Abstract
The exploitation of oil and gas fields is generally accompanied by the production of variable amounts of water associated with the reservoir hydrocarbons. This naturally occurring water could sometimes be mixed with waters injected purposely into the formation in order to keep the reservoir pressure constant. Furthermore, in the specific case of gas fields (generally characterized by lower amounts of water than oil fields though more difficult to be treated), there could be also condensed water resulting from pressure and temperature variations. The total amount of water generated during the life of a field may be very high, reaching volumes up to 10 times more than the volume of the hydrocarbons produced. This is particularly true in the case of oil fields and usually the situation worsens with the age of the field: older fields produce more water than newer fields.
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© 1996 Plenum Press, New York
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Buffagni, M., Giacca, D., Biancifiori, C. (1996). Agip and the Environment. In: Reed, M., Johnsen, S. (eds) Produced Water 2. Environmental Science Research, vol 52. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0379-4_44
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0379-4_44
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
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