Abstract
Hypokinesia is certainly the deficit which is most frequently observed when the basal ganglia (BG) have been impaired either experimentally or for pathological reasons. The term hypokinesia is classically used to describe motor deficits resulting in a weakening and a general slowing down of voluntary movements. A distinction has recently been made between two aspects of hypokinesia, namely bradykinesia and akinesia (Hallett, 1990). Bradykinesia can be defined as the gradual slowing down of a movement as it is being performed, and akinesia as difficulty in initiating movement, or the loss of this ability. The type of hypokinesia encountered in parkinsonian patients is generally thought to provide an excellent model for BG dysfunction in general. Numerous studies have focused on this topic over the last few years. It has emerged from all these data that parkinsonian bradykinesia and akinesia actually reflect a whole range of multiple deficits affecting a large number of processes, and that these processes are involved not only in motor activity but also in complex aspects of behaviour such as motivation, memorizing, and the subject’s awareness of the surrounding context. There exist moreover other variables which have to be taken into account when attempting to interpret this already complex clinical picture, such as whether or not the subjects are undergoing treatment, and the individual compensatory strategies used to compensate the deficient function. The multiplicity of the factors involved in parkinsonian hypokinesia has been pointed out by Hallett (1990). This is what makes it so difficult to investigate the topic experimentally and to usefully extrapolate information about the working of the intact BG from the data obtained on subjects with lesions. It therefore seemed worth developing an experimental method of investigating hypokinesia in animals involving both the use of standardized techniques for assessing the subjects’ performance levels and procedures for performing specific, restricted lesions on the nuclei constituting the BG.
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© 1994 Plenum Press, New York
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Trouche, E., Viallet, F., Apicella, P., Alamy, M., Pons, JC., Legallet, E. (1994). Pallidal and Nigral Hypokinesia: An Experimental Analysis in the Monkey. In: Percheron, G., McKenzie, J.S., Féger, J. (eds) The Basal Ganglia IV. Advances in Behavioral Biology, vol 41. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0485-2_35
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