Skip to main content

Abstract

Behavior therapy has traditionally been viewed as a set of therapeutic procedures, derived from basic research on human learning, that analyzes and targets for modification the stimulus variables that cause and maintain maladaptive behaviors. Historically, cognitive processes had little place in orthodox approaches to behavior change. In both a conceptual and procedural sense, however, the increasing recognition of the importance of cognitive variables within behavior change has led to the hybrid known as “cognitive behavior” therapy. Conceptually, for example, most theoretical rationales as to both the change processes effected by behavior therapy procedures as well as the causal agents in dysfunctional behavior now embody significant cognitive elements. Similarly, therapeutic methods designed specifically to impact on cognitive variables are now standard and essential components of virtually every contemporary behavioral approach to treatment. Clearly, cognitive processes and procedures in behavior change represent mainstream behavior therapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, J. R. (1976).Language, memory, and thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. R., &Bower, G. H. (1973).Human associative memory. Washington, DC: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1969).Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart &Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1976).Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., &Emery, G. (1985).Anxiety and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T, Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., &Emery, G. (1979).Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergin, A. E., &Lambert, M. J. (1978). The evaluation of therapeutic outcomes. In S. L. Garfield &A. E. Bergin (Eds.),Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change( 2nd ed., pp. 139 –190 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaney, P. H. (1986). Affect and memory.Psychological Bulletin,99, 229 –246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher, J. D., &Brandt, M. E. (1981). Judgment of emotion from American and Malay antecedents.Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology,12, 272 –283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory.American Psychologist,31, 129 –148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., &Scheier, M. F. (1981).Attention and self-regulation: A control theory approach to human behavior. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cautela, J. R. (1967). Covert sensitization.Psychological Reports,20, 459 –468.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. M., &Teasdale, J. D. (1985). Constraints on the effect of memory and mood.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,48, 1595 –1608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M., &Isen, A. J. (1982). Toward understanding the relationship between feeling states and social behavior. In A. Hastorf &A. M. Isen (Eds.),Cognitive social psychology(pp. 73 –108 ). New York: American Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. (1965).The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1872 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davison, G. C. (1980). And now for something completely different: Cognition and little r. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.),Psychotherapy process: Current issues and future directions(pp. 203 –209 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, K. S. (1988).Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, K. S., &Block, L. (1988). Historical and philosophical bases of the cognitive-behavioral therapies. In K. S. Dobson (Ed.),Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies(pp. 3 –38 ). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Zurilla, T., &Goldfried, M. (1971). Problem solving and behavior modification.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,78, 107 –126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. (1972). Universal and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion. In J. R. Cole (Ed.),Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. (1973). Cross-cultural studies of facial expression. In P. Ekman (Ed.),Darwin and facial expression: A century of research in review(pp. 221 –238 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. (1984). Expression and the nature of emotion. In K. R. Scherer &P. Ekman (Eds.),Approaches to Emotion(pp. 319 –343 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., &Ellsworth, P. (1972).Emotion in the human face. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. (1962).Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Lyle Stuart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, H. C, &Ashbrook, P. W. (1988). The state of mood and memory research: A selective review.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,4, 1 –21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, R. N., Gaensbauer, T., &Harmon, R. (1976). Emotional expression in infancy: A biobehavioral study.Psychological Issues,10(1, Whole No. 37 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M., &Buss, A. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory.Journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology,43, 522 –527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gladstein, G. A. (1983). Understanding empathy: Integrating counseling, development and social psychology perspectives.Journal of Counseling Psychology,30, 467 –482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfried, M. R. (1980). Toward the delineation of therapeutic change principles.American Psychologist,35, 991 –999.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfried, M. R. (1982). On the history of therapeutic integration.Behavior Therapy,13, 610 –623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, L. S., &Safran, J. D. (1987).Emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guidano, V. F., &Lioti, G. (1983).Cognition processes and emotional disorders. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haaga, D. A. (1986). A review of the common principles approach to integration of psychotherapies.Cognitive Therapy and Research.10, 527–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollon, S. D., &Beck, A. T. (1986). Research on cognitive therapies. In S. L. Garfield &A. E. Bergin (Eds.),Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change( 3rd ed., pp. 443 –482 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollon, S.D., DeRubeis, &Evans, M. D. (1987). Causal mediation of change in treatment for depression. Discriminating between nonspecificity and noncausality.Psychological Bulletin,102, 139 –149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, L. M., French, R., Lapid, J. S., &Weckler, D. (1982). Symptoms and interpersonal problems: The prototype as an integrating concept. In J. C. Andin &D. J. Kiesler (Eds.),Handbook of interpersonal psychotherapy(pp. 69 –91 ). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, L. M., Weckler, D., &Doren, R. (1983). Interpersonal problems and symptoms: A cognitive approach. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.),Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy(Vol. 2, pp. 82 –127 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, R. E. (1984a). Toward an information processing analysis of depression.Cognitive Therapy and Research,8, 443 –478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, R. E. (1984b). Information processing and feedback: Effects of mood and information favorability on the cognitive processing of personally relevant information.Cognitive Therapy and Research,8, 371 –386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, R. E. (1986).Information processing approaches to clinical psychology. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, R. E. (1990).Vulnerability to distress: Cognitive and emotional reactivity in chronically self-focused individuals. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, R. E., &Hollon, S. D. (1986). Cognitive therapy of depression from an information processing perspective. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.),Information processing approaches to clinical psychology. Orlando: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, R. E., &Kendall, P. C. (1986). Cognitive clinical psychology: Implications of an information processing perspective. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.),Information processing approaches to clinical psychology(pp. 3 –21 ). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, R. E., &Kendall, P. C. (1987). The cognitive side of anxiety.Cognitive Therapy and Research,11, 523 –536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, R. E., &Kendall, P. C. (1987). The cognitive side of anxiety.Cognitive Therapy and Research,11, 523 –536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isen, A. M. (1984). Toward understanding the role of affect in cognition. In R. Wyer &T. Srull (Eds.),Handbook of social cognition(pp. 174 –236 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1971).The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1972).Patterns of emotions: A new analysis of anxiety and depression. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1977).Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C. (1987). Cognitive processes and procedures in behavior therapy. In G. T. Wilson, CM. Franks, P. C. Kendall, &J. P. Foreyt (Eds.),Review of behavior therapy: Theory and practice( 11th ed.; pp. 114 –152 ). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C, &Bemis, K. M. (1983). Thought and action in psychotherapy: The cognitive-behavioral approaches. In M. Hersen, A. E. Kazdin, &A. S. Bellack (Eds.),The clinical psychology handbook(pp. 565 –592 ). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C, &Hollon, S. D. (1979).Cognitive-behavioral

    Google Scholar 

  • interventions: Theory, research, and procedures. New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Academic Press. Kendall, P. C, &Hollon, S. D. (1981).Assessment strategies

    Google Scholar 

  • for cognitive-behavioral interventions. New York: Academic

    Google Scholar 

  • Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C, &Ingram, R. E. (1987). The future for cognitive assessment of anxiety: Let’s get specific. In L. Michelson &L. M. Ascher (Eds.),Anxiety and stress disorders: Cognitive-behavioral assessment and treatment(pp. 89 –104 ). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiesler, D. J. (1966). Some myths of psychotherapy research and the search for a paradigm.Psychological Bulletin,65, 110 –136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kintsch, W. (1974).The representation of meaning in memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. S. (1970).The structure of scientific revolutions( 2nd ed. ). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P. J. (1983). Cognition in emotion: Concept and action. In C. Izard, J. Kagan, &R. Zajonc (Eds.),Emotion, cognition and behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, A. A. (1981).The practice of multimodal therapy. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H. (1977). A perceptual motor processing model of emotion. In P. Pliner, K. Blankstein, &I. M. Spigel (Eds.),Perception of emotion in self and others(Vol. 5, pp. 1 –46 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H. (1980). Toward a comprehensive theory of emotion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol. 13, pp. 131 –151 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H. (1982). The integration of emotion and cognition: A view from the perceptual motor theory of emotion. In M. S. Clark &S. T. Fiske (Eds.),Affect and cognition: The 17th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition(pp. 123 –146 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H. (1984). A perceptual motor theory of emotion. In K. Z. Scherer &P. Ekman (Eds.),Approaches to emotion(pp. 271 –291 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, M. J. (1974).Cognition and behavior modification. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, M. J., &Arnkoff, D. (1978). Cognitive and self-control therapies. In S. Garfield &A. E. Bergin (Eds.),Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis( 2nd ed., pp. 689 –722 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meichenbaum, D. (1977).Cognitive behavior modification. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merluzzi, T. V, Glass, C. R., &Genest, M. (1981).Cognitive assessment. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michelson, L., &Ascher, L. M. (1987).Anxiety and stress disorders: Cognitive behavioral assessment and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality.Psychological Review,80, 252 –283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nasby, W., &Kihlstrom, J. F. (1986). Cognitive assessment of personality and psychopathology. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.),Information processing approaches to clinical psychology(pp. 217 –239 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, D. A., &Rummelhart, D. E. (1975).Explorations in human cognition. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plutchik, R. (1980).Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper &Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachman, S. (1981). The primacy of affect: Some theoretical implications.Behavior Research and Therapy,19, 279 –290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, L. P. (1977). A self-control model of depression.Behavior Therapy,8, 787 –804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, L. N. (1974). The evocative function of the therapist. D. Wexler &L. N. Rice (Eds.),Innovations in client-centered therapy(pp. 289–311). New York: Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. (1961).On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E. (1973). On the internal structure of perceptual and semantic categories. In T. M. More (Ed.),Cognitive development and the acquisition of language(pp. 290 –333 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,104, 192 –233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, M. R., &Carver, C. S. (1977). Self-focused attention and the experience of emotion: Attraction, repulsion, elation and depression.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,35, 625 –636.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, M. R., Carver, C. S., &Gibbons, F. X. (1981). Self-focused attention and reaction to fear.Journal of Research in Personality,15, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, A. D., Garfield, S. L., &Murphy, G. E. (1984). The process of change in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression.Archives of General Psychiatry,41, 45 –51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbrueck, S. M., Maxwell, S. E., &Howard, G. S. (1983). A meta-analysis of psychotherapy and drug therapy in the treatment of unipolar depression with adults.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,51, 856 –863.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, G., Newman, B., &Rachman, S. (1982). Experimental investigations of the relations between mood and intrusive, unwanted cognitions.British Journal of Medical Psychology,55, 127 –138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J. D. (1983). Affect and accessibility.Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society, London,302, 403 –412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J. D. (1985). Psychological treatments for depression: How do they work?Behavioural Research and Therapy,23, 157 –165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. (1962).Affect, imagery, consciousness: The positive affects. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. (1963).Affect, imagery, consciousness: The negative affects. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. (1984). Affect theory. In K. R. Scherer &P. Ekman (Eds.),Approaches to emotion(pp. 163 –195 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk, D. C, Meichenbaum, D., &Genest, M. (1983).Pain and behavioral medicine: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winfrey, L. L., &Goldfried, M. R. (1986). Information processing and the human change process. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.),Information processing approaches to clinical psychology(pp. 241 –258 ). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, B. E., &Goldfried, M. R. (1988). Research on psychotherapy integration: Recommendations and conclusions from an NIMH workshop.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,56, 448 –451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wölpe, J. (1980). Cognitive behavior and its roles in psychotherapy: An integrative account. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.),Psychotherapy process: Current issues and future directions(pp. 185 –201 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect.American Psychologist,39, 117 –123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ingram, R.E., Scott, W.D. (1990). Cognitive Behavior Therapy. In: Bellack, A.S., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A.E. (eds) International Handbook of Behavior Modification and Therapy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0523-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0523-1_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7848-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0523-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics