Abstract
The enthusiasm for the cognitive view of depression is evidenced by the number of major review and commentary papers that have recently appeared (e.g., Blaney, 1986; Coyne, 1982; Coyne & Gotlib, 1983, 1986; Ingram & Reed, 1986; Johnson & Magaro, 1987; Segal & Shaw, 1986a, 1986b), as well as by the perspectives of many of the contributors to this volume. Although the views and conclusions of these authors vary, sometimes substantially, they do chronicle the development and tremendous growth over the last decade of the interest in cognitive mechanisms as they relate to various aspects of depressive functioning.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., & Metalsky, G. I. (1988). The cognitive diathesis-stress theories of depression: Toward an adequate evaluation of the theories’ validities. In L. B. Alloy (Ed.), Cognitive processes in depression. New York: Guilford.
Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358–372.
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49–74.
Alloy, L. B., Hartlage, S., & Abramson, L. Y. (1988). Testing the cognitive diathesis-stress theories of depression: Issues of research design, conceptualization, and assessment. In L. B. Alloy (Ed.), Cognitive processes in depression. New York: Guilford.
Anderson, J. R. (1976). Language, memory, and thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
Anderson, C. A., & Arnoult, L. H. (1985). Attributional style in everyday problems in living: Depression, loneliness, and shyness. Social Cognition, 3, 16–35.
Anderson, C. A., Horowitz, L. M., & French, R. (1983). Attributional style of lonely and depressed people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 127–136.
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Hoeber.
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International University Press.
Beck, A. T. (1983). Cognitive therapy of depression: New perspectives. In P. J. Clayton and J. E. Barnett (Eds.). Treatment of depression: Old controversies and new approaches. New York: Raven Press.
Beck, A. T. (1984). Cognition and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 411, 1112–1114.
Beck, A. T., Brown, G., Steer, R. A., Eidelson, J. I., & Riskind, J. H. (1987). Differentiating anxiety and depression: A test of the cognitive content specificity hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 179–183.
Beck, A. T., & Emery, G. (1985). Anxiety and phobias: A cognitive perspective. Basic Books.
Beck, A. T., Hollon, S. D., Young, J. E., Bedrosian, R. C., & Budenz, D. (1985). Treatment of depression with cognitive therapy and drug therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 142–148.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J., & Christie, J. E. (1981). The efficacy of cognitive therapy in depression: A treatment trial using cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy, each alone and in combination. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 181–189.
Blaney, P. H. (1986). Affect and memory: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 229–296.
Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129–148.
Buss, A. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior. Berlin and New York: Springer-Verlag.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1983). A control theory approach to human behavior and implications for problems in self-management. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy. New York: Academic Press.
Clark, D. A. (1986). Cognitive-affective interaction: A test of the “specificity” and “generality” hypotheses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 607–624.
Clark, D. M., & Teasdale, J. D. (1982). Diurnal variation in clinical depression and accessibility of memories of positive and negative experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 87–95.
Clark, D. M., & Teasdale, J. D. (1985). Constraints on the effect of memory and mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1595–1608.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407–428.
Coyne, J. C. (1982). A critique of cognitions as causal entities with particular reference to depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 3–13.
Coyne, J. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (1983). The role of cognition in depression: A critical appraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 472–505.
Coyne, J. C., & Gotlib, I. (1986). Studying the role of cognition in depression: Well trodden paths and cul-de-sacs. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 695–706.
Craighead, W. E. (1981). Issues resulting from treatment studies. In L. P. Rehm (Ed.), Behavior therapy for depression: Present status and future directions. New York: Academic Press.
DeMonbreun, B. G., & Craighead, W. E. (1977). Distortion of perception and recall of positive and neutral feedback in depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 311–329.
Derry, P. A., & Kuiper, N. A. (1981). Schematic processing and self-reference in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 90. 286–297.
Dobson, K. S., & Breiter, H. J. (1983). Cognitive assessment of depression: Reliability and validity of three measures. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 107–109.
Dobson, K. S., & Shaw, B. F., (1986). Cognitive assessment with major depressive disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 13–30.
Dobson, K. S., & Shaw, B. F. (1987) Specificity and reliability of self-referent encoding in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 96, 34–40.
Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. A. (1972). A theory of objective self-awareness. New York: Academic Press.
Eaves, G., & Rush, A. J. (1984). Cognitive patterns in symptomatic and remitted unipolar major depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 31–40.
Ellis, A., & Grieger, R. (Eds.) (1977). Handbook of rational-emotive therapy. New York: Springer.
Ellis, H. C., & Ashbrook, P. A. (1989). The “state” of mood and memory research: A selective review. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4, 1–21.
Ellis, H. C., & Ashbrook, P. A. (1988). Resource allocation model of the effects of depressed mood states on memory. In K. Fiedler, & J. Forgas (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and social behavior. Toronto: Hogrefe.
Evans, M. D., & Hollon, S. D. (1988). Patterns of personal and causal inference: Implications for the cognitive therapy of depression. In L. B. Alloy (Ed.). Cognitive processes in depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522–527.
Fiske, S. T., & Linville, P. W. (1980). What does the schema concept buy us? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 543–557.
Foa, E. B., & Foa, U. G. (1982). Differentiating depression and anxiety: Is it possible? Is it useful? Psychopharmacology 18, 62–68.
Garber, J., Miller, W. R., & Seaman, S. F. (1979). Learned helplessness, stress, and the depressive disorders. In R. A. Depue, (Ed.), The psychobiology of the depressive disorders: Implications for the effects of stress. New York: Academic Press.
Goldfried, M. R., & Robins, C. (1983). Self-schema, cognitive bias, and the processing of therapeutic experiences. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy. New York: Academic Press.
Gibbons, F. X. (1983). Self-attention and self-report. The “verdicality” hypothesis. Journal of Personality, 54, 517–542.
Gibbons, F. X., Smith, T. W., Ingram, R. E., Pearce, K., Brehm, S. S. & Schroeder, D. J. (1985). Self-awareness and self-confrontation: Effects of self-focused attention on members of a clinical population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 662–675.
Giles, D. E., & Rush, A. J. (1984). Biological and cognitive vulnerability makers to define populations at risk. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Philadelphia.
Gotlib, I. H. (1981). Self-reinforcement and recall: Differential deficits in depressed and nondepressed psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 521–530.
Gotlib, I. H. (1983). Perception and recall of interpersonal feedback: Negative bias in depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 399–412.
Gotlib, I. H. (1984). Depression and general psychopathology in university students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 19–30.
Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1986). Persistent high self-focus after failure and low self-focus after success: The depressive self-focusing style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1039–1044.
Greenberg, M. S., & Beck, A. T. (1989). Depression versus anxiety: A test of the content specificity hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 9–13.
Greenberg, M. S., Vazquez, C. V., & Alloy, L. B. (1988). Depression versus anxiety: Differences in self and other schemata. In L. B. Alloy (Ed.), Cognitive processes in depression. New York: Guilford.
Hamilton, E. W., & Abramson, L. Y. (1983). Cognitive patterns and major depressive disorder: A longitudinal study in a hospital setting. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92 173–184.
Hammen, C. L. (1981). Assessment A clinical and cognitive emphasis. In L. P. Rehm (Ed.). Behavior therapy for depression: Present status and future directions. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Hammen, C. L. (1985). Predicting depression: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.). Advances in cognitive-behavior research and therapy. New York: Academic Press.
Hammen, C. L. (1983). Self-schemas and vulnerability to depression. In L. B. Alloy (Chair), Depression and schemata. Symposium presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA.
Hammen, C. L., Marks, T., deMayo, R., & Mayol, A. (1985). Self-schemas and risk for depression: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1147–1159.
Hammen, C. L., Marks, T., Mayol, A., & deMayo, R. (1985). Depressive self-schemas, life stress, and vulnerability to depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 308–319.
Hammen, C. L., Mayol, A., deMayo, R., & Marks, T. (1986). Initial symptom levels and the life-eventdepression relationship. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 114–122.
Hammen, C. L., Miklowitz, D. J., & Dyck, D. G. (1986). Stability and severity parameters of depressive self-schema responding. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 23–45.
Harrell, T. H., & Ryon, N. B. (1983). Cognitive-behavioral assessment of depression: Clinical validation of the automatic thoughts questionnaire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 721–725.
Harvey, J. H., Ickes, W., & Kidd, R. F. (1981). New directions in attribution research (Vol. 3). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Heimberg, G. G., Vermilyea, J. A., Dodge, C., Becker, R. E., & Barlow, D. H. (1987). Attributional style, depression, and anxiety: An evaluation of the specificity of depressive attributions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 537–550.
Hollon, S. D., & Kendall, P. C. (1980). Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 383–395.
Hollon, S. D., Kendall, P. C., & Lumry, A. (1986). Specificity of depressotypic cognitions in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 52–59.
Hollon, S. D., & Kriss, M. (1984). Cognitive factors in clinical research and practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 4, 35–76.
Hull, J. G., Levenson, R. W., & Young, R. D. (1986). Reassessing the relation between self-consciousness and affective states; heightened self-awareness of affect or heightened affect? Unpublished manuscript, Dartmouth College.
Hull, J. G., & Levy, A. S. (1979). The organizational functions of the self: An alternative to the Duval and Wicklund model of self-awareness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 756–768.
Hull, J. G., & Reilly, N. P. (1986). An information processing approach to alcohol and it’s consequence. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.), Information processing approaches to clinical psychology. Orlando FL: Academic Press.
Hull, J. G., & Young, R. D. (1983). Self-consciousness, self-esteem, and success-failure as determinants of alcohol consumption in male social drinkers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1097–1109.
Ingram, R. E. (1983) Content and process distinctions in depressive self-schemata. In L. B. Alley (Chair). Depression and schemata. Symposium presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA.
Ingram, R. E. (1984). Toward an information processing analysis of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 443–478.
Ingram, R. E. (1986). Information processing approaches to clinical psychology. Orlando: Academic Press.
Ingram, R. E. (1988). Chronic internal attention as a risk factor for emotional distress. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Atlanta.
Ingram, R. E. (1989). Affective confounds in social-cognitive research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 715–722.
Ingram, R. E. (1990). Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin. 107, 156–176.
Ingram, R. E., Cruet, D., Johnson, B., & Wisnicki, K. (1988). Self-focused attention, gender, gender role, and vulnerability to negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 967–978.
Ingram, R. E., & Hollon, S. D. (1986). Cognitive therapy of depression from an information processing perspective. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.), Information processing approaches to clinical psychology. Orlando: Academic Press.
Ingram, R. E., & Kendall, P. C. (1986). Cognitive clinical psychology: Implications of an information processing perspective. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.), Information processing approaches to clinical psychology. Orlando: Academic Press.
Ingram, R. E., & Kendall, P. C. (1987). The cognitive side of anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 523–536.
Ingram, R. E., Kendall, P. C., Smith, T. W., Donnell, C., & Ronan, K. (1987). Cognitive specificity in emotional distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 734–742.
Ingram, R. E., Lumry, A., Cruet, D., & Sieber, W. (1987). Attentional processes in depressive disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 351–360.
Ingram, R. E., & Reed, M. J. (1986). Information encoding and retrieval processes in depression: Findings, issues, and future directions. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.), Information processing approaches to clinical psychology. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Ingram, R. E., & Smith, T. W. (1984). Depression and internal versus external focus of attention. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 139–152.
Ingram, R. E., Smith, T. W., & Brehm, S. S. (1983). Depression and information processing: Self-schemata and the encoding of self-referent information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 412–420.
Johnson, M. H., & Magaro, P. A. (1987). Effects of mood and severity on memory processes in depression and mania. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 28–40.
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds) (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D., Beck, A. T., Hammen, C. L., & Ingram, R. E. (1987). Issues and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 289–299.
Kendall, P. C. & Ingram, R. E. (1987). The future for cognitive assessment of anxiety: Let’s get specific. In L. Michelson & M. Ascher (Eds.). Cognitive-behavioral assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
Kendall, P. C., & Watson, D. (1989). Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Kihlstrom, J. F., & Nasby, W. (1981). Cognitive tasks in clinical assessment. An exercise in applied psychology. In P. C. Kendall and S. D. Hollon (Eds.), Assessment strategies for cognitive-behavioral interventions. New York: Academic Press.
Kovacs, M., & Beck, A. J. (1978). Maladaptive cognitive structures in depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 525–533.
Kuiper, N. A., & Derry, P. A. (1982). Depressed and nondepressed content self-reference in mild depressives. Journal of Personality, 50, 67–80.
Kuiper, N. A., Deny, P. A., & MacDonald, M. R. (1982). Self-reference and person perception in depression. In G. Weary and H. Mirels (Eds.). Integrations of clinical and social psychology. New York: Oxford Press.
Kuiper, N. A., & Olinger, L. J. (1986). Dysfunctional attitudes and a self-worth contingency model of depression. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy. Orlando: Academic Press.
Kuiper, N. A., Olinger, J., & MacDonald, M. R. (1988). Depressive schemata and the processing of personal and social information. In L. B. Alloy (Ed.), Cognitive processes in depression. New York: Guilford.
Kuiper, N. A., Olinger, L. J., MacDonald, M. R. & Shaw, B. F. (1985). Self-schema processing of depressed and nondepressed content The effects of vulnerability to depression. Social Cognition, 3, 77–93.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970) The structure of scientific revolutions. (2nd ed.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lachman, R., Lachman, J. L., & Butterfield, E. C. (1979). Cognitive psychology and information processing: An introduction. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lewinsohn, P. M. (1974). A behavioral approach to depression. In R. M. Friedman & M. M. Katz (Eds.) The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research. New York: Wiley.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Hoberman, H., Teri, L., & Hautzinger, M. (1985). An integrative theory of depression. In S. Reiss and R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy. York: Academic Press.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Mischel, W., Chaplin, W., & Barton, R. (1980). Social competence and depression: The role of illusory self-perceptions? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 203–212.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Steinmetz, J. L., Larson, D. W., & Franklin, J. (1981). Depression related cognitions: Antecedent or consequence? Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 90, 213–219.
Magaro, P. A. (1980). Cognition in schizophrenia and paranoia: The integration of cognitive processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63–78.
Marzillier, J. S. (1980). Cognitive therapy and behavioral practice. Behavior Research and Therapy, 18, 249–258.
Mathews, A. (1989). Cognitive bias in anxiety and depression: Same or different? Paper presented at the World Congress of Cognitive Therapy, Oxford, England.
McDowall, J. (1984). Recall of pleasant and unpleasant words in depressed subjects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 401–407.
Merluzzi, T. V., Rudy, T. E., & Glass, C. R. (1981). The information processing paradigm: Implications for clinical science. In T. V. Merluzzi, Glass, C. R. & Genest, M. (Eds.), Cognitive assessment. New York: Guilford Press.
Miller, W. R. (1975). Psychological deficit in depression. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 238–260.
Nasby, W., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1986). Cognitive assessment of personality and psychopathology. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.), Information processing approaches to clinical psychology. Orlando FL: Academic Press.
Natale, M., & Hantas, M. (1982). Effect of temporary mood states on selective memory about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 927–934.
Neisser, U. (1976). Cognition and reality. San Francisco: Freeman.
Nelson, R. E., & Craighead, W. E. (1977). Selective recall of positive and negative feedback, self-control behaviors, and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 379–388.
Nezu, A. M. Nezu, C. M. & Nezu, V. A. (1986). Depression, general distress, and causal attributions among university students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 184–186.
Norman, D.A. (1981). Categorization of action slips. Psychological Review, 88, 1–15.
Peterson, C., Schwartz, S. M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1981). Self-blame and depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 253–259.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1984). Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence. Psychological Review, 91, 347–364.
Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Bayer, C., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., Seligman, M. E. P. (1982). The attributional style questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 287–300.
Peterson, C., Villanova, P., & Raps, C. S. (1985). Depression and attributions: Factors responsible for inconsistent results in the published literature. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 102–108.
Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (1985). Depression and preference for self-focusing stimuli after success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1066–1075.
Reda, M. A. (1984). Cognitive organization and antidepressants: Attitude modification during amitriptyline treatment in severely depressed patients. In M. A. Reda, & M. J. Mahoney (Eds.), Cognitive Psychotherapies. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Rehm, L. P. (1977). A self-control model of depression. Behavior Therapy, 8, 787–804.
Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N. A., & Kirker, W. S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 677–688.
Roth, M., & Mountjoy, C. Q. (1982). The distinction between anxiety states and depressive disorders. In E. S. Paykel (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorders. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Roth, D., & Rehm, L. P. (1980). Relationships among self-monitoring processes, memory, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 149–157.
Rush, A. J., Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., & Hollon, S. (1977). Comparative efficacy of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressed outpatients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 17–37.
Schwartz, R. M. (1986). The internal dialogue: On the asymmetry between positive and negative coping thoughts. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 591–605.
Schwartz, R. M., & Garamoni, G. L. (1986). A structural model of positive and negative states of mind: Asymmetry in the internal dialogue. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy. Orlando: Academic Press.
Segal, Z. V., & Shaw, B. G. (1986a). Cognition in depression: A reappraisal of Coyne & Gotlib’s critique. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 671–694.
Segal, Z. V., & Shaw, B. F. (1986b). When cul-de-sacs are more mentality than reality: A rejoinder to Coyne & Gotlib. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 707–714.
Seligman, M. E.-P. (1978). Comment and integration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 165–179.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1981). A learned helplessness point of view. In L. P. Rehm (Ed.), Behavior therapy for depression: Current status and future directions. New York: Academic Press.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1974). Depression and learned helplessness. In R. J. Friedman & M. M. Katz (Ed.), The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research. New York: Wiley.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco: Freeman.
Silverman, J. S., Silverman, J. A. & Eardley, D. A. (1984). Do maladaptive cognitions cause depression? Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 28–30.
Simons, A. D., Garfield, S. L., & Murphy, G. E. (1984). The process of change in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy of depression: Changes in mood and cognition. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 45–51.
Simons, A. D., Murphy, E. E., Levine, J. L., & Wetzel, R. D. (1986). Sustained improvement one year after cognitive and/or pharmacotherapy of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 43–48.
Smith, T. W. & Greenberg, J. (1981). Depression and self-focused attention. Motivation and Emotion, 5, 323–331.
Smith, T. W., Ingram, R. E., & Roth, D. C. (1985). Self-focused attention and depression: Self-evaluation, affect, and life stress. Motivation and Emotion, 9, 381–389.
Snyder, M., & White, P. (1982). Moods and memories: Elation, depression, and the remembering of the events of one’s life. Journal of Personality, 50, 149–167.
Sweeney, P. D., Anderson, K., & Bailey, S. (1986). Attributional style in depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 974-??
Taylor, S. E., & Crocker, J. (1981). Schematic bases of social information processing. In E. T. Higgins, P. Hermann & M. P. Zanna (Eds), The Ontario symposium of personality and social psychology (Vol. 1 ). Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.
Teasdnle, J. D. (1983). Negative thinking in depression: Cause, effect, or reciprocal relationship? Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy. 5, 3–25.
Teasdale, J. D. (1985). Psychological treatments for depression: How do they work? Behavior Research and Therapy, 23, 157–165.
Teasdale, J. D. (1988). Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 247–274.
Teasdale, J. D., & Fogarty S. J. (1979). Differential effects of induced mood on retrieval of pleasant and unpleasant events from episodic memory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 248–257.
Teasdale, J. D., & Russell, M. C. (1983). Differential effects of induced mood on the recall of positive, negative, and neutral words. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 163–171.
Teasdale, J. D., Taylor, R., & Fogarty, S. T. (1980). Effects of induced elation-depression on the accessibility of happy and unhappy experiences. Behavior Research and Therapy, 18, 339–346.
Teasdale, J. D., & Taylor, R. (1981). Induced mood and accessibility of memories: An effect of mood state or of mood induction procedure? British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20, 39–48.
Thomdyke, P. W., & Hayes-Roth, B. (1979). The use of schemata in the acquisition and transference of knowledge. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 82–106.
Turk, D. C., & Speers, M.A. (1983). Cognitive schemata and cognitive processes in cognitive behavioral interventions: Going beyond the information given. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.) Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy. New York: Academic Press.
Williams, M. J. G. (1985). The attributional formulation of depression as a diathesis-stress model: Metalsky et. al., reconsidered. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1572–1575.
Winfrey, L. L., & Goldfried, M. R. (1986). Information processing and the human change process. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.) Information processing approaches to clinical psychology. Orlando: Academic Press.
Weingartner, H., Cohen, R. M., Murphy, D. L., Martello, J., Gerdt, C. (1981). Cognitive processes in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 42–47.
Weingartner, H., Kaye, W., Smallberg, S. A., Ebert, M. H., Gillin, J. C., & Sitaram, N. (1981). Memory failures in progressive idiopathic dementia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 187–196.
Weissman, A. A., & Beck, A. T. (1978). Development and validation of the dysfunction attitude scale: A preliminary investigation. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association Annual Convention, Toronto.
Wortman, C., & Dintzer, L. (1978). Is an attributional analysis of the learned helplessness phenomenon viable? A critique of the Abramson-Seligman-Teasdale Reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 75–90.
Zuckerman, M., & Lubin, B. (1965). Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. San Diego CA: Educational and Industrial Testing.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ingram, R.E. (1990). Depressive Cognition: Models, Mechanisms, and Methods. In: Ingram, R.E. (eds) Contemporary Psychological Approaches to Depression. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0649-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0649-8_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7909-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0649-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive