidants in fats, oils and dried food products. JAOAC, 61, 514–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larry, D. (1971) Gas chromatographic determination of safrole and related compounds in nonalcoholic beverages: collaborative study. JAOAC, 54, 903–905.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larry, D. (1973) Gas chromatographic determination of beta-asarone, a component of oil of calamus, in flavours and beverages. JAOAC, 56, 1281–1283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larry, D., Fuller, M. J. & Harrill, P. G. (1970) Quantitation of ammonium glycyrrhizate by gas-liquid chromatography of the 4 silyl ether ester derivative of the aglycone. JAOAC, 53, 698–700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, B. K., (1983) Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in foods: NMKL Collaborative study. JAOAC, 66, 775–780.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, B. K. & Fuchs, G. (1974) Quantitative determination of benzoic acid, sorbic acid and esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in food products by gas-liquid chromatography. Swedish J. Agric. Res., 4, 109–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. Y., Acree, T. E. & Butts, R. M. (1975) Determination of methyl alcohol in wine by gas chromatography. Anal. Chem., 47, 747–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liddle, P. A. P. & de Smedt, P. (1976) Détection et dosage de quatre composés limites par diverse législations dans les boissons alcooliques. Ann. Fals. Exp. Chim., 69, 857–864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lord, E., Bunton, N. G. & Crosby, N. T. (1978) The determination of biphenyl and 2-hydroxybiphenyl in citrus fruits. J. Assoc. Public Analysts, 16, 25–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundquist, G. & Meloan, C. E. (1971) Determination of polysorbates in food products by reaction gas chromatography. Anal. Chem., 43, 1122–1123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mergenthaler, E. & Scherz, H. (1976) Beträge zur Analytik von als lebensmittelzusatzstoffe verwendten polysacchariden. Z. Lebensin. Unters. Forsch., 162, 159–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neale, M. E. & Ridlington, J. (1978) A rapid GLC method for the determination of benzoic acid in soft drinks and similar products. J. Assoc. Public Analysts, 16, 135–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nose, N., Koboyashi, S., Tanaka, A., Hirose, A. & Watanabe, A. (1977) Determination of thiabendazole by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography after reaction with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride. J. Chromatogr., 130, 410–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, T., Fuji, R., Tanaka, K., Morita, I., Ono, K., Harada, T. & Sakaguchi, H. (1986) Gas chromatographic determination of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether in ice-cream. J. Food Hygienic Society of Japan, 27, 656–661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Page, B. D. & Kennedy, B. C. P. (1976) Rapid determination of butylated hydroxyanisole, tert-butylhydroquinone and propyl gallate in edible oils by electron capture gas chromatography. JAOAC, 59, 1208–1212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfannhauser, W., Eberhardt, R. & Woidich, H. (1982) Aroma analysis in food chemistry by GC/MS techniques: determination of natural and artificial coconut flavour. Mikrochimica Acta (Wien), I, 159–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Player, R. B. & Wood, R. (1980) Methods of analysis — Collaborative studies, Part III: determination of biphenyl and 2-hydroxybiphenyl in citrus fruits. J. Assoc. Public Analysts, 18, 109–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riva, M., Daghetta, A. & Galli, M. (1981) Analisi gascromatografica ad alta risoluzione dei mono e dei digliceridi con colona capillare persilanizzata associata al sistema di introdzione diretta in colonna. La Rivista Italiana della Sostanza Grasse, 58, 432–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ro,-H. S. (1972) Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of sorbic acid, dehydroacetic acid, benzoic acid, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol., 4, 24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ro, C. B. (1979) Gas—liquid chromatographic determination of preservatives Report of NIH, Korea, 16, 425–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rottsahl, H. & Jessen, T. (1987) Gaschromatographische bestimmung von methanol in wein mit der headspace-technik. Deutsche Lebensm-Rundschau, 83, 42–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmolck, W. & Mergenthaler, E. (1973) On the analysis of polysaccharides used as food additives: gas chromatographic identification after methanolysis and trimethylsilylation. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forschung, 152, 263–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stafford, A. E. & Black, D. R. (1978) Analysis of sorbic acid in dried prunes by gas chromatography J. Agric. Food Chem., 26, 1142–1144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takalashi, D. M. (1970) GLC determination of BHA and BHT in breakfast cereals. JAOAC, 53, 39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, A. & Fujimoto, Y. (1976) Gas chromatographic determination of thiabendazole in fruits as its methyl derivative J. Chromatogr., 117, 149–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, A., Nose, N., Suzuki, T., Hirose, A. & Watanabe, A. (1978) Determination of biphenyl and 2-phenylphenol in citrus fruits. Analyst, 103, 851–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toyoda, M., Ogawa, S., Suzuki, T., Ito, Y. & Iwaida, M. (1980) Gas—liquid chromatographic determination of tertiary-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in dried fish, frozen shrimp, vegetable oils, butter and margarine. JAOAC, 63, 1135–1137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuda, T., Nakanishi, H., Kobayashi, S. & Morita, T. (1984) Improved gas chromatographic determination of sorbitan fatty acid esters in confectionery products. JAOAC, 67, 1149–1151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westöö, G. & Andersson, A. (1975) Determination of biphenyl and 2-phenylphenol in citrus fruits by gas—liquid chromatography. Analyst, 100, 173–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, W. S. & Saschenbrecker, P. W. (1977) Nitration of benzene as method for determining nitrites and nitrates in meat and meat products. JAOAC, 60, 1137–1141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunderlich, H. (1972) Collaborative study of a gas—liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diethyl carbonate in wine. JAOAC, 55, 557–558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. L.., Bergmann, R. E. & Powers, J. J. (1970) Correlation between gas-chromatographic patterns and flavour evaluation of chemical mixtures and of cola beverages. Journal of Food Science, 35, 219–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, L. Z., Inoko, M. & Matsuno, T. (1984) A gas chromatographic method for the rapid determination of food additives in vegetable oils. J. Agric. Food Chem., 32, 681–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winell, B. (1976) Quantitative determination of ethoxyquin in apples by gas chromatography. Analyst, 101, 883–886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Ellis Horwood Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Boley, N.P. (1990). Food additives. In: Gordon, M.H. (eds) Principles and Applications of Gas Chromatography in Food Analysis. Ellis Horwood Series in Food Science and Technology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0681-8_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0681-8_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8024-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0681-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics