Abstract
The offshore exploration and production (E&P) industry is facing increasing costs from meeting its environmental responsibilities. Environmental risk management is therefore becoming an increasingly important issue, especially in view of the discharge of a large number of pollutants potentially harmful to the environment. Environmental risk management is a step-wise process that generally starts with risk analysis of alternative remediation strategies. Through risk analysis the probability of the occurrence of adverse biological effects as a result of exposure to a chemical can be estimated. Fate/risk models are generally applied to predict environmental concentrations. The next steps in the risk management process can cover political decision-making for determination of acceptability criteria and taking risk reducing measures (van Leeuwen et al., 1992). The third step is cost determination of alternative options, and the last step will be a cost/environmental risk benefit comparison.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bakke, S.; Vik, E.A.; Gruner, H., Hjelmås, T.A., 1995: Produced water reinjection — experiences from the Ula field. Paper to be presented at the 1995 International Seminar on Produced Water, Trondheim, Norway, 25–28 September.
E&P Forum, 1994: North Sea produced water. Fate and effects in the marine environment. Report No. 2.62/204, London, May.
Evans, R.C., 1994: Development of environmental protection related to produced water treatments and disposal (produced water reinjection). Second International Conference on Health, Safety & Environment, Jakarta, Indonesia, Volume 1, SPE 27179, 25–27 January.
Graversen, P., Hansen, N., Christensen, F.B., 1993: Mass balance of production chemicals. Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF) Final Report.
Holgate, M.; Mentzer, E.; Davies, G.; Verburgh, J.; Whitehead, A., Shepherd, J., 1993: Realizing the benefits of environmental risk management. SPE Paper 27610.
Hughes, S.W.; Sehsuvaroglu, S.A., Slater, J.M., 1994: Produced water treatment technologies: A case study. Second International Conference on Health, Safety & Environment, Jakarta, Indonesia, Volume 1, SPE 27131,25–27 January.
Jacobs, R.P.W.M.; Grant, R.O.H.; Kwant, J.; Marquenie, J.M., Mentzer, E., 1992: The composition of produced water from Shell operated oil and gas production in the North Sea. In: Produced water (eds. J.P. Ray, F.R. Engelhart), Plenum Press, New York.
OECD, 1993: Guidance document for aquatic effects assessment, Paris.
OLF, 1993: Summary report — Environmental programme — Phase II.
OSPAR, 1995: Harmonised offshore chemical notification format. Oslo and Paris Commissions — Summary record of the meeting of the programme and measures committee (PRAM), Annex 10, Oviedo, Italy, 20–24 February.
Paige, R.W., Sweeney, F.M., 1993: Produced water reinjection – Understanding the problems. Paper presented at the Water Management Offshore Conference.
Schiff, K.C.; Reish, D.J.; Anderson, J.W., Bay, S.M., 1992: A comparative evaluation of produced water toxicity. In: Produced water (eds. J.P. Ray, F.R. Engelhart), Plenum Press, New York.
Schobben, H.P.M.; Karman, C.C., Scholten, M.C.Th., 1994: CHARM 2.1: Chemical hazard assessment and risk management of offshore exploration & production chemicals. Final Report, TNO, den Helder.
Slager, L.K.; Van Hattum, B.; Tromp Meesters, M.; Scholten, M.C.Th., Kaag, N.H.B.M.; Cofino, W.P., Feenstra, J.F., 1992: Environmental aspects of produced water discharges from oil and gas production on the Dutch continental shelf. Part III. Environmental effects. E-92119, Institute of Environmental Studies.
Tibbetts, P.J.C.; Buchanan, I.T.; Gawel, L.J., Large, R., 1992: A comprehensive determination of produced water composition. In: Produced water (eds. J.P. Ray, F.R. Engelhart), Plenum Press, New York.
U.S. Geological Survey, 1989: Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water quality assessment. Open file report 89–55.
van der Zandt, P., van Leeuwen, 1992: A proposal for priority setting of existing chemical substances. EU DG Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection.
Verschueren, K., 1983: Handbook of environmental data on organic chemicals. 2nd Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Øfjord, G.D.; Bakke, S.; Vik, E.A.; Edvardsson, T., Johnson, D., 1995. CHARM—Chemical Hazard Assessment and Risk Management of offshore E&P chemicals. 6th International Symposium on Oil Field Chemicals, 19–22 March, Geilo, Norway.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Øfjord, G.D., Bakke, S., Vik, E.A. (1996). The Charm Model Used in Environmental Risk Management of Produced Water On Ula. In: Reed, M., Johnsen, S. (eds) Produced Water 2. Environmental Science Research, vol 52. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0379-4_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0379-4_28
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-8025-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0379-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive