Abstract
A carbon flow model of the interactions of grasshoppers with producer, decomposer, and other consumer components of a grassland ecosystem is presented. The primary driving variables are air temperature and precipitation. Grasshoppers directly effect producers through diet selection, herbivory, and damage during feeding. Interactions with the decomposers follow from death and fecal production. Grasshoppers interact with other consumers via competition for food and predation. The major objectives are to estimate grasshopper populations, energy flow through the population, and effects on the grassland system. The functionally different age groups of the population are considered where appropriate to model objectives. Simulation results of the model are presented and discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, F. S.: Simple elementary models in population dynamics, In: Proceedings for Advanced Study, Institute of Dynamics Numbers Populations. Oosterbeek, The Netherlands, den Boer, P. J., Gradwell, G. R. (eds.), 1970, pp. 358–365
Anderson, N. L.: The assessment of range losses caused by grasshoppers, p. 173–179. In: Proceedings of the International Study, Conference of Current and Future Problems of Acridology. Hemming, C. F., Taylor, T. H. C. (eds.), London, England, 1972, pp. 173–179
Andrewartha, H. G., Birch, L. C.: The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1954
Andrzejewska, L., Breymeyer, A., Kajak, A., Wójcik, Z.: Experimental studies on trophic relationships of terrestrial invertebrates, p. 477–495. In: Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems (Principles and Methods), Vol. 2. Petrusewicz, K. (ed.). Warsaw, Poland: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1967, pp. 477–495
Andrzejewska, L., Wójcik, Z.: The influence of Acridoidea on the primary production of a meadow (field experiment). Ekologia Polska 18, 89–109 (1970)
Bhatnagar, K. N., Pfadt, R. E.: Growth, density, and biomass of grasshoppers in the shortgrass and mixed-grass associations. US/IBP Grassland Biome Tech. Rep. No. 225. Fort Collins: Colorado State Univ., 1973, 120 pp.
Birch, L. C.: The role of weather in determining the distribution and abundance of animals. Cold Spring Harpor Symp. Quant. Biol. 22, 203–218 (1957)
Brett, C. H.: Interrelated effect of food, temperature, and humidity on the development of the lesser migratory grasshopper: Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus (Sauss.) (Orthoptera). Stillwater: Oklahoma Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. No. T-26, 1947, 50 pp.
Buckell, E. R.: The grasshopper outbreak of 1944 in British Columbia. Can. Entomol. 77, 115–116 (1945)
Church, N. S., Salt, R. W.: Some effects of temperature on development and diapause in eggs of Melanoplus bivittatus (Say.) (Orthoptera:Acrididae). Can. J. Zool. 30, 173–184 (1952)
Clark, L. R.: An ecological study of the Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera Walk.) in the Bogan-Macquarre outbreak area, N. S. W. Council Sci. Ind. Res. Aust. Bull. No. 226, 1947, 71 pp.
Clark, L. R., Geier, P. W., Hughes, R. D., Morris, R. F.: The Ecology of Insect Populations in Theory and Practice. London: Metheun, 1967
Cole, L. C. The population consequences of life history phenomena. Quart. Rev. Biol. 29, 103–137 (1954)
Coulman, G. A., Reice, S. R., Tummala, R. L.: Population modeling: A systems approach. Science 175, 518–521 (1972)
Cowan, F. T.: Trends in grasshopper in the United States. 10th Internat. Congr. Entomol. 3, 55–58 (1958)
Criddle, N.: Precipitation in relation to insect prevalence and distribution. Can. Entomol. 49, 77–80 (1917)
Davey, P. M.: Quantities of food eaten by the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.), in relation to growth. Bull. Entomol. Res. 45, 539–551 (1954)
Demptster, J. P.: The population dynamics of grasshoppers and locusts. Biol. Rev. 38, 490–529 (1963)
Edwards, R. L.: Relationship between grasshopper abundance and weather conditions in Saskatchewan, 1930–1958. Can. Entomol. 92, 619–623 (1960)
Gilbert, B. J.: Flow of forage to herbivores. M.S. thesis, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 1973
Gyllenberg, G.: The energy flow through a Chorthippus parallelus (Zett.) (Orthoptera) population on a meadow in Tvärminne, Finland. Acta Zool. Fennica 123, 4–74 (1969)
Gyllenberg, G.: A simulation model for testing the dynamics of a grasshopper population. Ecology 55, 645–650 (1974)
Harries, F. H.: Some temperature coefficients for insect oviposition. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 32, 758–776 (1939)
Holling, C. S.: The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal predation of the European pine sawfly. Can. Entomol. 91, 293–320 (1959)
Husain, M. A., Mathur, C. B., Roonwal, M. L.: Studies on Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal). XII. Food and feeding habits of the desert locust. Ind. J. Entomol. 8, 141–163 (1946)
Hussain, N.: Consumption and utilization of crested wheatgrass and western wheatgrass by the big-head grasshopper, Aulocara elliotti (Thomas). Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Wyoming, Laramie, 1972, 142 pp.
Lack, D.: The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers. London: Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1954.
Leberre, J. R.: Contribution a l’étude biologique du criquet migratoria des landes (Locusta migratoria gallica (Remaudiere)). Bull. Biol. France Belg. 87, 227–273 (1953)
MacArthur, R. H., Levins, R.: Competition, habitat selection, and character displacement in a patchy enviroment. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 51, 1207–1210 (1964)
Maynard Smith, J: Models in Ecology. London: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1974, 146 pp.
McCarthy, H. R.: A ten-year study of the climatology of Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus (Sauss.) (Orthoptera:Acrididae) in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Agr. Sci. 36, 445–462 (1956)
Mitchell, J.: A model of food consumption by three grasshopper species as determined by differential feeding trials. Ph.D. thesis, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 1973, 165 pp.
Mitchell, J.: Variation in food preferences of three grasshopper species (Acrididae:Orthoptera) as a function of food availability. Am. Midlands Naturalist 94, 267–283 (1975)
Nicholson, A. J.: Dynamics of insect populations. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 3, 107–136 (1958)
Odum, E. P., Connell, C. E., Davenport, L. R.: Population energy flow and three primary consumer components of old-field ecosystems. Ecology 43, 88–96 (1962)
Parker, J. R.: Some effects of temperature and moisture upon Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus Saussure and Camnula pellucida Scudder (Orthoptera). Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 223, 1930, 132 pp.
Parker, J. R., Connin, R. V.: Grasshoppers: Their habits and damage. Agr. Information Bull. No. 287, 1964, 28 pp.
Petrusewicz, K., Macfadyen, A.: Productivity of terrestrial animals: Principles and methods. IBP Handbook No. 13. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1970, 190 pp.
Pianka, E. R.: On r-and K-selection. Am. Naturalist 104, 592–597 (1970)
Pickford, R.: Development, survival, and reproduction of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) (Orthoptera:Acrididae). Can. Entomol. 101, 894–896 (1966a)
Pickford, R.: The influence of the date of oviposition and climatic conditions on hatching of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) (Orthoptera:Acrididae). Can. Entomol. 98, 1145–1159 (1966b)
Pickford, R.: The effects of climatic factors on egg survival and fecundity in grasshoppers, In: Proc. Internat. Study Conf Current and Future Problems of Acridology, London. Hemming, C. F., Taylor, T. H. C. (eds.), 1972, pp. 257–260
Pickford, R., Randell, R. L.: A non-diapause strain of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera:Acrididae). Can. Entomol. 101, 894–896 (1969)
Putnam, L. G: The progress of nymphal development in pest grasshoppers (Acrididae) of western Canada. Can. Entomol. 95, 1210–1216 (1963)
Richards, O. W., Waloff, N.: Studies of the biology and population dynamics of British grasshoppers. Anti-locust Bull. 17, 1–182 (1954)
Riegert, P. W.: Some observations on the biology and behavior of Camnula pellucida (Orthoptera:Acrididae). Can. Entomol. 99, 952–971 (1967)
Salt, R. W.: Water uptake in eggs of Melanoplus bivattatus (Say.). Can. J. Res. 27(D): 236–242 (1949)
Salt, R. W.: Some aspects of moisture absorption and loss in eggs of Melanoplus bivittatus (Say.). Can. J. Zool. 30, 55–82 (1952)
Shotwell, R. L.: Life histories and habits of some grasshoppers of economic importance on the Great Plains. USDA Tech. Bull. No. 774, 1941, 47 pp.
Slifer, E. H., King, R. L.: The inheritance of diapause in grasshopper eggs. J. Hered. 52, 39–44 (1961)
Smalley, A. E.: Energy flow of a salt marsh grasshopper population. Ecology 41, 672–677 (1960)
Thompson, W. R.: The fundamental theory of natural and biological controls. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1, 379–402 (1956)
Uvarov, B.: Grasshoppers and locusts. London: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1966, 481 pp.
Van Hook, Jr., R. L.: Energy and nutrient dynamics of spider and Orthopteran populations in a grassland ecosystem. Ecol. Monogr. 41, 1–26 (1971)
Van Horn, D. H.: Grasshopper population numbers and biomass dynamics on the Pawnee Site from fall 1968 through 1970. US/IBP Grassland Biome Tech. Rep. No. 148. Fort Collins: Colorado State Univ., 1972, 70 pp.
Wakeland, C.: The replacement of one grasshopper species by another. USDA Products Res. Rep. No. 42, 1961, 9 pp.
Watt, K. E. F.: The use of mathematics and computers to determine optimal strategy and tactics for a given insect pest control problem. Can. Entomol. 96, 202–220 (1964)
Watt, K. E. F.: The nature of systems analysis, In: Systems Analysis in Ecology. Watt, K. E. F. (ed.). New York: Academic Press, 1966, pp. 1–14
White, M. J. D.: Animal cytology and evolution. London: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1973
Wiegert, R. G.: Energy dynamics of the grasshopper populations in old field and alfalfa field ecosystems. Oikos 16, 161–176 (1965)
Wigglesworth, V. B.: The principles of insect physiology. London: Methuen, 1965
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1978 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rodell, C.F. (1978). Simulation of Grasshopper Populations in a Grassland Ecosystem. In: Innis, G.S. (eds) Grassland Simulation Model. Ecological Studies, vol 26. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-9929-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-9929-5_5
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9931-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-9929-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive