Abstract
Sputnik 1, launched October 4, 1957, heralded a revolution in technology that has continued to expand at an ever-increasing rate. The development of electronic computation and miniaturization of computer components, together with advances in communication and satellite technology, have significantly affected the surveyor, providing instruments and techniques that greatly enhance the accuracy and production rate of surveys for all aspects of planning, design, and construction. In the recent past, requirements for field and office work often had to be tempered by the cost and time needed to accomplish the survey and prepare computations and maps, because of the amount of labor needed to accomplish the work.
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© 1996 Chapman & Hall
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Frobenius, P.K., Robinson, W.S. (1996). Tunnel Surveys and Alignment Control. In: Bickel, J.O., Kuesel, T.R., King, E.H. (eds) Tunnel Engineering Handbook. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0449-4_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0449-4_3
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