Abstract
Phrenology, that age old study of the phrenes, continues to be the accepted premise of contemporary psychology—unfortunately. The names and numbers of phrenes have been hotly debated and frequently changed across the decades. The appropriate measuring device is still at issue. Yet, the fundamental concept of physical dimensions as definitive measures of hypothetical entities and causes has not only been unchanged, but assimilated into all current psychologies. In the beginning, mental states were measured by the shape of the skull. More recently, physical behavior has supplanted physical structure as the measuring tool. With some irony, Pavlov’s rejection of the “fantastic states” and mentalisms has been ignored, and Pavlovian conditioning is now offered as a premier technique for measuring drives, fears, helplessness, motivation, etc. Similarly, the straightforward assertion by Skinner that behavior is only behavior has also been compromised, with once “radical” behaviorists now promoting overt responses as indices of preferences, memories, inhibitions, values, general emotional states, etc. Within the phrenological systems, behavior as a dependent variable is transformed into behavior as an index or indicant, an intrinsically trivial but convenient epiphenomenon to measure the more interesting workings of the mind (Ebel, 1974).
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Henton, W.W., Iversen, I.H. (1978). Introduction: Different Views of Psychology. In: Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6310-4_1
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