Abstract
The unexpectedly frequent association of germ cell tumors and hematologic cancers raises a question about the developmental relationship between primordial germ cells (PGCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). It has been known for many years that the primordial germ cells of the primitive gonad arise from the yolk sac and that the yolk sac is also the first site of blood formation. It has also become clear that the development of these two apparently disparate cell types is dependent on some of the same factors; c-kit ligand and c-kit receptor are among the most intriguing.
Even more relevant, perhaps, are recent studies investigating the very early development of the PGCs and HSCs in mammals. This new information raises alluring questions concerning the relationship between the ultimate progenitors of these cells which may also be pertinent to the unusual clinical association of germ cell and hematologic malignancies in humans.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Nichols CR, Roth BJ, Heerema N, Griep J, Tricot G: Hematologic neoplasia associated with primary mediastinal germ-cell tumors. N Engl. J. Med. 322: 1425–1429, 1990
Larsen M, Evans WK, Shepard FA, Phillips MJ, Bailey D, Messner H: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Possible origin from a mediastinal germ cell tumor. Cancer 53: 441 – 444, 1984
Nichols CR, Hoffman R, Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Wheeler LA, Garnick MB: Hematologic malignancies associated with primary mediastinal germ-cell tumors. Ann. Intern. Med. 102: 603 – 609, 1985
Woodruff K, Wang, N, May W, Adrone, E, Denny, C. Feig SA: The clonal nature of mediastinal germ cell tumors and acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 79: 25 – 31, 1995
Witschi E: Migration of the germ cells of human embryos from the yolk sac to the primitive gonadal folds. Contr. Embryol. Carnegie Inst., 32: 67 – 80, 1948
Moore MAS, Metealf D: Ontogeny of the haematopoietic system: Yolk sac origin of in vivo and in vitro colony forming cells in the developing mouse embryo. Br. J. Haematol. 18: 279 – 296, 1970
Fuss A: Ueber extraregionare Geschlectszellen bei einem menschlichen Embryo von 4 Wochen. Anat. Anz. 39: 407 – 409, 1911
Chiquoine A D: The identification, origin, and migration of the primordial germ cells of the mouse embryo. Anat. Ree. 118: 135 – 145, 1954
Mintz B, Rüssel ES: Gene-induced embryological modifications of primordial germ cells in the mouse. J. Exp. Zool. 134: 207 – 237, 1957
Ozdzenski W: Observations on the origin of the primordial germ cells in the mouse. Zool. Polo. 17: 367 – 379, 1967
Tarn PPL, Snow MHL: Proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells during compensatory growth in mouse embryos J.E.E.M. 64: 133 – 147, 1981
Ginsburg M, Snow MHL, McLaren A: Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation. Develop. 110: 521 – 528, 1990
Hahnel AC, Rappollee DA, Millan JL, Manes T, Ziomek CA, Theodosiou NG, Werb Z, Pedersen RA, Schultz GA: Two alkaline phosphatase genes are expressed during early development in the mouse embryo. Develop. 110: 555 – 564, 1990
Spiegelman M, Bennett D: A light and electron microscope study of the primordial germ cells in the early mouse embryo. J.E.E.M. 30: 97 – 118, 1973
Clark JM, Eddy LM: Fine structural observations on the origin and association of primordial germ cells of the mouse. Devel. Biol. 45: 136 – 155, 1975
Johnson GR, Moore MAS: Role of stem cell migration in initiation of mouse foetal liver haemopoiesis. Nature 258: 726 – 728, 1975
Migliaccio G, Migliaccio AR, Petti S, Mavilio F, Russo G, Lazzaro D, Testa U, Marinucci M, Peschle C: Human embryonic hemopoiesis: Kinetics of progenitors and precursors underlying the yolk sac–liver transition. J. Clin Invest. 78: 51 – 60, 1986
Peschle C, Mavilio F, Care A, Migliaccio G, Miglioccio AR, Salvo G. Sammoggia P, Petti S, Guerriero R, Marinucci M, Lazzaro D., Russo G, Mastroberardino G: Haemoglobin switching in human embryos. Nature 313: 235 – 237, 1985
Cudennec CA, Thiery J-P, Le Dourarin NM: In vitro induction of adult erythropoiesis in early mouse yolk sac. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78: 2410 – 2416, 1981
Motro B, Van der Kooy D, Rossant J, Reith A, Bernstein A: Contiguous patterns of c–kit and steel expression: analysis of mutations of W and SI loci. Develop. 113: 1207 – 1221, 1991
Besmer P, Manova, K, Duttiger R, Huang J, Packer A, Gyssler C, Bachvarova RF: The kit–ligand (steel factor) and its receptor c-kit/W: pleiotropic roles in gametogenesis and melanogenesis. Develop. Supple¬ment 125 – 137, 1993
Maeda H, Yamagat A, Nishikawa S, Yoshinaga K, Kobayashi S, Nishi K, Nishikawa S-I: Requirement of c-kit for development of intestinal pacemaker system. Develop. 116: 369 – 375, 1992
Bennett D: Developmental analysis of a mutation with pleiotropic effects in the mouse. J Morph. 98: 199 – 229, 1956
Williams DE, de Vries P, Namen A, Widmer MB, Lyman SD: The steel factor. Dev. Biol. 151: 368 – 376, 1992
Huang E, Nocka K, Beier DR, Chu T-Y, Buck J, Lahm H-W, Wellner D, Leder P, Besmer P: The hematopoietic growth factor KL is encoded by the SI locus and is the ligand of the c–kit receptor, the gene product of the W locus. Cell 63: 225 – 233, 1990
Copeland NG, Gilbert GJ, Cho BC, Donovan PJ, Jenkins NA, Cosman D, Anderson D, Lyman SD, Williams DE: Mast cell growth factor maps near the SI locus and is structurally altered in a number of steel alleles. Cell 63: 175 – 183, 1990
Manova K, Huang EJ, Angeles M, de Leon V, Sanchez S, Pronovost SM, Besmer P, Bachvarova RF: The expression pattern of the c–kit ligand in gonads of mice supports a role for the c–kit receptor in oocyte growth and in proliferation of spermatogonia Devel. Biol. 157: 85 – 99, 1993
Matsui Y, Zsebo KM, Hogan BLM: Embryonic expression of a haematopoietic growth factor encoded by the SI locus and the ligand for c–kit. Nature 347: 667 – 669, 1990
Godin I, Deed R., Cooke J, Zsebo K, Dexter M, Wylie CC: Effects of the steel gene product on mouse primordial germ cells in culture. Nature 352: 807 – 809, 1991
Packer AI, Hsu YC, Besmer P, Bachvarova RF: The ligand of the c–kit receptor promotes oocyte growth. Dev. Biol. 161: 194 – 205, 1994
Larsen WJ: Human Embryology. Churchill Livingstone, 1993
Snow MHL: Autonomous development of parts isolated from primitive streak–stage mouse embryos. Is development clonal?. J.E.E.M. 65: 269 – 287, 1981
Copp A J, Roberts HM, Polani PE: Chimaerism of primordial germ cells in the early postimplantation mouse embryo following microsurgical grafting of posterior primitive streak cells in vitro. J.E.E.M. 95: 95 – 115, 1986
Lawson KA, Meneses JJ, Pedersen R: Clonal analysis of epiblast fate during germ layer formation in the mouse embryo: Develop. 113: 891 – 911, 1991
Lawson KA, Pedersen R: Clonal analysis of cell fate during gastrulation and early neurulation in the mouse. CIBA Symp. 165. Postimplantation Development in the Mouse. ( Chadwick DJ, Marsh J. ed.) John Wiley and Sons, 1992
Lawson KA, Hage WJ: Clonal analysis of the origin of primordial germ cells in the mouse. CIBA Symp. 182. Germline Development. John Wiley and Sons, 1994
Dieterlen–Lievre F: On the origin of haematopoietic stem cells in the avian embryo. J.E.E.M 33: 607 – 619, 1975
Medvinsky AL, Samoylina NL, Muller A, Dzierzak E A: An early pre–liver intraembryonic source of CFU–S in the developing mouse. Nature 364: 64 – 67, 1993
Godin IE, Garcia–Porrero JA, Coutinho A, Dieterlen–Lievre F, Marcos, MAR: Para–aortic splanch–nopleure from early mouse embryos contains Bla cell precursors. Nature 364: 67 – 70, 1993
Muller A, Medvinsky A, Strouboulis J, Grosveld F, Dzierzak E.: Development of hematopoietic stem cell activity in the mouse embryo. Immunity 1: 291 – 301, 1994
Toles JF, Chui DHK, Belbeck LW, Starr E, Barker JE: Hematopoietic stem cells in murine embryonic yolk sac and peripheral blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86: 7456 – 7459, 1989
Weissman IL, Pappaloannou V, Gardner R: Fetal hematopoietic origins of the adult hematolymphoid system, in Differentiation of Normal and neoplastic Hematopoietic Cells (Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press), pp.33–47, 1978
Muller AM, Medvinsky A, Strouboulis J, Grosveld F, Dzierzak E: Development of hematopoietic stem cell activity in the mouse embryo. Immunity 1: 291 – 301, 1994
Stevens LC: The origin and development of testicular, ovarian, and embryo–derived teratomas, in Cold Spring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation, 10:23–36, 1986
Stevens LC, Makensen JA: Genetic and environmental influences on teratogenesis in mice. J Natl. Cancer Inst. 27: 443 – 453, 1961
Nogouchi T, Stevens LC: Primordial germ cell proliferation in fetal testes in mouse strains with high and low incidences of congenital testicular teratomas. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 69: 907 – 913, 1982
Matsui Y, Zsebo K, Hogan BLM: Derivation of pluripotential embryonic stem cells from murine primordial germ cells in culture. Cell 70: 841 – 847, 1992
Muller A, Dzierzak EA: ES cells have only limited lymphopoietic potential after adoptive transfer into mouse recipients. Development 118: 1343–1351, 1993
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Larsen, W.J. (1996). Is there an Embryological Basis for the Association of Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors and Hematologic Cancers?. In: Abraham, N.G., Asano, S., Brittinger, G., Maestroni, G.J.M., Shadduck, R.K. (eds) Molecular Biology of Hematopoiesis 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0391-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0391-6_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-8031-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0391-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive